Breadfruit trees
| Breadfruit trees | ||||||||||||
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Breadfruit tree ( Artocarpus altilis ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Artocarpus | ||||||||||||
| JR Forest. & G.Forst. |
The breadfruit trees ( Artocarpus ) are a genus of the mulberry family (Moraceae). They are native to subtropical and tropical Asia and Malesia . Some species of fruit and wood are of economic importance.
description
Vegetative characteristics
All Artocarpus species grow as evergreen or deciduous trees . They contain milk juice . The alternate, two-line or spiral leaves on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The large leaf blade is simple to pinnate, seldom pinnate , entire and leathery in texture. The ever-present stipules are usually not grown.
Generative characteristics
Artocarpus species are single sexed ( monoecious ). Often on the trunk or occasionally on the main branches capped or bulbous inflorescences with their numerous flowers are formed.
The male flowers are straight up and stalked up club-shaped, interfloralen bracts surround. The perianth is fused with two to four short tips that are flush or slightly overlap. There is only one stamen with spherical to elongated anthers , which protrudes slightly to well above the perianth tube.
The female flowers are at least partially fused with one another or with the interfloral bracts. The perianth is also tubular, thin-walled at the base, thick-walled at the end and either completely or not at all fused together. The ovary is not overgrown, the stylus in the middle or slightly to the side with one or two identical or different scars .
Flowers and bracts are laterally fused and form a fleshy syncarp = fruit cluster after fertilization . The seeds have no endosperm.
distribution
The genus Artocarpus is distributed from tropical to subtropical Asia to the island world of the Pacific.
Systematics
The first description of the genus Artocarpus was published by the German scientists Johann Reinhold Forster and Johann Georg Adam Forster in 1775 in Characteres Generum Plantarum , 102, plates 51 and 51a. The two, father and son, took part in James Cook's Second South Sea Voyage (1772 to 1775) . When they published their collected results, they re-established the genus Artocarpus with the description of the species Artocarpus communis (today's name Artocarpus altilis ). The generic name is made up of the Greek words artos for bread and carpos for fruit. Synonyms for Artocarpus J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. are: Polyphema Lour. , Radermachia Thunb. , Sitodium Parkinson . The genus Artocarpus belongs to the tribe Artocarpeae in the family Moraceae .
The genus of the breadfruit trees ( Artocarpus ) contains 50 to 60 different types. The genus is divided into the subgenus Artocarpus and Pseudojaca . Here is a selection of species:
| Scientific name | German name | Subgenus | Synonyms |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson's) Fosberg | Breadfruit tree | Artocarpus |
Artocarpus communis J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. Artocarpus incisus L. f. Sitodium altile Parkinson Artocarpus rima Blanco Artocarpus laevis Hassk. |
| Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. | Artocarpus | Artocarpus communis var. Blancoi Elmer | |
| Artocarpus camansi Blanco | Artocarpus | ||
| Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. | Artocarpus | Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. | |
| Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex flower | Artocarpus | ||
| Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul | Pseudojaca | Artocarpus pomiformis Teijsm. & Binn. | |
| Artocarpus gongshanensis S.K.Wu ex CYWu & SSChang | ? | ||
| Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. | Jackfruit | Artocarpus |
Artocarpus integer auct. Artocarpus integrifolius auct. |
| Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. | Artocarpus | ||
| Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth. | Pseudojaca | ||
| Artocarpus incisus (Thunb.) L. f. | ? | ||
| Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. | Cempedak | Artocarpus |
Artocarpus champeden (Lour.) Stokes Artocarpus integrifolius L. f. Artocarpus polyphema Pers. Polyphema champeden Lour. Radermachia integra Thunb. |
| Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. | Pseudojaca | Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. | |
| Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul | Artocarpus | ||
| Artocarpus nanchuanensis S.S. Chang et al. | ? | ||
| Artocarpus nigrifolius C.Y.Wu | ? | ||
| Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco | Morang tree | Artocarpus | |
| Artocarpus ovatus Blanco | Pseudojaca | Artocarpus cummingianus Trécul | |
| Artocarpus petelotii Gagnepain | ? | ||
| Artocarpus pithecogallus C.Y.Wu | ? | ||
| Artocarpus rigidus flower | Monkey jackfruit | Artocarpus | |
| Artocarpus styracifolius Pierre | ? | ||
| Artocarpus tamaran Becc. | Artocarpus | ||
| Artocarpus tonkinensis A. Chev. ex Gagnep. | Pseudojaca | ||
| Artocarpus venenosa inches. & Moritzi | ? | ||
| Artocarpus xanthocarpus Merr. | ? |
The following species previously classified here are currently assigned to other genera:
- Artocarpus cannonii W.Bull ex Van Houtte : Today it is Ficus aspera G.Forst.
- Artocarpus woodii Merr. : Is today Parartocarpus venenosa (Zoll. & Moritzi) Becc.
use
The following species of wood are traded under the trade name “terap”: in addition to some species from the genus Parartocarpus and the species Antiaris toxicaria , Artocarpus chaplasha , Artocarpus elasticus , Artocarpus scortechinii , Artocarpus hypargyreus , Artocarpus styracifolius and Artocarpus
The fruits of the jackfruit tree ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ), the cempedak tree ( Artocarpus integer ), Artocarpus tonkinensis and Artocarpus mariannensis are eaten. Hundreds of varieties are known.
The latex from Artocarpus hypargyreus is processed.
swell
- Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert: Moraceae in der Flora of China , Volume 5, 2003, p. 30: Online.
- NYC ZEREGA, D. RAGONE, TJ MOTLEY: Systematics and species limits of breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae) , In: Systematic Botany , 30, 2005, pp. 603–615: PDF-Online,
- Reinhard Lieberei, Christoph Reisdorff: Crop science - founded by Wolfgang Franke . 7th edition, Thieme-Verlag, 2007; Pp. 104 f, 212 f; ISBN 978-3-13-530407-6
Individual evidence
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 79 (reprint from 1996).
- ^ A b Artocarpus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Data sheet at Handelshölzer at DELTA by HG Richter & MJ Dallwitz.
