idleness

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Among other things, inertia is considered one of the seven main vices .

As laziness (abmildernd also inertia lack of expectable activity is called) referred in a human. The term is used to describe and evaluate those who avoid exertion (more precisely: people who, from the speaker's or writer's point of view, do not pursue their socially imposed tasks or do not do it with sufficient diligence ).

The pejorative, often insulting attribute of those who avoid effort as being “lazy” is based on the observation that those who have been characterized in this way are apparently lacking in motivation. Mangelnd motivated someone can be under a general lack of energy suffers (eg., In the form of a burnout syndrome ), which does not hold an activity useful to that of her little sense of achievement expected or too few successes in the past has had with this activity.

According to Stephan A. Jansen , “laziness [...] is probably less a category of the scientific definition than one of practical Protestant ethics , vernacular and advisory literature. And a concept of attribution used by those who work hard. "

history

Positive evaluation of the "vita contemplativa"

Depiction of indolence in a parable from the Gospel of Matthew by Abraham Bloemaert , 1624.

In ancient times, leisure (in the sense of contemplation ) was considered an ideal worth striving for. Marcus Tullius Cicero coined the term otium cum dignitate , the "dignified leisure" spent with scientific and philosophical activity in seclusion ( De Oratore I, 1-2). The praise of the “vita contemplativa” corresponded to a devaluation of the “vita activa” that was left to the slaves and the proles . In his writings Genealogy of Morals and Beyond Good and Evil, Friedrich Nietzsche assesses the contempt of "lower activities" by slave owners as an expression of " master morality " with an undertone of admiration .

Christian work ethic

The counterpart to "master morality" is Nietzsche's " slave morality ". According to Nietzsche, Christianity brought about the victory of this “slave morality”, which led to the behavior of simple, simple people, especially their willingness to work hard, being positively assessed. The "better" people are no longer the " aristoi " (Greek for "the better", i.e. the nobles, the nobles ), but the morally good people as opposed to the bad guys.

In Christianity, avoidance of exertion, assessed as “laziness”, has always been one of the seven main vices . The relevant category of acedia also included sluggishness in addition to slang

The sin of acedia had nothing to do with contemplation or leisure , but was a turning away from God as both worldly and spiritual idleness. Even today laziness is counted as the indolence of the heart among the seven main vices . According to Catholic teaching, it can lead to one remaining inactive and not helping the needy, weak or sick if one could. For Protestantism , diligence at work is a sign of a godly life, which is treated by the sociologist Max Weber in The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism .

Since ancient times, warnings have been associated with classifying laziness as a vice: lazy people are particularly at risk of becoming melancholy . Those who do not work hard and create or who do not have a tight grip on their life can quickly get absurd thoughts and become too brooding. " Idleness is the beginning of all vice," says the vernacular. “ Ora et labora ” (pray and work) - that was the principle of the Benedictines .

For many, that often meant working hard without enjoying (even if one's own livelihood and that of the family were guaranteed through less persistent work), with the prospect of a place in heaven as a reward for something godly and authoritarian Life. Leisure and laziness were seen as vices. For the Puritans , a hard-working life full of humility, even in the case of high economic profits, asceticism and godliness was paramount. Protestant work ethics, and Calvinism in particular , placed economic success and the obligation to reinvest a large part of profits at the center of human existence.

Another aspect of Puritan ethics is the glorification of work as an end in itself, according to which one does not work to live, but lives to work. For example, under the development policy energetic soldier king in Prussia, a number of laws were passed that made "laziness" - especially of public servants - a punishable offense. Market women , for example, were also banned from gossiping under threat of flogging .

In the context of the strong emphasis on the value of work, the demand for a right to work has also arisen, which, where it has found its way into constitutions and other normative texts, has a purely proclamatory character, unless the state is granted the right to establish businesses Allocate workers who do not need them, but which would mean an interference with their economic freedom.

"Laziness" in the Age of Enlightenment

In his book What is Enlightenment? Immanuel Kant rates “laziness” as one of the main reasons why at the end of the 18th century large numbers of people did not make public use of their freedom of thought and expression :

Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why such a large proportion of people, after having long since freed nature from outside guidance (naturaliter maiorennes), still like to remain immature throughout their lives; and why it is so easy for others to pose as their guardians. It is so convenient to be a minor. If I have a book that has reason for me, a pastor who has a conscience for me, a doctor who assesses the diet for me, etc., then I don't have to make an effort myself. I don't need to think if I can only pay; others will take over the annoying business for me.

In his anthropology from a pragmatic point of view, Kant thinks that of the vices laziness, cowardice and falsehood “the former seems to be the most contemptible”, he also saw in it a protective function: “Because nature also has a disgust for prolonged work in some subjects placed in his instinct, which was healing for him as well as others: because this could not tolerate long or often repetitive exertion of strength without exhaustion, but required certain breaks for recovery. "Avoidance of exertion not only protects (as an activation threshold) from harmful consumption of strength, it can also prevent worse: "If laziness did not intervene, restless malice would do far more evil in the world than it is now."

The “right to be lazy” since the 19th century

The labor leader Paul Lafargue took a different view in his book The Right to Laziness : “O laziness, have mercy on endless misery! O laziness, mother of arts and noble virtues, be the balm for the pains of humanity! "

In the foreword to the new edition of Lafargue's book published in 2014, Stephan Lessenich writes : “The right to be lazy needs to be worked out.” Society has experienced “strong productivism” since around the turn of the millennium. Everything is aimed at extracting everyone's resources as comprehensively as possible. Even the “young elderly” would be discovered as “a resource that can still achieve something” and whose services should be socially exploited, especially since they could perhaps contribute to further growth. In a society "that is so polarized on performance, income and value creation", Lafargue's striking demand for a right to be lazy is particularly important in the sense that people spend less time on paid work.

'68 work ethic

Never work! was one of the mottos that Situationists sprayed on walls in Paris in 1968. Back then, the dream of less work was by no means radical: in the 1960s, progress was linked to the idea that legitimized it at the time, that technology would allow people much more leisure time in the future. In contrast to today's visions of the future, which predominantly show an intensification of competition and a hardening of the struggle between people, at that time there were still positive dreams in which automated houses were supposed to relieve people of work. Employees could hope for much shorter working hours, for example only three times three hours, as in the American cartoon series The Jetsons . In view of the very conventional distribution of roles between men and women as well as the portrayal of the employment relationships in these fantasies, it was obvious that these dreams were not revolutionary, but thoroughly bourgeois.

Motto "Demand and support" as a declaration of war against "those unwilling to work"

In Germany, the term demanding and promoting was used in the course of a so-called "laziness debate" within the framework of Agenda 2010 , in the context of the " activating welfare state " ( Gerhard Schröder : "There is no right to be lazy in our society" ). It says in Section 2 of Book Two of the Social Security Code :

(1) Employable beneficiaries and those living with them in a community of needs must exhaust all possibilities to end or reduce their need for assistance. An employable person entitled to benefits must actively participate in all measures for their integration into work, in particular conclude an integration agreement. If gainful employment on the general labor market is not possible in the foreseeable future, the employable person entitled to benefits must take on a reasonable job opportunity offered to them.
(2) Employable beneficiaries and those living with them in a community of needs are responsible for making use of all opportunities to earn their living from their own means and resources. Employable beneficiaries must use their labor to provide a living for themselves and the people living with them in a community of needs.

At least implicitly, the labor market reforms in the course of Hartz IV are based on the negative image of the “passive unemployed”. Unemployment is therefore not primarily a structural problem, but a self-responsible result of personal attitudes and decisions. In the “lower class” there is even a “milieu-constituting” mentality of passivity. It is important to shake those affected by it out of the state of passivity. Since unemployment is interpreted as a behavioral deficit of the unemployed, individual behavior becomes the subject of labor market policy intervention. Three central target dimensions of activating labor market policy can be identified: the willingness of the unemployed to accept employment (availability), the active utilization of their own labor (personal responsibility) and the (re) establishment or maintenance of proximity to the labor market (employability).

Unemployed adolescents and young adults up to 25 years of age are particularly in the focus of SGB ​​II in Germany . They are "looked after" more closely and should be placed immediately in work or training in accordance with Section 3 (2) SGB II. In the event of so-called breaches of duty, they are also sanctioned much more strictly than older unemployed people. This is justified, among other things, by the fact that sanctions are indispensable for consistent activation, they reaffirm the principle of consideration of the welfare benefit ALG II and are ultimately even in the interests of those affected themselves. Young people under the age of 25 should not experience early on that they are making a living be financed permanently by the solidarity community without consideration. This prevents them from learning right from the start to develop all their own strengths and abilities in order to be able to lead a self-determined, self-responsible and ultimately financially independent life.

In earlier years too - according to studies by Oschmiansky, Kull and Schmid from the Berlin Science Center for Social Research , in particular with rising unemployment and before elections (as evidenced in elections in 1975, 1993 and 2001), individual politicians or groups had debates on the subject of " Social abuse by lazy people unwilling to work ”initiated. In the course of this and similar debates, political catchphrases such as “ idlers ”, “ slackers ”, “bogus unemployed”, “ social parasites ”, “the eternal student” and “social hammock” emerged.

The film “ Ich, Daniel Blake ” (2016) criticizes the fully developed attitude of representatives of the social welfare authorities in England to be suspicious of applicants by assuming from the outset to be “effort avoiders” who therefore have to prove that they have spent 35 hours Spend the week asking companies for work.

Dealing with the trend towards higher labor productivity

In general, the question arises as to whether someone who can carry out work processes relatively quickly due to increased work productivity is “lazy” than someone who does not have access to such methods of accelerating work. The anecdote is often spread about the seven-year-old Carl Friedrich Gauß , who is said to have discovered the Gaussian sum formula as a primary school student . Instead of laboriously adding up all the numbers from 1 to 100, he formed 50 pairs, the sum of which was always 101, and thus came up with the result 5050 very quickly. This raises the question of whether Gauss' preoccupation with "anything" during the remainder of the mathematics lesson (the "detention" should occupy him for the remainder of the lesson) can be assessed as "laziness" or whether one can rate the "bee industry" of those who add 100 numbers to praise.

The first calculating machines, and ultimately also the computer , were among others. a. invented because the people entrusted with calculation tasks were too "lazy" to carry out the calculations themselves (although this had been the case for generations, partly to the displeasure of the protagonists).

In Germany, whose residents generally rate themselves as particularly hard-working, in 2011 the employed worked an average of 1413 hours per year, that is only slightly longer than the “extremely lazy” Dutch (1379 hours per year). The allegedly “lazy” Greeks, on the other hand, worked 2032 hours a year; H. only slightly less than the South Koreans , who managed 2090 hours a year. In fact, such comparisons are largely useless, as they do not take into account the different labor productivity levels of the countries, nor do they take into account the share of part-time workers in the workforce (which is particularly high in the Netherlands): those who work productively do not have to work as long as those who are less productive . The phenomenon is known from school: if you finish your class work early, you can hand it in early (but you should consider whether you shouldn't use the remaining time to improve).

Causes of Exertion Avoidance

For physicists , according to Newton's law of inertia, inertia is a “property of every body to resist acceleration due to its mass.” Following this approach, it would be more likely to explain why bodies are in a certain state of motion Guessing direction (which means “motivating” them; cf. the Latin verb “movere” = German: “moving”) than explaining why this is not happening. In living beings, instincts and innate trigger mechanisms play a central role in explaining what “drives” them to a certain behavior. So z. For example, the “laziness” of a healthy person never goes so far that he would succeed in deliberately stopping breathing permanently .

Economics offers a different explanation . This works with the model of homo oeconomicus . The "homo oeconomicus" always strives to act in such a way that he has the greatest (also non-economic) advantage. Since in capitalism labor is a commodity that its carrier wants to offer at the most favorable conditions possible, its use as economical as possible is rational if this has no negative consequences for the carrier of labor, e.g. B. if he succeeds in enforcing his interpretation of the term “teamwork” in the sense of “great, someone else does it!” With impunity. The energy saved in this way can be used advantageously for other purposes. It should be emphasized that the model person of economics does not have moral concerns if the benefit of the calculator is not taken into account in them.

The popular designation “one-euro job” for the officially so-called work opportunity with additional expense allowance shows thinking in the categories of “homo oeconomicus”: This is one euro (up to a maximum of 2.50 euros) more per hour than the otherwise due wage replacement benefit Income that an unemployed person can achieve with this job opportunity so that it is “not worthwhile” to work for him. This calculation assumes, however, that he would have the option to earn a transfer income for inaction. The “activating welfare state” therefore endeavors to obstruct corresponding “ways out” of permanent unemployment. When calculating the actual hourly wage, the amount that is paid in advance to secure a livelihood would have to be taken into account. "Laziness" in the case of the " working poor " results primarily from the frustration that the person concerned receives little more or would even receive less without top -up payments than he would receive in transfer payments as a non-employed person .

In particular, someone is not or not enough active when

  • if he lacks the physical or psychological strength required to successfully cope with the task;
  • if he does not see the purpose of the task or if the method to be used does not seem to be effective;
  • if the effort to be made does not seem to be in a reasonable proportion to the expected result (logic of homo oeconomicus );
  • if the person entrusted with a job generally does not or cannot do it to the satisfaction of the client (fear of failure);
  • if the relationship between the client and the agent is disturbed in such a way that the authority of the client to give instructions to the "lazy man" is called into question;
  • if the achievement of the work goal does not seem to be urgent ( procrastination ).

illness

For the World Health Organization , laziness is not a " disease ". If, however, mental and social well-being is endangered or no longer present through habitual avoidance of exertion, laziness can easily trigger illness. Diseases in the sense of the WHO can also be the cause of chronic exercise avoidance.

In a pathological form, listlessness and apathy can lead to behavior that is assessed as laziness, e.g. B. at:

Inadequate use of force due to a lack of motivation is often confused with avoidance of exertion as a result of action blocks such as impaired perception ( impaired vision and hearing ), motor disorders, etc. as well as the presence of pain . All blocks of action caused in this way are often wrongly attributed to “laziness”.

Systematic suppression of the urge to move, restriction of the possibilities of movement

Children actually have an instinctive need to move. They are the epitome of the joy of movement. Children express feelings through movement, movement accompanies their speech. Wherever there is an opportunity, run, fight, hop, climb, balance, or otherwise try out their physical dexterity.

But physical activity is becoming less and less important in today's everyday life. Even in childhood and adolescence, many no longer move enough. Even in elementary school, children are encouraged to sit still in order to be able to concentrate on the lessons. Lessons generally take the form of a “sitting school”. But the leisure activities of many children and young people are also characterized by a lack of exercise. “In particular, the increasing use of media by children and adolescents through televisions, computers, game consoles, cell phones and the constant flow of new technical developments have a negative impact on physical activity.” Movement inhibitors are also “an increasing lack of play and leisure opportunities, and a lack of awareness of movement and health , Lack of time and inadequate sports facilities in schools. ”All of these factors have a long-term negative impact on the health and fitness of those who are expected to complete their tasks quickly.

Self-protection interests, questioning of work goals, rebellion

Contrary to what many clients see, those who do not perform a task at all or “too slowly” are by no means always “obdurate”, as they often have good reasons for their behavior.

Reduced performance as long-term occupational health and safety

One of the imperatives of age-appropriate work is not to actually bring in 100 percent of the performance . This not only prevents premature wear and tear and chronic illnesses that can lead to early retirement; Adhering to this maxim also enables older workers, who at the age of 60 still have an average of 80 percent of their previous productivity, to remain competitive in the team. On average, workers are rarely asked to exceed 60 percent of what they can do.

Response to stressful factors

There is also a threat of excessive demands in regions with stressful climatic conditions and in hot workplaces, if employees are required to perform “normal” work. The phenomenon that work in hot environments is particularly stressful was described by Montesquieu in his Spirit of Laws as early as 1748 .

Particularly during the colonial period , however, the colonialists made unjustified accusations of laziness against people living in the colonized areas. The fight against the supposed "laziness of the natives" was sometimes waged with cruel methods. Under extreme climatic conditions, more understanding was shown only to people who were able to work to a limited extent and who themselves were among the conquerors.

Only modern air conditioning technology made it possible, for example, for people in the south of the USA to achieve as high a labor productivity as in the north of the USA and thus to catch up with its performance potential.

Challenging ambitious goals

A resource situation that only occasionally requires high levels of tension or that requires little stockpiling can also enable phases of inactivity. Working more than is necessary to lead a modest life requires an appropriate work ethic , which is not prevalent in all cultures (see Heinrich Böll's anecdote on the lowering of work ethic ). Anyone who is shaped by the “ Protestant work ethic ” tends to evaluate the failure to do unnecessary work as “laziness” (see also the example of the seven-year-old Gauss mentioned above), just as physically hard working desk work is seen as a form of “laziness” to like.

With regard to the concepts of active aging , which assume that people have to be active for as long as possible and keep themselves physically and mentally fit, Bernhard Rohde asks the critical question: “Can't you really get people into so-called retirement Let rest '? "And adds to this the demand:" If there should be no right to be lazy in working age, please respect at least the right to rest in old age! "

Open rebellion and "inner resignation"

It is not uncommon for employees to be accused of laziness in situations in which they simply minimize their own efforts, for example because of poor or unjust wages, ie work as little as possible (“braking”, “working according to regulations”). Also lack of non-monetary or even negative motivation, e.g. B. as a consequence of unfair sanctions can lead to passive to destructive work stoppages (" internal dismissal "), especially if employees are often exposed to a loss of control ; this applies, for example, and in particular to a lack of appreciation for the work done.

Robert Ulmer takes the position: “If work is what makes trouble, what people only do if they are compensated for it with a wage (i.e. the ' work suffering ' of the neoclassical ), and if at the same time work becomes more and more superfluous due to productivity advances or could be, then those are the best pioneers of a better future, who forego work and give priority to the other in the scramble for jobs. ”The possibility of claiming an unconditional basic income enables the individual, provided the amount of the Income is satisfied to forego an offer of his already unneeded labor and at the same time to soften the "undercutting competition of labor providers". According to Ulmer, the unemployed and those in the low-wage sector are stuck in a “health trap”: both constant obedience during poorly paid work and having to live from transfer income with the constant threat of hardship in the event of obvious “work shyness” make people ill.

Unclear motives

Often the background for a rationally not easily explainable inactivity lies hidden in the past (in the earlier childhood) of the “idler”, e.g. B. by children wanting to annoy or shame their parents by demonstrative (“irrational”) refusal to perform. In this case, the analysis of previous conflict situations would be called for (which is undoubtedly very laborious), which also makes the background understandable for the child (see developmental psychology ). The patience of the educator is required here, because changes cannot be expected from one day to the next, especially since habits (usually) cannot be changed suddenly.

Criticism of dealing with the term "laziness"

Lack of explanatory potential

"The term laziness denotes [...] what, in the absence of other explanations, prevents people from working from within." According to this definition, one should only speak of "laziness" if one does not have better explanations for a person's behavior. To look no further for such explanations would therefore itself be a sign of (thought) laziness.

Mispricing

Lack of movement in space

The lack of physical activity is often wrongly viewed as an expression of "laziness". So z. B. Contemplation may be misunderstood as laziness. That is why there is seldom an opportunity for contemplation at school and in internal training. This is why such forms of learning are rarely used, although in some areas leisurely learning is required. One means of avoiding the impression of laziness is fake activity and actionism .

Procrastination

Likewise, the tendency to procrastination (" procrastination ") is usually not a case of laziness, as those affected by this tendency can often rightly point out a busy schedule that prevents them from performing certain (for them unpleasant) activities.

Phlegm as a time-reducing element

In spite of their slowness and deliberation, which especially sanguine and choleric people provoke, phlegmatic people are by no means "lazy" if care is more important to them than a high pace of work.

Prejudices against social groups

The assumption that members of certain milieus or minorities are generally characterized by a tendency to be lazy is politically explosive.

Unemployed and needy

Paul Krugman, for example, criticizes the thesis that America's main problem lies in the fact that Americans are too nice to fellow citizens who are badly off by making too high social transfers . Krugman considers this attitude typical of those on the right-wing. It apparently justifies the drastic cut in support for “lazy” less beneficiaries that is associated with lowering taxes for the rich. According to this, unemployment is not caused by a lack of jobs, but by the lack of activity of (only supposedly?) Job seekers, which must be remedied by an activating welfare state.

Stefan Sell , Professor at the Institute for Social Policy and Labor Market Research at Koblenz University of Applied Sciences, stated in January 2017 that efforts to “activate” the long-term unemployed in Germany had in some cases failed. There are almost three million long-term recipients of Hartz IV benefits, one million of whom have long been disconnected from any work. “We weren't able to offer these people much, often nothing at all. And if so, then highly debatable offers, short-term measures ”, summarized Sell.

Sinti and Roma

The racist , antigypsy claim that “ gypsies ” were genetically “lazy” was used to justify the Porajmos , the genocide committed against Sinti and Roma during the Nazi era .

"Anti-social" and "work shy"

Also, " German blood could" during the Nazi era, as " asocial made" marked, in the concentration camp "of duty to escape to work and leave their care for their maintenance of the general public, such as work-shy, work refusers, Trunk addicts" be admitted if they . In the post-war period, the tradition of state sanctions against "anti- social " both in the FRG and in the GDR was continued. Until 1967, according to Section 27 of the Federal Social Welfare Act in the version dated June 30, 1961, anyone “who persistently [refuses] to do reasonable work despite repeated requests” could be assigned to a workhouse in the Federal Republic of Germany. It was not until July 18, 1967, that the Federal Constitutional Court ruled: "The compulsory institutional and home placement of an adult, which serves neither the protection of the general public nor the protection of the person concerned, but only his 'improvement', is unconstitutional."

Problematic opposing worlds

In the tale of Cockaigne , a reverse utopia , laziness appears as a virtue . It seems worthwhile to eat your way through masses of pudding and then, when you have overcome the pudding block, to lie under a shady tree and open your mouth every now and then so that the food flies into this mouth. Any form of work and “superfluous” movement is frowned upon here. In this “dream”, the consequences of excessive food consumption and lack of exercise in the form of typical diseases of civilization , which should actually have a deterrent rather than motivating effect, are kept secret. Instead, in the fairy tale, a fountain of youth removes all the annoying side effects of aging and makes those who bathe in it young (and healthy) again.

literature

See also

Web links

Wiktionary: laziness  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Avoidance of exertion . In: Cod. Lexicon of Psychology . Hogrefe AG. Bern
  2. Is laziness productive? . In: brand eins. Business magazine : power blue! Focus on laziness . Edition 08/2015
  3. Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil. Ninth main piece: "What is elegant?". Aphorism 260 ( online )
  4. ^ Friedrich Nietzsche: On the genealogy of morality. First treatise: "Good and Bad", "Good and Bad". Aphorism 7 ( online )
  5. Immanuel Kant: Answering the question: What is Enlightenment? (1784). In: Works. Edited by Weischedel. Bd.XI. Frankfurt / M. 1977, 53-61; here: p. 53 ( online )
  6. Immanuel Kant: Anthropology in a pragmatic way. 1798, § 87
  7. Christiane Funke: Sociologist on time management: "The right to be lazy wants to be worked out" . sueddeutsche.de, July 15, 2015
  8. Peter Bescherer / Silke Röbenack / Karen Schierhorn: According to Hartz IV: Employment orientation of the unemployed . From politics and contemporary history . July 30, 2008
  9. Kai Marquardsen: What is “activation” in labor market policy? . WSI-Mitteilungen 5/2007, p. 1
  10. ^ Gerhard Christe: Ten Years Hartz IV - A Success Story for Disadvantaged Young People? . exceedingly. Specialized office for transitions between training and work . June 22, 2015
  11. Frank Oschmiansky, Silke Kull, Günther Schmid : Lazy unemployed? Political cycles of a debate. 2001 (PDF file; 714 kB)
  12. Frank Oschmiansky: Lazy unemployed? On the debate about unwillingness to work and abuse of performance. In: From Politics and Contemporary History. Issue B 06-07 (2003) (PDF; 1.2 MB)
  13. Federal Ministry of Education and Research : How did little Gauss do it? ( Memento of the original from January 23, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . "Year of Mathematics". 2008 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jahr-der-mathematik.de
  14. ^ Ha Joon-Chang: bums and bums. Myth of laziness . Friday . February 11, 2013
  15. Bernhard Grotz: Basic knowledge of physics. Die Kraft ( Memento of the original from February 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / grund-wissen.de
  16. ^ Hesse / Schrader: colleague who are shy of work
  17. Sascha Jundt: Is laziness a disease? . HELPSTER.de
  18. ^ Kinderschutzbund Nordrhein-Westfalen: Lack of exercise in children - causes, consequences and possibilities for change
  19. ^ Hermann Städtler: Movement makes school. Why do we need the moving school? . In: "Exercise and Sport". Issue 1/2015, p. 6.
  20. ↑ Lack of exercise in children and adolescents . RheinFit Sportakademie GmbH. 2017
  21. Bernhard Rohde: On the hardship of aging in the activating welfare state - eight theses and one concession - ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Leipzig 2012, p. 3 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.htwk-leipzig.de
  22. ^ Robert Ulmer: Dialectics of the achievement . ZAG 60/2012, April 1, 2012
  23. Laziness . Association "Suchtmittel eV" Wiesbaden
  24. Manfred Spitzer : Learn , 2007, pp. 277–283.
  25. ^ Paul Krugman: The Laziness Dogma . New York Times . July 13, 2015
  26. Paul Krugman: The Dogma of Laziness . "Thinking Pages". 17th July 2015
  27. ^ Carl-Friedrich Höck: Communal conference of the SPD parliamentary group: How solidarity communities can function . Demo. The social democratic magazine for local politics . January 27, 2017
  28. ^ Reichskriminalpolizeiamt: Guidelines for the fundamental decree on the preventive fight against crime by the police of the Reich Ministry of the Interior . April 4, 1938. In: Wolfgang Ayaß : "Community foreigners". Sources on the persecution of "anti-social" 1933–1945 , Koblenz 1998, no. 62
  29. Svea Luise Herrmann / Kathrin Braun: “Arbeitsscheu” and “antisocial” ( memento of the original from February 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Gene ethical network. October 2013 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gen-ethisches-netzwerk.de
  30. See the Vontobel Foundation's list of publications , accessed on April 5, 2011.
  31. ^ Paul Lafargue: The right to be lazy - refutation of the "right to work" from 1848. (1883). In: Wildcat (magazine) . Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  32. Online PDF - 27 pages 373 kB
  33. Book Description ( Memento of the original from November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the publisher. Retrieved April 5, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wjs-verlag.de