Rolândia

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Município de Rolândia
Rolândia
Aerial photograph Rolândia
Aerial photograph Rolândia
Rolândia (Brazil)
Rolândia
Rolândia
Coordinates 23 ° 19 ′  S , 51 ° 22 ′  W Coordinates: 23 ° 19 ′  S , 51 ° 22 ′  W
Location of the municipality in the state of Paraná
Location of the municipality in the state of Paraná
Symbols
coat of arms
coat of arms
flag
flag
founding 30th December 1943 (age 76)Template: Infobox location in Brazil / maintenance
Basic data
Country Brazil
State Paraná
ISO 3166-2 BR-PR
Metropolitan area Londrina metropolitan area
height 750 m
climate subtropical, Cfa
surface 459 km²
Residents 57,862 (2010)
density 126.1  Ew. / km²
estimate 66,580 (July 1, 2019)
Parish code IBGE : 4122404
Post Code 86600001 to 86600201
Telephone code (+55)  43
Time zone UTC −3
Website www.rolandia.pr.gov.br (Brazilian Portuguese)
politics
City Prefect Luiz Francisconi Neto (2017-2020)
Political party PSDB
economy
GDP 2,458,359  thousand. R $
38,395  R $ per capita
(2016)
HDI 0.739 (2010)

Rolândia , officially Município de Rolândia , is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Paraná .

The inhabitants are called "Rolandenser" ( rolandenses ). According to the IBGE's estimate of July 1, 2019, the population was calculated to grow to 66,580. The area is around 459 km²; the population density is 126 people per km². It is the center of the Londrina Metropolitan Region ( Região Metropolitana de Londrina ) with around 1.1 million inhabitants.

The creation of Rolândia

Originally intended for German landless, the German tropical farmer Oswald Nixdorf (1902–1981) and Hermann von Freeden bought fertile jungle from the British settlement company Paraná Plantations Ltd. on behalf of the Berlin GWS (Society for Economic Studies in Overseas) in 1932 . and founded the "Roland" or Brazilianized: "Rolândia" settlement for 400 German families, which soon became the target of Erich Koch-Weser and other refugees from National Socialism , and from 1935 onwards also for many Jews.

“Different waves of immigration came together in Rolandia: First there was the emigration of small German farmers (in the shadow of the global economic crisis), supplemented by migrants from southern Brazil (descendants of German-born farmers who had settled in southern Brazil in the 19th century). In addition, there was the influx of Brazilian agricultural workers looking for work and contingents of Japanese and Italian settlers. This was soon joined by waves of late Jewish, political and also some Social Catholic denominational exiles from Nazi Germany, "just before the gate closes" (professors, lawyers, business leaders). "

Max Hermann Maier also describes this largely middle-class background of many emigrants from Germany:

“In general, a piece of emigration history is reflected in our area. The older generation included lawyers in various positions from doctor juris to Reich Minister of Justice, judges, lawyers, doctors, teachers, merchants, clergymen, the head of a global company and some professional farmers. Among the younger generation there were small children, schoolchildren, students, trainee lawyers and career beginners. "

A slightly different breakdown of the German emigrants comes from Geert Koch-Weser, the son of Erich Koch-Weser. He has broken down the composition of the 400 settlers as follows: “Around 400 German families came to Rolândia. Among them were 80 Jewish families, ten of which Hitler described as full Jews, ten politically active and 45 who had converted to Catholicism. "

After 1933, Rolândia was an important German-speaking settlement in South America. That this was possible was based on some cleverly designed triangular deals:

“Erich Koch-Weser followed suit. He found a way of helping late Jewish emigrants to find their way into exile in Brazil and to acquire land in Rolandia, despite the ban on property taking. This was done by means of an exchange deal that he had conceived together with the colony manager Oswald Nixdorf and the former center deputy Johannes Schauff , who was also exiled . It was a barter transaction in which the Nazi regime was also interested from the point of view of promoting the economy and employment: With the funds of Jewish emigrants, railway material was acquired in Germany for the British colonization company in Brazil. In return, the Jewish emigrants received primeval forest land from the colonization society when they arrived in Rolandia. "

145 people benefit directly from this triangular deal, in which the Hamburg bank Warburg is said to have been involved. But Weser-Koch reminded of what was additionally necessary so that the jungle colony could become a safe haven for the many refugees:

“The ultimate success was based on an extremely hard start. There was the barely comprehensible, traumatic side of exile, existential need, uncertain future prospects, and above all the horrific isolation from communication and the ignorance of the war events and the fate of persecution of relatives and friends. [..] Land was only gradually cleared and agriculturally developed with the toughest work. Income was minimal. There was no electricity, no telephone, no radio. Medical care was extremely precarious, if at all. Hospitals as well as shops and schools were far away. Insects were a nuisance, and yellow fever and malaria still existed there. "

The long shadow of the NSDAP

Although the majority of the German settlers were refugees from the German Reich , attempts were made to turn Rolândia into a kind of 'German model settlement'. Oswald Nixdorf is also said to be close to the NSDAP . The local NSDAP leadership in Curitiba “imagined Rolândia as a future Aryan settlement. The liberal colony founder Oswald Nixdorf had given way to political pressure from Germany. Because the settlement society that Rolândia had founded was brought into line. Nixdorf joined the party and raised the swastika flag. The settler Erich Becker, it was reported, spat in front of her and cursed "poor, lying Germany" as he passed it. Fortunately, this had no consequences for the Jewish population. "

In 1935 a German school was built in Rolândia. That this was an important thing for the Nazis is made clear by a picture that can be seen on a website that still glorifies the Nazis today: It shows a very large open-air stage richly decorated with swastikas. A crowd is listening to the three or four speakers in the stands, impressed by the young Rolândias. The picture suggests that the Nazis must have had a considerable number of sympathizers in Rolândia as well.

This school also caused problems in other ways, as Max Hermann Maier reports: “Since the German Nazi government granted grants to the German school in Rolândia at that time, it demanded that the school also carry the German national flag on public holidays in addition to the Brazilian flag show the swastika. This also caused upsets. "

The National Socialists did not really succeed in gaining a foothold in Rolândia, even though there were certain exclusions within the settlement: “The German settlement began to grow: Divided by a river, with predominantly Jewish settlers on one side; on the other hand, German settlers who had come from southern Brazil, many of them Nazis. ”With Koch-Weser, that sounds more conciliatory:“ There were individual sympathizers, but no group of active Nazis. The settlement was very independent and also shaped by Jewish or Catholic emigrants. "This view may also be due to the role of his own grandfather, about whom Gerrit Dworok writes:" In the political trench warfare that took place within the German settler community Koch-Weser is neutral as far as possible. With regard to the dispute between Nazi-minded and anti-Nazi settlers, he took the pragmatic view that politics should not hinder the economic and structural development of Rolandia. In this regard, in particular, he was a figure of integration for the well-being of the colony, of which he was considered to be the “most prominent inhabitant”. He was recognized as an authority 'both among the opponents of the Nazi regime and among those who were politically and ideologically close to the regime' and deliberately used this position to 'mediate between the conflicting parties' and the interests of the German settlers after the To protect Brazil's entry into the war on the side of the anti-Hitler coalition. "

But in other sources, too, little importance is attached to the role of the National Socialists in Rolândia: “Even in the 1930s, the number of organized National Socialists never exceeded the single figure, when the imperial flags of that time were to be seen at every opportunity in Rolândia. Nevertheless, the tensions that ultimately led to the replacement of Nixdorf as settlement manager in 1936 could not be overlooked. ”Peter Mainka also assumes that there was only one“ local NSDAP group with eight members ”.

In 1943, when Rolândia was granted city rights, it was forcibly changed to "Caviuna". In 1947 the city got the name "Rolândia" back. After the end of the Second World War , Rolândia also temporarily served as a shelter for functionaries of the Nazi system who had escaped (→ rat lines ). Koch-Weser assumes, however, that Rolândia “even after the war - unlike Paraguay - was not the place where many Nazi refugees came, at most a few”. There was one nearby: “From 1942, another colony was founded nearby. Known as El Dorado, it had a castle-like building in the middle, surrounded by watchtowers, barbed wire and jungle. A safe haven for the Nazi elite. "

Rolândia's pioneers and their descendants

  • Geert Koch-Weser (* 1905), son of Erich Koch-Weser , agricultural expert and trained farmer. He had completed a degree in agricultural science with a doctorate under Professor Friedrich Aereboe . He is the father of:
  • Caio Koch-Weser (* 1944), Brazilian-German financial expert
  • Heinrich and Kate Kaphan
  • Max Hermann Maier and his wife Mathilde met the Kaphans in 1935 through Erich Eyck . The two families decided to buy land in Brazil together and run a farm. the later Fazenda Jaù. While the Kaphans traveled to Brazil as early as 1936, the Maiers did not follow until December 1938.
    The Frankfurt lawyer “Max Hermann Maier (born in Frankfurt am Main in 1891) was the son of Hermann Maier, director of the Frankfurt branch of the Deutsche Bank. He was a soldier in World War I. After the war he worked as a lawyer in Frankfurt am Main. In 1936 Maier became the legal advisor of the "Aid Association of German Jews" in Hesse and organized Jewish emigration. In 1938 he emigrated to Brazil. ”. Max Hermann Maier died in Rolândia in 1976. His book, A Frankfurt Lawyer Becomes a Coffee Planter in the     Brazilian Jungle , vividly describes his emigration history and the early years and difficulties in Rolândia.
    Maier's wife Mathilde (called Titti, 1896–1997) was a doctor of botanists and author of the book All Gardens of My Life , Knecht Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1978, ISBN 978-3-7820-0410-7 . Mathilde Maier's passport, issued on August 15, 1938, is in the German National Library. It contains the Brazilian visa dated September 17, 1938, issued by the Brazilian consulate in Frankfurt am Main.
  • Hans Rosenthal (born August 27, 1919 in Wetzlar , † 1973 in Rolandîa) came to Rolandîa from the Groß Breesen teaching estate in 1938 . In 1939 he was followed from Berlin by his wife, Inge M. Rosenthal (1915–1999). After his arrival, Hans Rosenthal initially found accommodation on the “Fazenda Jaú” and was taken to school by “Heinrich Kaphan, the owner and only farmer by birth. Later, under Kaphan's direction, he took over administration in closer and further distance. ”The own fazenda, which Hans Rosenthal then built up, he called“ Fazenda Nova Breesen ”.
  • Willy Marckwald
  • Johannes Schauff
  • Hermann Miguel Bresslau (born July 8, 1915 in Strasbourg). Bresslau graduated from high school in Cologne in 1934. In December of the same year the family of six (father Dr. med. Ernst Ludwig, mother Luise and three other children) emigrated to Brazil. Bresslau studied agriculture in Brazil and from 1937 to 1941 was the tenant of the Fazenda do Caete, which specializes in cattle breeding and cheese making. In 1941 he became the administrator and co-owner of the Fazenda Balú in Rolândia.
    Bresslau held various offices in commissions, companies and foundations in Rolândia, and from 1970 was electoral consul of the Federal Republic of Germany. He continued to live in Rolândia.
    Since 1940 Bresslau has been married to Maria José Ribeiro Carneiro, who was born in São Paulo in 1915 and is an elementary school teacher. The couple have a biological daughter and have also adopted Reinhart Johannes Georg Kirchheim, who was born in Rolândia in 1945.
  • Joachim Schlange-Schöningen, the son of the minister Hans Schlange-Schöningen , who was politically responsible for the settlement plan under Brüning , came to Rolândia in 1933, where his father had already acquired farmland in 1932.
  • Hans Kirchheim (1903–1993), who had to sell his father's textile factory in 1936, and his wife Hildegard, a doctor of medicine, set up the Fazenda Bimini . This name of the fazenda was a homage to the unfinished verse tale Bimini by Heinrich Heine.
    Hans Kircheim, known in Rolândia as "Uncle John" ("tio João"), founded the "Escola Roland" in 1968. It was intended to promote human sensitivity for a greater appreciation of nature, especially with the language of art.
    At the end of 2011, Ruth, the founder's daughter, was still living on the farm. She married the artist Ferdinand Steidle while on a trip to Germany. Their son, Daniel Steidle, and his wife Dora were now the operators of the farm. In 1975, severe frosts put an end to the cultivation of coffee on the fazenda, and economically difficult years followed. In 1993 the family decided to start a big reforestation project. Four years later the partnership with Embrapa began , for which the Fazenda Bimini made part of their land available. Three arboretums with around 400 species were created. It is the second largest of its kind in Brazil. The Steidles developed a center for environmental education around it, which also enjoys international recognition.
  • The brothers Alexandre Cecil Georg von Treuenfels (* 1954) and Adrian von Treuenfels (* 1957) were born and raised in Rolândia. They are the sons of Hans Artur von Treuenfels (* 1924 in Berlin), who owned a fazenda in Rolândia and was also the German honorary consul there.
    Adrian von Treuenfels lives in the neighboring city of Arapongas , where he has been running the Fazenda Solana, founded in 1978, for many years.
    The pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim grows medicinal plants on the fazenda, including for the medicinal product Buscopan . The company claims to operate "agriculture with specific measures for the conservation of the soil and water" on a total area of ​​16,300,000 m², including 200 hectares of forest area with native species and a reservoir of 130,000 m².
    Adrian von Treuenfels is the current German honorary consul in Rolândia. On July 10, 2015, he was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit.
    Alexandre von Treuenfels initially worked for a few years as a qualified agronomist (South America, Africa) and was trained at the art academy "Escola Panamericana de Arte" in São Paulo from 1983. As a painter he took part in numerous exhibitions in Brazil before an invitation from Rudolf-August Oetker took him to Baden-Baden. He has had his studio in Hamburg since 1993.
  • Hans Kopp (* 1899 in Austria - † 1991 in Rolândia) is Rolândia's first photographer and came to Brazil after the First World War. He lived in the north of Parana and documented the emergence of the new settlements here. His recordings, which document the history of Rolândia and Londrina in particular, were stored in a forgotten suitcase for a long time before the family allowed their analysis. This happened in 2011 with the work of Cássia Maria Popolin: From Áustria to Paraná: the images of Hans Kopp trajectory, the first photographer from Rolândia (PR) / Da Áustria ao Paraná: a trajetória imagética de Hans Kopp, primeiro fotógrafo de Rolândia (PR ) .
    In Rolândia a street is named after Hans Kopp: Rua Hans Kopp, Rolândia. ( Location )
    Hans Kopp worked as a photographer for a time as an employee of the land company, Companhia de Terras Norte do Paraná (the subsidiary of Paraná Plantations Ltd).

Rolândia after the Second World War

After the war, Rolândia benefited from the global coffee boom, which made the area quite wealthy overnight and able to afford infrastructure. The coffee-growing in the state Paraná is today, however long history, because by the deforestation of the jungle cold waves spread out from the south, which left the frost-sensitive coffee plants no chance of survival.

Since November 1957, as a donation from Bremen coffee merchants, a four-fifths scale replica of the Bremen Roland has been in Rolândia, reminding of the Bremen homeland of Koch-Weser and Nixdorf, who gave the place the name "Roland". The annual Oktoberfest , one of the most important German folk festivals in Brazil in the 1990s, can also be attributed to German immigrants . However, many of the “Rolanders” can no longer do anything with the German culture, as some pseudo-German ambience leads to it, and German groups are increasingly becoming retirees' get-togethers. For the young generation, Germany is infinitely far away. “If anyone speaks German in Rolândia, it's us old people. In the second generation, most of them understand the language but do not speak it very well. And our grandchildren don't want to know anything about Germany anymore. "

The Roland in Rolândia has been restored several times with donations from Bremen companies, most recently in February 2008. Since April of the same year, cast iron plaques in Portuguese and German have been pointing out the importance of the statue for the history of the city.

In 1999, aspects of the Rolândia settlement were portrayed in the documentary Escape in the Jungle by Michael Juncker. With the book "Roland and Rolândia in the northeast of Paraná", published in June 2008, there is for the first time an overall scientific account of the history of Rolândia.

The place is represented with the club Nacional Atlético Clube Rolândia in the football league of Paraná, the Campeonato Paranaense .

On the outskirts of the city, CERVIN, is one of the most famous drug therapy centers in Brazil. Here children, adolescents and adults find a refuge in the fight against their drug addiction. CERVIN was founded on February 28, 1985 by Manfred Gumbel, missionary of the Marburg Brazil Mission.

Mayor (Prefeitos)

  • Ari Correia Lima (January 28, 1944 to March 5, 1945)
  • Ivahy Martins (March 5, 1945 to July 8, 1945)
  • João Jesus Neto (August 8, 1946 to December 2, 1946)
  • Adalberto Junqueira da Silva (December 3, 1946 to April 10, 1947)
  • Domingos Oliveira Neves (April 23, 1947 to December 9, 1947)
  • Adalberto Junqueira da Silva (December 11, 1947 to December 9, 1951)
  • Pedro Liberti (December 9, 1951 to January 12, 1955)
  • Primo Lepre (December 9, 1955 to September 12, 1959)
  • Amadeu Puccini (December 9, 1959 to December 9, 1963)
  • José Maria Galvão (February 1, 1969 to April 30, 1969)
  • Horácio Cabral (July 31, 1969 to December 10, 1970)
  • Pedro Scoparin (December 10, 1970 to January 31, 1973)
  • Orlandino Almeida (January 31, 1973 to February 1, 1977)
  • Pedro Scoparin (February 1, 1977 to May 10, 1982)
  • Yukimassa Nakano (May 10, 1982 to February 1, 1983)
  • Eurides Moura (February 1, 1983 to December 31, 1988)
  • José Perazolo (December 31, 1988 to December 31, 1992)
  • Leonardo Casado (December 31, 1992 to December 31, 1996)
  • José Perazolo (December 31, 1996 to January 1, 2001)
    The two-time mayor (1989–1992; 1997–2000) died on April 8, 2008 at the age of 58.
  • Eurides Moura (January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2008)
  • João Ernesto Johnny Lehmann (January 1, 2009 to April 30, 2015), re-elected in the 2012 local elections for the 2013 to 2016 term of office.
    The ancestors of the 64-year-old dentist and businessman João Ernesto Johnny Lehmann and those of his deputy Sabine Giesen come from Germany . It is the first time that the community founded by Bremen residents in the 1930s is run by people of German origin.
  • José de Paula Martins, interim (April 30, 2015 to December 21, 2015)
  • Luiz Francisconi Neto, known as Dr. Francisconi (December 21, 2015 - current )

Post-war personalities

  • Caio Koch-Weser (2003)

  • Elifas Andreato (2006)

  • Dr. Rosinha (2010)

  • Thomas Traumann (2015)

  • Rafael Silva ( World Cup 2011 )

See also

literature

Non-fiction

  • Peter Johann Mainka: Roland and Rolândia in the northeast of Paraná, founding and early history of a German colony in Brazil (1932–1944 / 45) . Editora UNESP Cultura Acadêmica, Martius-Staden-Institut, São Paulo 2008.
  • Oswald Nixdorf: Pioneer in the Brazilian jungle. The adventurous history of the German settlement Rolandia. Horst Erdmann Verlag, Tübingen 1979.
  • Friedrich Prüser : Roland and Rolandia. To erect a Bremen Roland in Rolandia, Brazil. International publishing company Robert Bargmann, Bremen 1957.
  • Bernd Breunig: The German Rolandwanderung (1932–1938). Sociological analysis from a historical, economic and political point of view . Nymphenburger, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-485-03088-0 (dissertation with Lothar Bossle ).
  • Daniel Veith: The situation of the German language in North Paraná. Results of a linguistic sociological field study in Rolândia. Associação Teuto-Brasileira do Norte do Paraná, Londrina 2006.
  • Käte Kaphan: Immigration into the Brazilian Jungle reprinted in: Katherine Morris: Odyssey of exile: Jewish women flee the Nazis for Brazil. Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1996.
  • Dieter Marc Schneider: Johannes Schauff (1902 - 1990). Migration and 'Stabilitas' in the age of totalitarianism. Oldenbourg, Munich, 2001, ISBN 978-3-486-56558-4 .
  • Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro: Citizen of the world. Brazil and the refugees of National Socialism, 1933 - 1948 , LIT, Vienna / Zurich / Berlin / Münster, 2014, ISBN 978-3-643-90369-3 & Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro: Weltbürger on Google-Books
  • Gerrit Dworok: Erich Koch-Weser (1875-1944) - a liberal patriot. In: Gerrit Dworok and Christina Schäfer (eds.): Fragments on the history of the 19th and 20th centuries , minifanal.de; Bonn, 2016, ISBN 978-3-95421-105-0 , p. 99 ff. & Gerrit Dworok: Erich Koch-Weser (1875-1944) - a liberal patriot. at Google Books .
  • Max Hermann Maier: A Frankfurt lawyer becomes a coffee planter in the Brazilian jungle. Report by an emigrant 1938-1975. Josef Knecht, Frankfurt am Main, 1975, ISBN 3-7820-0341-1
  • Gudrun Fischer: “Our country spat us out.” Jewish women fleeing Nazi terror to Brazil , Olga Benario and Herbert Baum publishing house, Offenbach, 1998, ISBN 978-3-932636-33-2 .

Novels and short stories

  • Luis S. Krausz: Bazar Paraná. Benvirá Editorial, São Paulo, 2015, ISBN 9788582402214 . A review of this book, which was published in Portuguese, states: “Accompanied by numerous excursions, the plot of the novel revolves around two married couples, Hinrichsen and Maier, halfway between historical reality and fiction. The touching attempt of these Jewish emigrants to save their urban life and their culture in the Brazilian jungle is portrayed. [..] But the tropical idyll is threatened: the children are moving out, the termites are eating their way through the cupboards, stamp collections, old pictures and portraits of Theodor Herzl turn yellow and are soon no longer to be seen. The generation of pioneers is not spared from the ravages of time: despite a healthy lifestyle and pietistic contemplation, the first bypass will soon be followed by a second and the sale of the small farms is only a matter of time. What remains are the cemeteries, whose tombstones - kept in Lutheran austerity - still have a Jewish star here and there as an indication of anything but voluntary emigration of Frankfurt lawyers, journalists from Hanover or farmers from Wroclaw to the hinterland of Paraná. With great attention to detail, the narrator describes the set pieces of everyday German life that are supposed to make life in this remote corner of the world more bearable. "
  • Lucius de Mello: A Travessia da Terra Vermelha. Uma Saga dos Refugiados Judeus no Brasil , Novo Século, São Paulo, 2007, ISBN 9788576791089 . The book tells the story of the city of Rolandia. This historical novel describes the life of the German Jewish refugees in the 1930s and 1940s who lived in the wilderness of Paraná in southern Brazil and escaped the Hitler regime. For this novel, the author interviewed direct descendants of these pioneers in Brazil and Germany.

Web links

Commons : Rolândia  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Climate Rolândia: Weather, average temperature, weather forecast for Rolândia. In: de.climate-data.org. Retrieved October 1, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b c Cidades @: Rolândia - Panorama. IBGE , accessed October 1, 2019 (Brazilian Portuguese).
  3. ^ Doutor Francisconi 45 (Prefeito). In: todapolitica.com. Eleições 2016, accessed October 1, 2019 (Brazilian Portuguese).
  4. ^ Paraná Plantations Ltd. was the parent company of the Cia. operating locally in the state of Paraná under the direction of Arthur Thomas . de Terras Norte do Paraná . Other settlements were established in their area: Porto Novo (RS), Heimtal (SC), Terra Nova (PR). (Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro: Weltbürger , p. 180)
  5. ↑ a b c Caio Koch-Weser - Speech on the occasion of an exhibition opening about Rolândia in the German Exile Archive 1933-1945 of the German National Library Frankfurt on October 7, 2013
  6. ^ Max Hermann Maier: A Frankfurt lawyer becomes a coffee planter ... , pp. 47–48.
  7. ↑ Geert Koch-Weser, quoted from: Maria Luiza Tucci: Weltbürger. Brazil and the Refugees of National Socialism, 1933-1948 , p. 181
  8. ^ Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro: Weltbürger , p. 180
  9. ^ Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro: Citizens of the world. Brazil and the Refugees of National Socialism, 1933-1948 , p. 182
  10. ↑ Ursula Prutsch, Enrique Rodrigues-Moura: Brazil. A cultural story. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld, 2014, ISBN 978-3-8376-2391-8 , p. 151
  11. ↑ The National Socialist Party in Brazil ( Memento of the original from April 28, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . WARNING: This is a Nazi-glorifying page, but it contains a lot of material about Nazi activities in Brazil, including lots of historical footage. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / osentinela-blog.blogspot.de
  12. ↑ Max Hermann Maier writes in his book Ein Frankfurter Rechtsanwalt Becomes a Coffee Planter ... , p. 50
  13. ↑ Max Hermann Maier writes in his book Ein Frankfurter Rechtsanwalt becomes Kaffepflanzer ... , p. 50, that this was also a merit of the British Landgesellschaft, which rejected the realization of Nazi goals in their area and made it impossible.
  14. ↑ a b c Escape into the jungle
  15. ↑ a b c taz interview of March 14, 2010 with Caio Koch-Weser
  16. ↑ Gerrit Dworok: Erich Koch-Weser (1875-1944) - a liberal patriot.
  17. ↑ Traces of Bremen in Brazil's jungle
  18. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121218054531/http://www.presse.uni-wuerzburg.de/publikationen/blick3/blick/mainka/
  19. ^ História de Rolândia. City Prefecture website dated June 7, 2009. Accessed September 14, 2014 (Portuguese).
  20. ↑ Dieter Marc Schneider: Johannes Schauff (1902 - 1990) , p. 82
  21. ↑ Guide to the Max Hermann Maier Collection
  22. ↑ Max Hermann Maier in the DNB
  23. ^ Mathilde Maier's passport
  24. ↑ Harvey P. Newton Collection . In the 731-page collection, Inge M. Rosenthal's document can be found on pages 162–163 (PDF count). Further documents can be found in the Inge M. Rosenthal Collection .
  25. ↑ Data from: Werner Röder, Herbert A. Strauss (Hrsg.): Biographical manual of German-speaking emigration after 1933. Volume 1: Politics, economics, public life. Saur, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-598-10087-6 , p. 93
  26. ↑ a b Frank Eyck's memories of the Kaphanes and the history of the founding of Rolândia ( Memento of the original from April 17, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / vogelsteinpress.com
  27. ↑ GÜNTER J.TRITTEL: HANS SCHLANGE-SCHÖNINGEN. A FORGOTTEN POLITICIAN OF THE "FIRST HOUR". Quarterly issues for contemporary history, Volume 35 (1987), Issue 1, p. 32. Online: GÜNTER J.TRITTEL: HANS SCHLANGE-SCHÖNINGEN .
  28. ↑ a b Terras férteis, mentes mais ainda - Fertile land, heads even more ( Memento of the original from April 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . The Portuguese-language article from September 22, 2011 deals with the history and the current situation of the Fazenda Bimini. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / brasileiros.com.br
  29. ↑ Fazenda Bimini: lição de consciência ecológica - Farm Bimini: A lesson in environmental awareness .
  30. ↑ CIDADÃO ROLANDENSE É HOMENAGEADO PELO GOVERNO ALEMÃO - Rolândian citizen honored by the German government
  31. ↑ Dr. Peter Mainka: Main Franconia and the south of Brazil. An excursion report. ( Memento of the original from April 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.geschichte.uni-wuerzburg.de
  32. ↑ Fazenda Solana
  33. ↑ Honorary consuls in the district of São Paulo ( Memento of the original from April 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.brasil.diplo.de
  34. ↑ Federal Cross of Merit for Honorary Consul in Rolândia ( Memento of the original from April 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.brasil.diplo.de
  35. ^ Alexandre von Treuenfels
  36. ↑ a b Rolândia: Homeland burned down
  37. ↑ CERVIN
  38. ↑ Otto Köhler writes : "The author, who thanks doctoral supervisor Bossle for 'scientific guidance', copied the Brockhaus encyclopedia from 1967 over five pages in the chapter on the 'historical background' of Brazil, literally in parts." Source: Doctoral games in Würzburg. Professor Bossle and his sociological family business at Julius Maximilians University . In: Die Zeit vom November 4th, 1988.
  39. ↑ Albert von Brunn (reviewer): Rolândia: a visit before the sinking ( memento of the original from April 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / novacultura.de
  40. ↑ Portuguese synopsis of A Travessia da Terra Vermelha / The Crossing of the Red Land
  41. ^ The Crossing of the Red Land