Brazil action
With Brasil action the activities of Catholic dignitaries are called, members of the Roman Catholic Church from the Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas enacted in early 1939 ban on the issuing of entry visas to Jews exempt.
Immigration of German speakers to Brazil in the 1930s
As part of the New Economic Policy , from June 1928 to July 1932 more than 61% of the peasant farms in the Soviet Union were transferred to collective farms . Some of the Russian mennonites migrated to Brazil via the German Empire . On the initiative of the Foreign Office , the Society for Settlements Abroad was founded in 1931 and Rolândia in 1932 .
In November 1933, Johannes Schauff , Erich Koch-Weser , Hans Schlange-Schöningen and Friedrich Wilhelm Lübke traveled to Brazil and looked for settlement options for those who opposed the regime to emigrate. The law for the restoration of the civil service did not define the term Jews as belonging to a religion, but racially. The Nuremberg Laws aimed to deprive the defined people of their existence in the German Empire, which led to pressure to emigrate.
Anti-Semitism in Brazil
In Brazil, the racial theories from Germany and France were also well received by intellectuals. In no other state outside of the German Reich did the National Socialist German Workers' Party have more members. In the Brazilian statistics on population migration, a distinction was made between Catholics and non-Catholics until 1937, and from 1937 onwards the category of Jews was recorded. Circular 1127 to the Brazilian consulates of June 7, 1937 forbade the issuing of visas to people of Semitic origin. Circular 1249 of September 26, 1938 permitted visas for temporary stays by Jews upon presentation of assets. Getúlio Vargas banned entry visas to Jews in early 1939.
After the November pogroms in 1938 , the emigration of several thousand Catholic non-Aryans was deemed to be absolutely necessary. The path for Catholics led via Belgium and the Netherlands to Brazil. In the Dutch and Belgian camps, the migrants were not given visas. In a memorandum , the Raphaels-Werk “Service for People on the Move” looked for the reason for the non-grant in the fact that the emigrants in Brazil had aroused the displeasure of the Brazilian authorities through laziness and a lack of willingness to integrate .
At the end of the conclave, on March 2, 1939, with the election of Pius XII. , Michael von Faulhaber negotiated on behalf of Adolf Bertram with Sebastião Leme da Silveira Cintra and Santiago Luis Copello about the emigration question.
Faulhaber then sent the head of the Munich Caritas Office, August Kett, to the Brazilian government's representative at the International Labor Office , Helio Lobo, in Geneva. Hermann Wilhelm Berning in a letter March 23, 1939 and Faulhaber in a letter dated March 31, 1939 on behalf of Adolf Bertram and the Bavarian Bishops' Conference, asked Pius XII. to campaign for the brokerage of Brazilian visas to the St. Raphaels Association, today's Raphaels work Service to People on the Move . Pius XII. In a 300-word telegram called on the Apostolic Nuncio in Rio de Janeiro , Benedetto Aloisi Masella, to appeal to the Brazilian government for the allocation of 3,000 visas for Christian non-Aryans . Father Max Joseph Großer SAC (born August 5, 1887 in Hanover, † March 19, 1940 in Berlin) reached negotiations in Rome in early June 1939 that Pius XII. in an immediate submission to the Brazilian President Vargas. At least 700 Jews were saved through this action.
The reply to Berning's letter was still pending in mid-July 1939. Luigi Maglione informed Faulhaber on June 24, 1939 that Vargas had complied with the Pope's request: 3000 tedeschi cattolici non ariani had promised the entry visa. The promise made little change to the practice of issuing visas, especially since the Brazilian representations in Europe were responsible for issuing these since January 1, 1939. On June 23, 1939, the Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (CIC) decided in a resolution that the 3,000 visas promised by President Vargas should be granted under the current Brazilian immigration laws.
The departure from the German Reich to Brazil failed because of the anti-Semitic attitude of Brazilian diplomats in Berlin. The often unsuccessful struggle to obtain these visas extended from July 1939 to the dissolution of the St. Raphael Association in July 1941.
literature
- Hermanns, Manfred : Worldwide service to people on the move. Advice and welfare for emigrants from the Raphaels factory 1871–2011. Friedberg: Palloti 2011. ISBN 978-3-87614-079-7 , especially chap. 8: Aid for Jews to emigrate, pp. 120–148.
- Reutter, Lutz-Eugen: Catholic Church as escape helper in the Third Reich. Recklinghausen / Hamburg: Paulus Verlag 1971
Individual evidence
- ↑ Heide Helwig, IF NOBODY CALLS ME , p. 233
- ↑ Dieter Marc Schneider, Johannes Schauff (1902-1990) , p. 71
- ^ Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro: O Anti-Semitismo nas Américas. memória e história, p. 222.
- ↑ Izabela Maria Furtado Kestler: Exilio e Literatura: Escritores de Fala Alema Durante a Epoca Do Nazismo , p. 52.
- ↑ Klaus Hart: Bad people. Anti-Semitism in South America - widespread and little researched. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , November 11, 2008.
- ↑ Dirk Schönlebe, Munich in the network of help for "non-Aryan" Christians (1938 - 1941; PDF; 964 kB)