White Serbia

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White Serbia ( Serbian - Cyrillic Бела Србија ; Sorbian : Biеło Srbsko ), also Boiki ( Serbian - Cyrillic Бојка ; Sorbian : Boika ), is the name used for the presumed homeland of the White Serbs . The White Serbs were a tribal subgroup of the Wends and the westernmost group of the early Slavs . They are the ancestors of the modern day Serbs and Sorbs . White Serbia is mentioned as Boiki in De Administrando Imperio , a work of the Byzantine emperor Konstantin Porphyrogennetos (r. 913–959) from the 10th century. According to De Administrando Imperio , the White Serbs lived on the other side of the Turkia (meaning Hungary ) in the area they called Boiki (Bohemia). The area next to it was by the same source known as White Croatia , where the White Croats have their origin.

Localization

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The Byzantine emperor Konstantin Porphyrogennetus reports in his work De Administrando Imperio in chapter 32:

The Serbs descend from the unbaptized Serbs, who are also called the 'white' and who live on the other side of the Turkia in a place they call Boiki, where the Franconian Empire is adjacent to them, as well as the 'great Chrobatia', which also the ' called unbaptized 'and' white '. These Serbs have lived there from the beginning. But when two brothers succeeded their father in the rule of Serbia, one of them took half of the people and fled to Herakleios, the Roman emperor. […] After a while the same Serbs decided to return to their own country (ie the land of the 'white Serbs') and the emperor dismissed them. When they had crossed the Danube, they were seized with remorse and asked the emperor Herakleios through the strategist, who was then in command in Belegradon, to give them another country to settle.

In the 33rd chapter Konstantin Porphyrogennetus reports:

The family of Anthypatos and Patrikios Michael, son of Busebutzes (Visevic), the archon of the Zachlumoi, came from the unbaptized who lived on the Bisla (Vistula) river and were called Litziki, and settled on the river called Zachluma (Buna) .

In a Latin document from the early 10th century it was noted that the "Hungarians moved from Serbia to Pannonia ( Ungarorum gens a Servia egressa in Pannoniam )", which most likely concerns the same White Serbia .

Scientific dispute

Theories about the localization of the so-called Boiki and White Serbs are controversial, but it is widely believed that they were in the region around Bohemia and Saxony.

Since the 19th century, two of the best-known theories have localized the country Boiki in Bohemia or in eastern Galicia in the Carpathian Mountains.

The East Galicia theory was mainly represented by 19th-century scholars such as Pavel Jozef Šafárik (1795–1865) and Henry Hoyle Howorth (1842–1923), who counted the White Serbs among the Polabian Slavs.

Instead of relating the country Boiki and Bohemia, which in turn are both derived from the ethnonym of the Celtic tribe of the Boier , they related the toponym to the much younger ethnonym of the sub-ethnic group of the Russian boyk .

Béni Kállay (1839–1903) stated that many historians assumed on the basis of the report and the name Bojka that the White Serbian territory is identical to the Bohemian territory, but also supported the thesis of Šafárik. Other scientists who had a similar opinion were Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941) and Ljubivoje Cerović (* 1936).

Most scholars such as Borivoje Drobnjaković (1890–1961), Andreas Stratos (1905–1981), Sima Ćirković (1929–2009) and Relja Novaković (1911–2003) localized the White Serbs further west in the area between the Elbe and Saale, about between Bohemia and the then Polaben in East Germany.

According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1898), Gyula Moravcsik (1949) and Jaroslav Rudnyckyj (1962–1972), unlike the Croatians, there is no evidence that the Serbs ever lived in Bohemia or in eastern Galicia, only that they lived in the vicinity of Bohemia lived and they consider the connection between boiki and boykos to be out of date and they reject it.

According to archaeologist Valentin Wassiljewitsch Sedow (1995), the 32nd chapter of De Administrando Imperio indicates that White Serbia was in the area of ​​Lower Lusatia, where the Sorbs settled, but the 33rd chapter on Zachlumia caused confusion, leading to several hypotheses led.

The first group of scientists argued that the home of the White Sorbs was between the Elbe and Saale rivers, after the second group it was on the upper reaches of the Vistula and Oder and after the third between the Elbe and Saale and the upper reaches of the Vistula.

Sedov, however, came to the conclusion that the archaeological data do not confirm any of these hypotheses, and most plausibly the reasoning of Lubor Niederle is that there is no evidence that White Serbia ever existed and that Constantine VII most likely a Northern Greater Serbia just as an analogy to it Greater Croatia formed.

According to Tibor Živković, the structure and content of the sub-chapter on Michael von Zahumlje's family suggest that the stories were most likely told by Michael himself and, in particular, there is no mention of Serbian origin. Živković believed it possible that Michael's ruling family preserved the memory of their tribal origins, which is further evidence of the northern origins of both Serbs and Croats. These were stories that were not part of a political context.

gallery

  • Derwan's principality in the 7th century.

  • Samos kingdom in 631, including Derwan's principality.

  • White Serbia and White Croatia (around 560), after Francis Dvornik .

  • Lusatian (Sorbian) theory.

  • Lusatian (Sorbian) theory, including the Proto-Slavic land.

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  • Klaus Belke , Peter Soustal: The Byzantines and their neighbors. The text of the Emperor Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos called De Administrando Imperio (= Byzantine historians . Vol. 19). Translated, introduced and explained. Fassbaender, Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-900538-54-9 .
  • Constantine Porphyrogenitus : De Administrando Imperio (= Dumbarton Oaks Texts. Vol. 1 = Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae . Vol. 1). Greek text edited by Gy. Moravcsik . English translation by RJH Jenkins. New, revised edition, 2nd imprint. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington DC 1985, ISBN 0-88402-021-5 .
  • Annales regni Francorum . In: Sources on the Carolingian Empire History, Part 1 . Newly edited by Reinhold Rau (Selected Sources on German Medieval History, FSGA, Vol. 5). Darmstadt 1955 (several reprints), pp. 9–155.
  • Annales regni Francorum . In: Friedrich Kurz (Ed.): Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separately in editi 6: Annales regni Francorum inde from a. 741 usque ad a. 829, qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhardi. Hanover 1895 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )

literature

See also

Remarks

  1. ↑ Klaus Belke , Peter Soustal: The Byzantines and their neighbors. The text of the Emperor Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos called De Administrando Imperio (= Byzantine historians . Vol. 19). Translated, introduced and explained. Fassbaender, Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-900538-54-9 , p. 172f.
  2. ↑ Klaus Belke , Peter Soustal: The Byzantines and their neighbors. The text of the Emperor Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos called De Administrando Imperio (= Byzantine historians . Vol. 19). Translated, introduced and explained. Fassbaender, Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-900538-54-9 , pp. 179f.
  3. ↑ a b Mychajlo Hruschewskyj : History of Ukraine-Rus'. Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Eleventh Century , Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1997 (original edition 1898), ISBN 978-1-895571-19-6 , pp. 161-162: The second detail in Constantine's account, which supposedly points to the eastern Carpathians, is his reference to a 'place called Boiki (Boiki)' on the border with the White Serbs; for a long time this was considered - and some consider it still - to be a reference to the Ukrainian Boikos. That is very unlikely, however, because the location is too far east for the Serbs, nor is there any indication that the name of the Boikos was ever in such wide usage. So all we are left with to suggest the existence of a Rus' Croatia in the Carpathians is the Primary Chronicle ... Published by H. Jireiek, the Karten zur Geschichte (1897) also show the 'Boiki' on the Dnister (map 4 ). It is more likely that Boiki is a distorted variant of the name Boiohem, or Bohemia, as most scholars now believe ...
  4. ↑ a b Gyula Moravcsik (ed.): De administrando imperio , Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Görög Filoĺ́ogiai Intézet, 1949, pp. 130-131: “... should be modern Saxony, where remnants of Serbs (Sorbs) are still living. The name 'Boiki' has been much disputed over by specialists ... has proved that the 'place called Boiki' can only be Bohemia. Grégoire (L'Origine, 98) rejects Skok's proposal to read 'Boioi', and suggests 'Boimi'. C.'s account contains one serious inexactitude: namely, the statement that the Serbs lived 'in a place called by them Boiki'. Although we have documentary proof of the existence of Croats in Bohemia, we have none to suggest that Serbs lived there. Bohemia was in fact another neighbor of White Serbia "
  5. ↑ Andreas Nikolaou Stratos: Byzantium in the seventh century , Adolf M. Hakkert, 1968, p. 326: "These, he says, descended from the unbaptized Serbs who were also called" white "and lived in a place called by them" Boiki "(Bohemia) ..."
  6. ↑ Acta archaeologica Carpathica , Państwowe Wydawn, Naukowe, 1999, p. 163: “Wielu spośród nich osiedlili królowie węgierscy u zachodnich granic swego królestwa; morze Ciemne = Bałtyk; Boiki = Bohemia, czyli Czechy ... "
  7. ↑ Slavia antiqua , Volume 44, Poznań Society of Friends of Learning, 2003, p. 13: "Serbów balkañskich znajdowala siç w kraju zwanym u nich Boiki (Bohemia = Czechy) ..."
  8. ^ HH Howorth: The Spread of the Slaves. Part I. The Croats , The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1878, Volume 7, p. 326.
  9. ^ HH Howorth: The Spread of the Slaves. Part III. The Northern Serbs or Sorabians and the Obodriti , The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (December 7, 1880), Volume 9, pp. 181-232.
  10. ↑ Benjámin Kállay : Istorija srpskoga naroda , Petar Curčić, 1882, p. 14.
  11. ↑ Vladimir Ćorović: Istorija srpskog naroda (Internet ed.), Ars Libri, Belgrade 2001, chap. Словени насељавају Балкан .
  12. ↑ Ljubivoje Cerović: Srbija u Ukrajini . Srpsko-Ukrajinsko društvo (Serbian-Ukrainian Society), Muzej Vojvodine 2002, p. 13.
  13. ↑ Borivoje M. Drobnjaković: Etnologija naroda Jugoslavije (Ethnology of the Peoples of Yugoslavia) , Volume 1 (= Naučna knjiga [Scientific book]), Univerzitetski udžbenici publishing house [University textbooks], Belgrade 1960, p. 102.
  14. ↑ Sima Ćirković : The Serbs , Blackwell Publishing, Malden 2004, ISBN 9781405142915 , p. 17.
  15. ↑ Vizantološki Institute (1996). Recueil de travaux de l'Institut des études byzantines , 35 : Vizantološki institute SANU, p 127: Најпре је посвећивана пажња подацима о прадомовини Срба, односно о Белој или некрштеној Србији о чијем положају на широком простору иза Мађарске а између Лабе и Пољске су и раније у стручној литератури изрицани различити судови. Много пажње овом питању посветио је Р. Нова- ковић, полазећи од унапред стеченог убеђења да сам Константин Порфирогенит тврди да су Срби са северозапада стигли на Балканско полуострво.37 Извесно је да се тако нешто не може наслутити из података цара писца , јер би иначе била сасвим сувишна и не- разумљива дуга расправљања о положају прадомовине Срба па и Хрвата. У трагању за локализацијом прадомовине Срба, односно Беле Србије, Р. Новаковић се уствари вратио на већ одавно искази- вано мишљење да се она налазила у Полабљу. Настојећи да у подацима цара писца открије елементе који би упућивали на западну локализацију Беле Србије , он је пре свега обратио пажњу на детаљ да се она налазила близу Франачке.38 Међутим , Р. Новаковић је желео да изнесе још неке доказе за западну локализацију Беле Србије, на пр. име Бојки којим су Бели Срби, бар по цару писцу, називали своју земљу. По његовом уверењу тај назив, који долази од имена келтског племена Боји, односи се на Чешку (Војоћетшп) што је довољан доказ да прадомовину Срба ваља тражити на севе- розападу простора иза Турске (Угарске) где је смешта спис ВА1.59 Знатну пажњу Р. Новаковић је посветио занимљивом податку цара писца да су Бели Срби од давнина били настањени у својој пра- домовини , а пошто се она по његовом убеђењу налазила у Полабљу , то значи да су Словени овде живели сигурно пре V или чак пре IV века после Христа. 40 Касније је Р. Новаковић посебну пажњу после доласка Срба на Балканско полуострво, што показује даказује вагаиле вигаиле вигаилеле всле вселел VIII.
  16. ↑ Jaroslav Rudnyckyj: An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language , Parts 1–11, A – G (in English and Ukrainian). 1. Winnipeg, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , p. 162.
  17. ↑ a b c Valentin Wassiljewitsch Sedow : Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)], Akademska knjiga publishing house, Novi Sad 1995 (new edition 2013), ISBN 97263-2686-1 , ISBN 97263-2686-1 P. 458f.
  18. ^ Tibor Živković: De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source . The Institute of History, Belgrade 2012, p. 185.