Active aging

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Entertainment by seniors for seniors

" Active aging means helping people to lead their lives independently for as long as possible and - if possible - to make a contribution to the economy and society." In June 2010 the Council of the European Union called on the member states to encourage active aging a political priority for the years to come. 2012 has been declared the European Year for Active Aging and Solidarity between Generations .

Further definitions

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines active aging as follows:

"Active aging is understood to mean the process of optimizing people's ability to maintain their health as they grow older, to participate in the life of their social environment and to ensure their personal safety, and thus to improve their quality of life."

This definition does not specify who is responsible for the optimization process. It can be about specific aging people or groups of aging people, but also about institutions of the state and municipalities, the economy and society.

Demographic change as a context

Importance of age

Development of life expectancy in Germany 1960–2010

One of the most significant developments in the western industrialized countries is the steady decline in the number of births, combined with an increase in the average age of the population. Falling numbers of children and increasing life expectancy lead to an increase in the proportion of older people in the population. In Germany, not only the proportion but also the number of older people is increasing due to the high number of births in the decades after the Second World War.

Due to the high life expectancy and good health of many seniors, 67% of the 65 to 74 year olds do not feel like "old people" according to the Generali age study from 2012. Most seniors therefore lead an active life. B. spending a lot of time with their hobbies and with their children and grandchildren. On average, they are out and about five days a week. In addition, around 45% of those surveyed do voluntary work for around four hours a week . According to the survey, most senior citizens are satisfied with their material situation, their housing situation and their life.

According to a definition by the United Nations, people aged 60 and over are classified as "older people". The Berlin Institute for Population and Development rates this classification as “no longer appropriate”. The idea of ​​a “well-deserved retirement” decades before the person's likely death should also be reconsidered. After the end of the longer working life of the average citizen compared to the present, a "follow-up use" for voluntary activities of the still productive senior citizens must be considered. This view represents a departure from the disengagement theory, according to which older age is associated with a loss of social roles, an individual need for retreat corresponds to reduced social expectations of the elderly, and the successful interaction of both factors has a beneficial effect on the well-being of the elderly . The idea that older people belonged to the “scrap metal” (not only on the job market) is being held less and less.

In Germany, from the 1980s onwards, the Early Retirement Act and later the Partial Retirement Act and the “ 58er Rule ” meant that older people often left working life. These regulations expired later, however, and unemployment benefits were replaced by ALG regulations. In 1995, with 19.2%, only around a fifth of 60 to 64 year olds were gainfully employed and an application aged 55 and over was considered hopeless. As a result, however, the proportion of those in employment rose steadily, and in 2015, 56.2%, over half of 60 to 64 year olds were in employment. According to labor market researchers, however, there are still “clear indications that older applicants have poorer employment opportunities under otherwise identical conditions”.

At a meeting of the Hanns Seidel Foundation in 2012, the need for a concept of active aging with demographic change was justified. The organizers summarize the result of the conference as follows:

“The potential of older people, which is useful for society, should be appropriately recognized and appreciated. This requires an image of old age that emphasizes the strengths of older people and enables them to make their contribution to society. Efficiency, creativity and innovative strength are also available beyond mid-life. However, active aging and generational solidarity require personal and shared responsibility as well as the contribution of each individual [...]. On the part of politics, business and society, adjustments must be made that take account of both the decline in youth and aging. It is important to mobilize the potential of older people more and to enable them to lead an independent life. "

With regard to developments in Germany, some social scientists link the requirements of demographic change with the reform of the welfare state as part of Agenda 2010 . This has been converted from a "supplying" to an " activating " arrangement of social support. The increasing awareness of the public for the double fact that “the old” are not only “getting older” but in a certain way also “getting younger”, that is to say that they remain healthy and productive for a longer part of their longer life, has to be discovered the ability to activate old age. In Germany, the Fifth Report on the Elderly, which answered the question of how the potential of old age could be better used in society, was decisive for this . At the same time, a policy of activating people of working age would increase the risk of staying in the low-wage sector and the risk of poverty for people with little education. An increased risk of impoverishment for people in the low-wage sector after they have left the labor force is to be expected. Low income and assets, in turn, reduce the chances of participation for those affected.

Age and Migration

Older immigrants are among the fastest growing population groups in Germany. Conversely, many old people move their place of residence abroad or take up a second place of residence there ( see: Age migration ).

In Germany, the proportion of the 65-year-olds and older in the migrant population is expected to increase from 8.4 percent (in 2007) to 15.1 percent by 2032, and the absolute number of older people with a migration background will probably increase from approx. 1.4 million (in 2007) to increase to around 3.6 million (in 2032). From the perspective of 2013, 41.5 percent of the over 65-year-olds with foreign citizenship were at risk of poverty, among those of the same age with a German passport it was 13.3 percent. From 2007 to 2009, the AAMEE project (Active Aging of Migrant Elders across Europe) of the Ministry of Health, Emancipation, Care and Age of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia dealt with the situation of aging people with a migration background .

Older migrants in Germany live more often in multigenerational households than locals of the same age. Particular difficulties can be observed among immigrants in old age. For example, after the onset of dementia, the person affected may only speak their native language. Doctors indicate a need for culturally sensitive care .

Political measures

The concept of active aging should lead to " mainstreaming " (based on the example of gender mainstreaming ), in which politics should take the main responsibility. At the end of the European Year for Active Aging and Solidarity between Generations, the European Council in December 2012 drew up “guidelines” for political work in the EU and its member states. These guidelines address the following issues:

  • employment
    • Ongoing professional training and further education
    • Healthy working conditions
    • Age Management Strategies
    • Employment services for older workers
    • Prevention of Age Discrimination
    • Employment-friendly tax and benefit systems
    • Passing on experience
    • Compatibility of work and care
  • Social participation
    • Income security
    • Social inclusion
    • Voluntary work by seniors
    • Lifelong learning
    • Participation in decision-making
    • Support for informal caregivers
  • Independent living
    • Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    • Adapted housing and services
    • Accessible and affordable transportation
    • Age-friendly environments, goods and services
    • Maximizing autonomy in long-term care

The European Council recalls that in the EU's Europe 2020 strategy, inclusive growth, higher labor market participation (an employment rate of 75% of the population between the ages of 20 and 64 is to be achieved) and a reduction in poverty and social welfare Exclusion would be demanded. When implementing the “Europe 2020 Strategy”, active aging and solidarity between the generations should be “fully” taken into account.

For the European Commission , in the context of the “European Year for Active Aging and Solidarity between Generations”, promoting the employment of older people was the focus of the concept of active aging in 2012. Above all, it is a matter of combating the development of poverty in old age on a broad front by 2020 . According to the European Commission and the UNECE, active aging “as a political discourse based on making use of the potential of older people goes hand in hand with an approach of social investment. At the center of social investment is the idea that the activation of socio-political actions pays off economically and socially. "

The German Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth developed the following agenda in 2007:

  • Maintenance:
    • Improvement of the framework conditions for caregivers in the private sector.
    • More support for alternative models of inpatient care.
  • Labour market:
    • Health promotion / improvement of working conditions.
    • Greater monetary incentives to remain in employment longer.
    • Promoting advanced training for older people.
    • Positive age picture on the job market.
  • Education and Lifelong Learning:
    • Sensitization to the need for permanent further education and training taking into account longer working life.
    • Implementation of programs for the greater involvement of older people in general education and in-company training and further education measures.
  • Mobility in old age:
    • Mobility improvements include both means of transport and public space (“barrier-free walking”).
    • In sparsely populated areas, alternative offers to public transport have proven their worth, some of which are privately organized.
    • Involving the elderly in the planning and decision-making process.
  • Living in old age:
    • A stronger focus on living in your own four walls or alternative forms of living.
    • Cross-generational housing projects can be an alternative if they take into account the privacy and individual housing needs of the elderly.
    • Here, too, the involvement of the elderly in the planning and decision-making process is very important.
  • Older migrants:
    • Promote the participation of older migrants in the planning and development of relevant projects.
    • The establishment of networks of older migrants.
    • Opening of elderly care offers for elderly migrants.

Promotion of employment

The German government saw its main task in 2007 in connection with the employment of older people is to encourage older workers in the labor market stronger and their "employability" ( employability increase).

In the period before Agenda 2010, with more than 5 million unemployed in the winter months, a policy of early retirement was in place. Older workers were dismissed or advised to give up their work in favor of job-seeking younger workers. At that time, the “rule of thumb” was: every third of those leaving before the statutory retirement age wants, can or may (from an employer's point of view) no longer remain gainfully employed. In the context of a European understanding of law, the exclusion of older employees from participation in business and society is seen as discrimination . Several European directives create legal rights for the elderly and other workforce groups to equality in professional development. Some approaches to corporate personnel development are based on this. You pursue a long-term personnel policy that promotes an appreciative handling of the human resources of the entire workforce.

In 2012, the then Federal Minister for Labor and Social Affairs , Ursula von der Leyen , stated: “By 2030 the number of 20 to 64 year olds will decrease by more than six million. At the same time, the over 64 age group is growing by 5.5 million people. This means that in future fewer and on average older workers will have to generate prosperity and social security for everyone. In order to meet this challenge, participation in the labor force must increase, especially that of older employees. "Whether older employees can carry out their previous occupation or another activity and participate in working life depends" on both the promotion and work organization in the company from individual provision ". A few months later, the minister said that because older employees are important for securing skilled workers, it must be ensured that as many employees as possible work in a healthy and motivated manner until they reach the standard retirement age.

In most industrialized countries, the central element of a policy that aims to ensure that older people have a longer “productive” time is raising the real retirement age . In Germany, the statutory retirement age is being raised in stages from 65 (born 1946 and earlier) to 67 years (born 1964 and later). Under today's law, an employee born in 1964 who intends to retire immediately after his 65th birthday would receive an actuarial discount of 7.2 percent per month from the pension that he would receive if he retired two years later (= 0.3 percent per month).

The example of the metal and electronics industry shows that the German labor market is ready and able to accept older workers: From 2000 to 2015, the number of employees in these sectors rose by a total of 8.6 percent (from 3,532,000 to 3,834,000); the number of employees over the age of 60 increased by 188 percent (from 84,900 to 245,000).

The employment rate of older people increased significantly from 2005 to 2015. As early as 2011, slightly more than half (58%) of the age of 65 and over had paid marginal employment. At that time, a good fifth of those aged 65 to 74 had income from self-employment. It is not only because of the increase in the statutory retirement age that the labor force participation of people 65 and over is increasing steadily. The reasons for retiring to work or volunteer can greatly overlap: having a meaningful job, enjoying what you do, and socializing can be achieved through paid work as well as volunteering. The main difference is in the pay. Many retired people still have paid employment to supplement their pension. Highly qualified people are more likely than other people to continue to work even after retirement.

According to László Andor , the then EU Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, a third of Europeans said in a Eurobarometer survey that they would like to continue working after reaching retirement age, even if not necessarily full-time. The thesis that there is a widespread desire among employees to remain in employment for a long time was questioned by a survey published by the Financial Times Deutschland in 2012 : Nine out of ten employees rated the prospect of only receiving full retirement benefits at the age of 67 , as a "horror performance". The social policy department in the DGB federal executive board rated it as “problematic” in 2015 if “attempts were made to persuade the insured to retire later with statements that seem tendentious about the benefits of postponing the start of retirement or the financial disadvantages of early retirement”. However, the DGB admits that staying in employment for a long time is “worth striving for”.

According to the Hans Böckler Foundation , anyone who wants to “activate” older people in the sense of motivating them to remain in employment must take into account the categories “ ability to work ” and “employability”. Ability to work is a characteristic of the individual. The sub-categories “health”, “competence” and “motivation” are important in this context. A (potential) employee is employable from the employer's point of view. In this context, the sub-categories “capacity of the labor market” and “employability and employability on the part of companies” must be taken into account. According to Kistler, it would be unrealistic to assume that all older people would still be able to work or be able to work at the age of 65 in accordance with the increased demands of employers. The supporters of the competence model deny the existence of bad working conditions or problem professions. Companies could be productive and innovative even with older workforces if there weren't massive motivation problems among older people who are objectively still capable.

The “ New Quality of Work Initiative (INQA)” considers the mentality of the German trade unions' core clientele to be the main obstacle to attempts to enforce longer working lives: “The end of gainful employment was, and still is, before reaching regular retirement age [... ] no longer represents an emergency exit for employees who are no longer able to work or those who have become unemployed at an older age. For long-term employees of the core workforce in the core sectors, it has tended to become a normal claim worth striving for. Against this background, having to work up to the age of 65 turns into a social disadvantage, and the prospect of extending one's working life into a socio-political scandal. "

With regard to the situation of older workers in a European comparison, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung took stock in 2013: Germany had significantly increased the employment of older workers in previous years. Above all, this can be attributed to the reduction in early retirement opportunities in the area of unemployment insurance and the pension system . In Germany, disability or long-term sick leave do not play a role in premature exit from the labor market. Germany was also one of the first EU member states to raise the statutory retirement age from 65 to 67 years. This development could be continued through the transition to a generally flexible retirement age, for example following the example of Finland . A longer working life also requires an age- appropriate design of workplaces and a more systematic further training of the workforce. Examples of this can be found in some companies in Germany, but they are more widespread, especially in Scandinavia and Austria .

According to the results of a representative survey by labor researcher Hans Martin Hasselhorn, 75% of those questioned reported a prevailing preference in their environment for an early exit from professional life. In his opinion, in order to keep older people in working life in Germany, a different work culture with better physical and psychological working conditions as well as more self-determination about one's own work is necessary. He named Scandinavia as an example of a country with a more positive work culture.

Promotion of exchange systems and comparable initiatives

The psychologist and gerontologist Ingrid Zundel explains in her dissertation on Communitarianism in an aging society that participation in exchange systems can complement scarce pension payments and at the same time create meaning.

Senior citizens' cooperatives or communities organize mutual support and care for their members. They bring helpers and those seeking help together and form an intermediate stage between voluntary work on the one hand and the exchange of services on the basis of billing by the exchange groups. Such initiatives may receive public support. For example, the establishment of senior citizens' cooperatives in Bavaria is promoted and professionally supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Labor and Social Affairs, Family and Integration.

Promotion of participation

The concept of active aging assumes that older people are active, and activity involves participating in various social activities. In the narrower sense, social participation is only one of the forms of participation ( participation ), in addition to political, cultural or professional participation. In a broader sense, it is a term that encompasses all these forms of participation in political life, in cultural activities, and in paid and unpaid work. Opportunities for participation are considered to be realized when the basic integration dimensions such as standard of living and security of supply are guaranteed and the normative expectation of guaranteeing basic social rights is met.

The granting of participation opportunities for all age groups and their active involvement is in line with the participatory understanding of democracy in the sense of "participation as many as possible in as much as possible" and is also taken as a step towards realizing the vision communicated by the United Nations of a "society for all ages" understood. The UNECE counteracts the impression that older people should be put under pressure to become more active than they “perceive as beneficial” by pointing out that strategies should “be geared towards the needs and wishes of individual older people. Support should be given in such a way that it strengthens the autonomy of the elderly. "

As part of its campaign “Self-determined participation of people in old age”, the Caritas Association warned in 2010 that the image of old age in German society could be dominated by the problems of social security systems. Even in the last phase of life, older people are experts in a wide range of life situations, including particularly critical life events.

In essence, efforts to increase participation, especially after older people have left working life, are about closing a “socialization gap” among them. Social integration no longer takes place through gainful employment, but is limited to socialization through family, social networks, leisure and consumption. In contrast to all other age groups, society does not have typical regulations for (old) age (such as attending kindergarten and school, vocational training and exercising as well as caring for one's own children), but age must be individually designed. "Vergesellschaftung" is understood by Wolfgang Clemens as a process "in which people are encouraged to act, challenged and thus engaged by social structures and programs". In order to close the socialization gap in retirement, post-occupational, especially work-related forms of activity are gaining in importance.

Lifelong learning

Education serves to develop the personality in all phases of life. It promotes social contacts and improves the quality of life. It gives older people the opportunity to actively contribute their knowledge and experience to social life. Young people who had no time, no opportunity or too little support can in principle even acquire basic skills such as reading and writing in old age and catch up on school-leaving qualifications or cultural and political education. Reducing learning to the acquisition of qualifications and competences that are supposed to increase the value of one's own human capital would be inappropriate in this respect.

For the group of people over 65, lifelong learning is no longer important for increasing their employability but rather for maintaining a high quality personal and social life. Adult education for people over 65 should aim to enable them to actively participate in society in old age. The learning content can relate to general knowledge of politics and current affairs; in addition, the aim is to acquire skills for voluntary or honorary activities or to acquire and maintain media skills.

Since the 1990s, lifelong or lifelong learning has shaped educational policies in the European Union and the member states. While in the beginning the focus was more on adult education , it now encompasses diverse learning processes in all ages. Adult and continuing education remains an important player in this.

The European Association for the Education of Adults (EAEA), the umbrella organization for adult education institutions in Europe, interprets the European Year for Active Aging and Solidarity between Generations as the European Year of Adult Education and puts it under the motto “Joy and Power of learning ”. Due to negative experiences from their school days, many (not only older) adults are skeptical of training and further education. Others perceive it as just another burden that they have to accept for a successful life. However, the EAEA wanted to highlight the positive sides of learning, also in the knowledge that this is the best way to address particularly educationally disadvantaged population groups (even at an advanced age). The EAEA demands that access to quality education should be made easier for the elderly. Learning in old age should not remain a privilege of a well-educated minority. Educational institutions must provide more learning and counseling offers that are adapted to the needs of older people. In this context, companies should also be asked to support learning at all ages. Policies should also ensure that socially disadvantaged older people have access to education.

Many universities offer senior citizens the opportunity to study for senior citizens .

Civic engagement

Civic or voluntary engagement is understood to mean individual action that is characterized by voluntariness, a lack of personal material profit intent and an orientation towards the common good. A key feature of the commitment is that it is shaped by social responsibility of varying scope - from international humanitarian work to everyday support and assistance - and also takes place in public spaces. Older people are involved both in civil society organizations and in informal contexts such as neighborhood help. The “Center for Civil Society Development (zze)” in Freiburg (Breisgau) evaluates civic engagement as a “time donation, the economic value of which cannot be overstated.” At the municipal level, engagement can be supported even better by supporting infrastructures. "Population groups who are not committed to engagement should be specifically invited to participate."

The German Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth differentiates between “young old people” (50 to 64 years old), “older people” (65 to 74 years old) and “very old people” (75 years old and older). It concentrates on the group of “older people”, because on the one hand they are significantly more productive than their peers 25 years ago, but on the other hand they have on average already developed a large gap to working life and the demands associated with it. In this age group, the rate of volunteers has risen sharply since 1999 and can still be increased.

Some voluntary services - such as the Voluntary Social Year (FSJ) - are aimed at young people and are not open to senior citizens. The Federal Voluntary Service (BFD) is not limited by an upper age limit. The Federal Working Group for Senior Citizens' Offices (BaS) emphasizes the need for suitable places of work and an orientation towards the needs of senior citizens when it comes to voluntary services. The BaS mentions here: flexibility in terms of time, low-threshold access, culture of recognition, further education and training opportunities, opportunities to participate.

Political participation

An example of the possibility of senior citizens 'political participation is work or membership in a senior citizens' council . In Germany there are senior citizens' councils in over 700 municipalities. Their main task is to represent the interests of older citizens as best as possible - outside of party-political guidelines - before the municipal bodies. The older fellow citizens are thus given influence in local government.

The State Seniors ' Representation of North Rhine-Westphalia names four central areas of activity for senior citizens' representatives as independent political interest groups:

  • Participation in planning in the municipality (e.g. in town planning);
  • Providing information and interests to politics, administration and old-age political actors (= political advice);
  • Mediation and advice for older people (provision of information, forwarding to specialist advice);
  • Public relations for the elderly and old age.

The participants in a senior citizens' council are usually elected every four to five years by residents of a community who are over 60 years of age. Every citizen of this age group is therefore entitled to vote. The size of the advisory board is usually calculated according to a fixed key. Representatives of the senior citizens' council are allowed to attend meetings of the municipality and have at least one right to be heard. Most senior citizens' councils have their own statutes.

Cultural participation

The practice of arts education is increasingly influenced by demographic change. Senior theater groups are emerging in more and more cities. The German Music Council has the topic of making music 50+ on the agenda and is discussing the necessary framework conditions for making music in old age. In media work, approaches for intergenerational work are developed. Some museums develop leadership concepts for people with dementia. More and more permanent and independent cultural educators are discovering the target group and developing new forms of offer. In addition to offers that take place in (socio) cultural institutions, there are also outreach offers for the elderly in their living environment (for example “cinema on wheels”, “museum in a suitcase”, “opera in a nursing home”). The educational formats are both receptive and activating in nature. In addition to age-specific programs, there are also projects that stimulate dialogue between the generations. Today, cultural education with the elderly takes place not only in cultural institutions and cultural educational institutions, but in many (church) institutions for work with the elderly and adult education as well as in retirement homes.

One study found that people who engage in frequent cultural activities (such as going to museums, the theater, and the cinema) are at lower risk of developing depression over the next 10 years. The study, which was carried out using data from the UK study English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) of 2,148 adults with a mean age of 62.9 years, indicated a causal relationship. The authors referred to social interaction, emotional reaction to music, and physical and mental activity as possible explanatory models .

Promoting an independent life

Health promotion

In Saxony , where the process of demographic aging is pronounced and already well advanced in comparison to other countries, active aging is primarily understood as a “health goal”. Accordingly, the motto there is: "Active aging - aging in health, autonomy and co-responsibility". Therefore, the Saxon Medical Association largely took over the organization of the first working conference “Active Aging” on November 18, 2013. At the second working conference, six focal points were formed:

  • Municipal health promotion and district development - services of general interest for the municipality;
  • Maintaining employability;
  • Regional supply;
  • Regional networking;
  • Physical activity promotion and fall prevention;
  • Caregiving relatives.

The German Federal Ministry of Health points out that many of the chronic diseases that predominate in old age, such as coronary heart disease or type 2 diabetes (formerly known as old-age diabetes), are independently avoided by those affected by a healthy lifestyle or at least positively in their further course can be influenced. The Ministry recommends sufficient physical activity , a balanced diet, avoidance of further weight gain in the case of existing overweight, not smoking and restrained alcohol consumption. ( See also: Senior Sports .)

The sports physician Herbert Löllgen stresses that in the recommendation, the elderly more sports should exercise, not about going to encourage them to competitions in the context of competitive sport, but the fact that they exercise regularly and are physically active.

In the "Third European working conditions survey 2000" by the "European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions", factors were identified that have a lasting effect on the health and quality of life of workers:

  • Age discrimination;
  • Working hours: long working weeks, irregular daily work;
  • Discussions with superiors;
  • Work skills;
  • independent division of labor;
  • mental stress: new learning, complex tasks, strict working hours, computer use;
  • physical loads: repetitive work, heavy loads, work postures;
  • physical work environment: polluted air, vibrations, noise.

The “New Quality of Work Initiative”, however, points out the problem that there is a connection between a poor social situation and a poor state of health and poor health awareness. For example, people with a low socio-economic status in the 55 to 64 age group had the same number of pathological limitations as the socio-economically privileged groups above the age limit of 75 years.

Enabling self-determined living

In 2006, the Schader Foundation described the housing situation of “young people” and “ very old people” as follows: “A look at the structure of old people's households shows that older people in Germany essentially live in two household types: in partner households and in one-person households. Households. While almost two thirds, 63 percent, of the 'young old' still live with their partner, this is only just under a quarter of the very old. Single women live in almost half of all households of the very old. The proportion of single men, on the other hand, hardly changes with increasing age. It is especially single women who have to look for a new form of living in old age if they are left alone after the death of their husband. The majority of these women remain independent in their own homes. A not inconsiderable proportion of at least ten percent live in a home and seven percent live with their children. "

In 2016, over 90 percent of the elderly lived in an apartment with standard equipment for all phases of life. Most want to stay in their familiar living environment - even if they need help and care. The German Paritätische Wohlfahrtsverband pointed out as early as 2008 that “[the] generation who lived in shared flats in their youth or student days [...] hardly want to adopt rigid living and care structures [...] but rather to continue theirs To strive for lifestyle ". The DPWV is therefore obliged to find new ways of offering.

On December 29, 2014, a guideline of the state of Bavaria came into force, through which a self-determined life in old age is to be promoted. This guideline aims to provide concepts for

  • Community aid supported by civic engagement,
  • assisted living at home,
  • Neighborhood concepts that take into account the needs of older people in particular,
  • Retirement home communities ,
  • Cross-generational forms of living that include concepts for the elderly in particular, as well as
  • other innovative outpatient concepts for a self-determined life in old age

get supported.

Promotion of mobility

Residents of a retirement home with a retirement home

Accessibility is important not only for people with a disability , but also for aging people if they want to get from A to B effortlessly. A study carried out in 2006 showed that while 80 percent of 65 to 69-year-olds can easily walk a kilometer or more, the proportion in question falls continuously to 42 percent for 80 to 84-year-olds and 10 percent for 90 - up to 94 year olds. The corresponding quotas can and should be increased by promoting sporting activities and generally by creating incentives for exercise.

Since older people often do not have their own motor vehicle, the fact that in rural Germany it often takes more than 50 minutes by public transport to reach the nearest central or regional center is a major limitation on their mobility. Such Users of private cars only need a long time from the island of Fehmarn and parts of North Friesland . The ADAC demands that those responsible for services of general interest "guarantee affordable, accessible, well-developed mobility by public transport even in rural areas". In addition, the wish of older drivers to be allowed to drive self-driving vehicles for as long as possible must be taken into account for as long as this is justifiable.

The development of self-driving vehicles is also seen as a way of ensuring better mobility and thus social participation for the elderly in the future.

Self-determined care

Between 2003 and 2005, a “Care Round Table” on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth worked out a “Care Charter”, through which the rights of people in need of care (not just older people) were defined. Article 1 of this charter states: “Every person in need of help and care has the right to help to self-help and to support in order to be able to lead as self-determined and independent a life as possible. [...] You have the right to respect of your free will and freedom of choice as well as to advocacy and care. The people involved in care, nursing and treatment must observe your will and act accordingly. This also applies if you cannot articulate yourself verbally and express your will through your behavior, for example. People whose mental abilities are restricted must be included in decision-making processes that affect their person according to their understanding. "

Analytical tools

Active Aging Index (AAI)

From the European Commission , the UN - Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the European Center for Social Welfare Policy and Research was in 2012 during the "European Year for Active Aging and Solidarity between Generations" of "Active Aging Index (AAI)" as a common Project developed. The AAI is an analysis tool for the different dimensions of successful aging and the potential of older people. By naming the various elements of successful active aging, the index reveals the strengths and weaknesses of a country's demographic situation and measures progress in the area of ​​active aging.

Specifically, the four activation dimensions “employment”, “social participation”, “independent, healthy and safe life” and “capacity building and the creation of an environment for active aging” are measured by the AAI. Employment has a weight of 35% of the overall result of the AAI, social participation 35%, independent, healthy and safe living 10% and capacity building and the creation of an environment for active aging 20%. A total of 22 indicators are considered under these four dimensions. These provide information on the areas in which improvements are possible and which actors (politics, social partners, civil society) can be considered to initiate appropriate measures and develop joint action plans. The AAI is seen as a suitable instrument for identifying political "levers". It can serve as an argumentation aid in the development of measures on site and stimulate the necessary overall societal discourse in the field of "aging society".

SAARA index

While the AAI as a political steering instrument allows an EU-wide comparison of states on the basis of secondary data, the "SAARA index (Supporting an Active Aging in Rural Areas)" was developed to measure active aging especially in local settings and in regional ones Embed strategies for action.

criticism

Silke van Dyk and Stefanie Graefe criticize “the obvious tendencies towards the individualization and privatization of social risks of old age” as well as “the unequal access to the means and ways of aging and anti-aging, the pronounced commercialization of (preventive ) Offers, the moral indulgence of the ›healthy‹ and ›successful‹ elderly for the concern for the state deregulated area of ​​the social, the socio-structural systematically unequal income and supply situation of the current and future elderly - and last but not least the unbroken disempowerment of the high, dependent and sick old age and its implicit identification as a demographic ›age burden‹. "

Appreciation of aging and older workers

From the ranks of business administration , it is pointed out that traditionally 45-year-olds are regarded as “older workers”. Older employees are often more expensive than younger ones, as a frequently practiced automatic remuneration system has developed high levels of ownership. However, if the productivity of the older employee drops compared to his younger colleagues and this cannot be compensated for by a higher level of experience, the older employee loses his competitiveness, his “employabilty”. Ultimately, older workers who are easily replaceable would have to come to terms with a loss of income at the end of their working life despite all efforts to avoid age discrimination. On the other hand, it is difficult to get older workers who have knowledge that is valuable for their company in mixed-age groups used to sharing this knowledge with younger people for as long as they (have to) fear, because of the loss of their knowledge advantage to become.

The INQA points out that especially those employees “who work under good working conditions […] usually [consider] it very likely that they will reach retirement age under the current conditions in their work. Employees who work under resource-rich and less stressful conditions usually feel healthy. ”For those who do not meet these conditions, however, the probability is high that the goal of a long working life will be missed. According to the INQA, the main characteristics of "good work" are "[e] in medium or high resource potential, a low level of misuse and a living income."

Seriousness of the promise of participation

It is also criticized that not all population groups are equally reached by activation offers or that they feel addressed by them. So give z. For example, many senior citizens with a migration background have not heard of offers and have reservations about organized events, language problems and feelings of foreignness. As a rule, people with a migration background are not involved in the development and planning of offers, so that their needs are usually not taken into account. However, this criticism sometimes comes to nothing if (as others criticize) the term “participation” only means “that one does not remain completely outside”, in the sense of “justice light for the weak.”

Economic basics of the activity of the elderly

Debt counseling centers point out that the proportion of older people who get into financial difficulties is increasing in Germany. For seniors it is much more difficult than for younger people to work their way out of the debt trap, since the prospect of significantly higher income for most of the seniors concerned is illusory and only helps them to save rigorously. In general, it is important to adjust consumption wishes at an early stage to the mostly significantly lower budget compared to the time of employment. In view of the increasing duration of pension payments, the possibility of compensating for a relatively low income from pension payments by consuming capital is overestimated. Above all, however, the importance of the increasing costs from personal contributions to medical services as well as from expenses for nursing services and rising contribution rates to health insurance is underestimated by many. Even with pensioners who lived on existing assets, old-age poverty often sets in after their capital has been used up , which significantly reduces the opportunities for action by those affected by them.

Positive evaluation of being active

The "activation imperative"

The Kiel sociologist Klaus R. Schroeter criticizes the mania for feasibility that is behind the concepts of “active aging”. Through the mainstream of gerontology , the concept of “social, successful and productive aging” is pursued as a conceptual counterweight to deficient notions of age and being old. Indicators of successful aging included life expectancy, life satisfaction, physical and mental health, personal and social skills, and social and societal productivity. These goals called for measures to be taken to strengthen or awaken all the forces that enable aging people to organize their life plan and everyday life as optimally as possible with a large amount of self-direction. However, it should not be overlooked that personal responsibility in the activating state always means that failures are attributed to those who fail to act successfully in the sense of the “activation imperative”. In this context, Schroeter points out that, at least for people of retirement age, the question arises whether they really have a “ right to be lazy ”.

In particular, the question arises as to how voluntary the decision to (continue) to be gainfully employed actually is. Apart from the fact that those who retire from working life before the statutory retirement age have to accept deductions from the pension amount, the following applies to sufficiently capable people in the age group defined as “employable” who are financially unable to forego wage replacement benefits In general, the requirement of willingness to work in the sense of employment promotion law . During the reform of the unemployment insurance in the course of Agenda 2010, the suspicion arose that the long-term unemployed in particular were not willing to take up any reasonable job to the desired extent and therefore pressure had to be exerted in order to generate this willingness. In fact, there are many reasons for non-employment.

Limits to the effort to be active

In addition, the attributes “successful” and “productive” are misleading: aging itself, according to Schroeter, can neither be successful nor productive, but instead represents an “irreversible change in living substance as a function of time”. Not aging itself but only the intervening control processes could be successful in the sense that processes of decay would be held up for as long as possible or their effects would be mitigated.

Andreas Stückler ( University of Vienna ) rates the “politically and scientifically conveyed message that ultimately everyone benefits from an active and productive age” as “ideological semblance”. The claim of active aging to contribute to an improvement in social images of old age is nowhere near being fulfilled. On the contrary, there is even a devaluation of old age, the negative accompanying circumstances of which are shifted more and more to the elderly. In addition, Stückler questions the political feasibility of "active aging", since the primary objective of keeping people in employment longer is not realistic in view of the foreseeable massive job losses due to increasing automation and digitization.

Assessment of the activity and needs of the elderly

The activity of the elderly is also viewed critically, particularly with regard to the possibilities for political influence. Seniors are seen as particularly influential in elections in Germany. On the one hand, 60-year-olds and older made up more than a third of those eligible to vote in the 2013 federal election . On the other hand, the turnout of older voters is significantly higher than that of younger voters in most elections. The larger time budget of retirees compared to employed people must also be taken into account, which enables the former to represent their interests in a more time-consuming manner. The fact that the combination of a large number of seniors in connection with their higher activity can have an impact at the expense of younger people is also proven by critics on the basis of Brexit : The relatively low participation of younger people in the referendum on Brexit in Great Britain is one of the reasons for the narrow victory of the Have been Brexit advocates.

The political scientist Franz Walter sees a demographically-related undesirable development in Germany, in that the needs of the elderly are overly served. The former popular parties would become parties of the pensioners. According to Walter, those in Germany who "congenially embody caring and caring representation" are almost guaranteed to be successful in the elections. Walter sees this as contradicting participation.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ European Commission : Active Aging. Definition . Brussels 2014
  2. ^ European Economic and Social Committee : Active aging and solidarity between the generations. EESC opinion on the European Year for Active Aging . 2012
  3. ↑ World Health Organization (WHO): Active aging - framework conditions and suggestions for political action . April 2002, p. 12
  4. ↑ Bernhard Rohde: On the hardship of aging in the activating welfare state - eight theses and one concession - ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Leipzig 2012, p. 1 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.htwk-leipzig.de
  5. ^ Martin R. Textor: Future developments . Institute for Education and Future Research (IPZF). 2013
  6. ^ United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Department of Population Issues : The Aging World Population 1950–2050. Summary . 2001, p. 3
  7. ↑ Stephan Sievert / Ulrike Berger / Steffen Kröhnert / Reiner Klingholz: Productive in old age. What politics and companies can learn from other European countries . October 2013, p. 4 (6)
  8. ↑ In the UN publication cited above, however, the group of “potentially employable population” is equated with the age group of 15 to 64 year olds; see. P. 5
  9. ↑ Bernhard Rohde: On the hardship of aging in the activating welfare state - eight theses and one concession - ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Leipzig 2012, p. 3 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.htwk-leipzig.de
  10. ↑ Silke van Dyk: Forever young - from well-deserved retirement to active age (s)? The call for independent activity in the post-employment phase . "Green Ladies Lunch" from the Heinrich Böll Foundation . March 20, 2009
  11. ^ German Center for Age Issues (DZA): Activities and engagement in the second half of life . 2002, p. 1
  12. ↑ Jutta Almendinger: Older workers: old hands or old iron? . In: New ways to make retirement more flexible (Ed .: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2006, pp. 29–32
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  82. ↑ Christoph Rott: Mobility in old age from the perspective of aging research ( Memento of the original from August 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , DOSB specialist forum "Spaces for movement for the elderly - New impulses for sport and urban development". Hamburg, September 6, 2013, p. 3 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dosb.de
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