Brown stripe small tensioner

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Brown stripe small tensioner
Brown-striped small spanner (Scopula virgulata)

Brown-striped small spanner ( Scopula virgulata )

Systematics
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Spanner (Geometridae)
Subfamily : Sterrhinae
Tribe : Scopulini
Genre : Scopula
Type : Brown stripe small tensioner
Scientific name
Scopula virgulata
( Denis & Schiffermüller , 1775)

The Brown Striped Small Spanner ( scopula virgulata ), also streaked steppe grass tensioner , Brown Striped neglected grassland small clamps or Striped steppe grass tensioner called, is a butterfly ( moth ) from the family of the tensioner (Geometridae).

features

The moths reach a wingspan of 19 to 24 millimeters (males) or 19 to 22 millimeters (females). The second generation moths are significantly smaller and only reach a wingspan of 16 millimeters. In addition to the different sizes, the fore wing is a bit slimmer and the apex a bit more pointed than in the male. In addition, the transverse bands are a little more clearly developed in the female. The hind wings are rounded (compared to other Scopula species). The basic color of the forewings is light brown or gray. The only slightly toothed transverse lines run almost straight across the front wing and also almost parallel to each other. They are relatively thin and gray-brown in color. The discal spot is usually absent on the forewing, but is mostly present on the hind wing, albeit very small. The hemline is usually also present and drawn in dark brown; Fringe spots are missing. The fringes themselves are pied light gray / dark gray. The two transverse lines on the hind wing are weakly wavy. The forehead is black-brown, the parting whitish with an ocher tint. The palps are brown, whitish on the underside. The antennae of the male have deep intersegmental incisions. They are tufted ciliate , with curved cilia. They are 1.4 to 1.7 times as wide as the flagellum.

The oval egg has 20 strong longitudinal ribs and 15 to 16 transverse ribs. Shortly before hatching, it turns orange-red and black spots.

The caterpillar is very slender and has a dark, somewhat faded back line with a central light line and indistinct side stripes. It has side edges and horizontal wrinkles. It is whitish gray to yellowish in color. The head is whitish gray with two curved, dark longitudinal stripes.

The squat, reddish-brown pupa is 7.5 to 8.5 millimeters long and 2.5 to 2.9 millimeters thick. The comparatively small Kremaster is about as long as it is wide. The two terminal bristles are strong and tapered to a point, the three laterally attached bristles are rather thin and curved like a hook.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The distribution area of ​​the species extends from isolated occurrences in Portugal, the Eastern Pyrenees and France over Central Europe, Eastern Europe to Siberia and to the Russian Far East and Japan. In northern Europe the distribution area extends to the Baltic States and southern Finland, in the south to northern Italy and Romania with isolated occurrences in central Italy. In Asia there is an isolated occurrence in southern Turkey, otherwise the southern Caucasus represents the southern border of the distribution area. In Central Asia, the species has been found in the Altai Mountains.

The species prefers sandy lawns, dry forest edges and meadows, semi-arid lawns, vineyards, lean sandy soils and flood dams. But it also occurs on alternately dry locations in open raised bogs with a tendency to heather formation, as well as in marsh grass. In the Löcknitztal ( district of Oder-Spree , Brandenburg ), the species colonizes short-grass, fully sunlit dry grasslands in the transition area between meadows and the edge of the forest. In the Alps it rises locally up to 900 meters, in the southern Alps up to 1300 meters.

Way of life

The species usually forms two generations, the moths of which fly from mid-May to July and from July to mid-September, often with a gap between the two generations in early or mid-July. Only one generation is trained in higher regions and in the northern part of the range. The moths fly here from early / mid-June to late July. In the southern part of the distribution area a partial third generation can be formed, whose moths then fly at the end of September / beginning of October. The moths are mostly diurnal, but have also been observed at night using artificial light sources. Females were observed as to upright brome ( Bromus erectus sitting), could easily fall into the vegetation, the eggs without adhering to plant parts. The caterpillars are extremely polyphagous and live on numerous herbaceous plants . To be named:

The caterpillars were also bred with the following plants in the breed.

development

According to Ebert, the second generation caterpillars develop very quickly. The caterpillars hatched after just 5 days and the moths hatched after just 45 days. In another breed, two caterpillars developed very quickly and gave birth to butterflies, while the other caterpillars stopped eating.

Systematics and taxonomy

The taxon was first described in 1775 by Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller as Geometra virgulata . The holotype came from the area around Vienna and is lost today. Geometra strigaria Huebner, 1799 and its unnecessary replacement name Leptomeris sulcaria Huebner, 1825 are more recent synonyms. The species is currently divided into five subspecies:

  • Scopula virgulata virgulata , Western, Central, Southern and Eastern Europe (with the exception of the northern Baltic and southern Finland)
  • Scopula virgulata rossica Djakonov, 1926, Northern Baltic States, Southern Finland, Gotland; darker, with more diffuse markings, discal spots mostly absent, on average somewhat smaller
  • Scopula virgulata substrigaria Staudinger, 1900, Caucasus, Western Siberia, Altai, Mongolia, ocher-colored, diffuse markings, somewhat larger, discal spots mostly missing
  • Scopula virgulata subtilis Prout, 1935, Russian Far East, lighter, slightly ocher-colored, thinner transverse lines, discal spots on the hind wings
  • Scopula virgulata albicans Prout, 1934, Japan, whitish basic color

Danger

The species is endangered across Germany (Category 2). It has already died out in Thuringia, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony-Anhalt. In Brandenburg it is threatened with extinction (Category 1) and in high risk in Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg (Category 2). Only in Bavaria is it "only" endangered (category 3).

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Red List at Science4you
  2. ↑ a b c Hausmann (2004: pp. 271–274)
  3. ↑ Skou (1986: p. 46)
  4. ↑ a b c Forster & Wohlfahrt (1973: p. 46)
  5. ^ G. Stange: Lepidopterologische Observations. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 42: 113-118, 1881 Online at archive.org (description of caterpillar and pupa p. 113-114 as Acidalia strigaria )
  6. ↑ Jan Pactočka: The pupae of the tensioners (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Central Europe: subfamily Sterrhinae. Bonn zoological contributions, 51 (4): 269-296, Bonn 2002 ISSN  0006-7172 PDF ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (2.9 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zfmk.de
  7. ↑ Ebert (2001: pp. 118–121)
  8. ↑ Jörg Gelbrecht and Rainer Ziebarth: Contributions to the fauna of the Löcknitz lowland (vertebrates, butterflies). Aquatic ecology of Northern Germany, 3: 100-106, 1996 PDF ( Memento of the original dated December 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.igb-berlin.de
  9. ^ Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller: Systematic directory of butterflies in the Vienna region. 322 p., Bernardi, Vienna 1776 Online at GDZ - Göttinger Digitization Center (The work Announcement of a systematic work on the butterflies of the Vienna region by Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller from 1775 is an identical preprint of the digitized work from 1776) (Description p. 117 ).

literature

  • Günter Ebert (Hrsg.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 8, Nachtfalter VI (Spanner (Geometridae) 1st part), Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-800-13497-7
  • Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
  • Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid moths of Europe, 2nd Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004, ISBN 8-788-75737-4
  • Peder Skou: The geometroid moths of North Europe (Lepidoptera, Drepanidae and Geometridae). 348 S., Leiden, Brill, 1986 online at GoogleBooks

Web links

Commons : Brown-striped Kleinspanner  - Collection of images, videos and audio files