Bt toxins

Cytolytic δ-endotoxin ( Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis )
Mass / length primary structure	249 amino acids
Identifier
Gene name (s)	cytA
External IDs	UniProt : P0A382 ;
Transporter classification
TCDB	1.C.71
designation	Cytolytic δ-endotoxins

Crystal pesticide 1Ab ( Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki )
Mass / length primary structure	1155 amino acids
Identifier
Gene name (s)	cry1A (b)
External IDs	UniProt : P0A370 ;
Transporter classification
TCDB	1.C.78
designation	Crystal Protein Family

Bt toxins (from Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins ) are toxins that can be produced by the bacterial species Bacillus thuringiensis . They are among the proteins and, depending on their mechanism of action, are divided into the three groups of cry toxins ( English crystal toxins , collectively also referred to as parasporin ), cyt toxins ( English cytolytic toxins ) and VIP toxins .

properties

Many Bacillus thuringiensis strains (Bt) produce these endotoxins as preproteins that accumulate in crystalline inclusions during the sporulation of the bacteria. In the intestine of the host organism , these crystals are dissolved and the preproteins cut. This creates functional proteins that only intervene in the metabolism of the target organism and thus act as an insecticide . The effectiveness and specificity of the Bt- Cry toxin have made it a widely used agent in agriculture. It is considered non-toxic for non-insects, such as humans, and is therefore also a certified product in organic farming, for example. So -called Bt plants , which synthesize Bt toxins , were also produced with the help of genetic engineering . Bt toxins have been used as insecticides since 1938.

Cry toxins

Cry toxins are formed as prototoxins and develop their effect under certain influences in the insect body . The preprotein of the toxin can only dissolve in an alkaline environment, such as in the digestive tract of insects. Species-specific proteases then cut free the active toxic center, which until then was hanging on the N-terminus of the prototoxin. The toxin recognizes certain hydrocarbon structures on the surface of cells in the digestive tract of the insect larvae and, as a pore-forming toxin, causes the formation of pores there, which destroy the osmotic potential of the cell and thus cause cytolysis .

construction

Cry toxins consist of three domains . One domain consists largely of α-helices , the other two of β-sheet structures . Homologies between the individual cry toxins can only be found in five structure-maintaining areas inside the protein, while all others are tailored differently to the specific host conditions.

Bt toxin Cry2Aa: domain I (blue), domain II (yellow), domain III (red)

The α-helix domain (I) consists of seven helices that are responsible for the formation of the membrane pores . While the central helix is hydrophobic , i.e. water-repellent, all the others are amphipathic: the outer areas are hydrophilic and the inner areas are hydrophobic. Five of the external helices are long enough to span a 30 ‰ membrane. This results in an inversion of the hydrophobic / hydrophilic areas, so that the lipids of the membrane adjoin the hydrophobic areas of the helices.

The second domain is responsible for binding to the cell receptor. It consists of three antiparallel β-faces that form a so-called β-prism structure. Each of the surfaces forms a loop on one side of the prism which, as a functional lectin, can recognize and bind glycosylations on the membrane surface .

The third domain consists of two intertwined β-sheet structures that form a so-called jelly-roll surface. Its function has not yet been fully researched, but it is certain that it has a stabilizing effect on the protein. The domain closes a hole between the other two domains and protects the toxin from proteases . On the other hand, this domain contains at least two binding sites which - it is assumed - can bind not only specific hydrocarbons , like lectin , but also peptides .

Use in seeds

The first generation of Bt maize varieties came onto the market in 1997. These included MON 810 with the cry1Ab gene for toxicity against European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis , short name ECB for European Corn Borer) and MON 863 with resistance to the western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera , short name CRW for corn rootworm ). The breakthrough for the commercial success of these plants came with stacked traits , i.e. stacked properties with more than one resistance gene. These include MON 89034 , which combines glyphosate tolerance with the proteins Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 (against ECB), and MON 88017 , which combines glyphosate tolerance with the CRW resistance of MON 863. The last step in this development was SmartStax (MON 89034 × TC1507 × MON 88017 × DAS-59122-7), which contains two toxins against CRW ( Cry34Ab1 / Cry35Ab1 and Cry3Bb1 ), three against ECB and other pests ( Cry 1A.105 , Cry2Ab2 , Cry1F ) as well as glyphosate and glufosinate tolerance.

Resistance from insect pests

Various insect pests that are resistant to individual Bt toxins have been found in the past. Resistance to Cry3Bb1 in the western corn rootworm was discovered in Iowa in the summer of 2009 . The probable reason is mostly a non-recessive inheritance as well as insufficient adherence to refuge areas (areas on which non-transgenic plants are planted). In order to counteract the build-up of resistance in target insects, a gene and the Bt toxin it produced were modified for the first time in 2007 at the University of Mexico (UNAM) so that it became effective again. Building on this research and with the help of findings on the mechanism of resistance development in pests, an international research group presented the modified proteins Cry1AbMod and Cry1AcMod in 2011 . The new toxins proved to be very effective against pests that had acquired resistance due to various mutations. Further research aims at the suitability for agriculture in order to guarantee a safe action against pests.

List of δ-endotoxins

Surname	sequence	NCBI	Descriptor	year	Original stem
Cry1Aa1	AAA22353	142765	Schnepf et al.	1985	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry1Aa2	AAA22552	551713	Shibano et al.	1985	Bt sotto
Cry1Aa3	BAA00257	216284	Shimizu et al.	1988	Bt aizawai IPL7
Cry1Aa4	CAA31886	40267	Masson et al.	1989	Bt entomocidus
Cry1Aa5	BAA04468	535781	Udayasuriyan et al.	1994	Bt Fu-2-7
Cry1Aa6	AAA86265	1171233	Masson et al.	1994	Bt kurstaki NRD-12
Cry1Aa7	AAD46139	5669035	Osman et al.	1999	Bt C12
Cry1Aa9	BAA77213	4666284	Nagamatsu et al.	1999	Bt dendrolimus T84A1
Cry1Aa10	AAD55382	5901703	Hou and Chen	1999	BT kurstaki HD-1-02
Cry1Aa11	CAA70856	6687073	Tounsi et al.	1999	Bt kurstaki
Cry1Aa12	AAP80146	32344731	Yao et al.	2001	Bt Ly30
Cry1Aa13	AAM44305	21239436	Zhong et al.	2002	Bt sotto
Cry1Aa14	AAP40639	37781497	Ren et al.	2002	unpublished
Cry1Aa15	AAY66993	67089177	Sauka et al.	2005	Bt INTA Mol-12
Cry1Aa16	HQ439776		Liu et al.	2010	Bt Ps9-E2
Cry1Aa17	HQ439788		Liu et al.	2010	Bt PS9-C12
Cry1Aa18	HQ439790		Liu et al.	2010	Bt PS9-D12
Cry1Aa19	HQ685121	337732098	Li & Luo	2011	Bt LS-R-21
Cry1Aa20	JF340156		Kumari & Kaur	2011	Bt SK-798
Cry1Aa21	JN651496		Li Yuhong	2011	Bt LTS-209
Cry1Aa22	KC158223		El Khoury et al.	2013	Bt Lip
Cry1Aa23	KJ125392		Padaria et al.	2014	Bt
Cry1Aa24	AGH68331		Ravi Charan et al.	2013	Btk NAIMCC-B-00167
Cry1Ab1	AAA22330	142720	Wabiko et al.	1986	Bt berliner 1715
Cry1Ab2	AAA22613	143227	Thorne et al.	1986	Bt kurstaki
Cry1Ab3	AAA22561	143124	Geiser et al.	1986	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry1Ab4	BAA00071	216280	Kondo et al.	1987	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry1Ab5	CAA28405	40255	Hofte et al.	1986	Bt berliner 1715
Cry1Ab6	AAA22420	142886	Hefford et al.	1987	Bt kurstaki NRD-12
Cry1Ab7	CAA31620	40278	Haider & Ellar	1988	Bt aizawai IC1
Cry1Ab8	AAA22551	143099	Oeda et al.	1987	Bt aizawai IPL7
Cry1Ab9	CAA38701	40273	Chak & Jen	1993	Bt aizawai HD133
Cry1Ab10	A29125		Fischhoff et al.	1987	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry1Ab12	AAC64003	3746545	Silva-Werneck et al.	1998	Bt kurstaki S93
Cry1Ab13	AAN76494	25990352	Tan et al.	2002	Bt c005
Cry1Ab14	AAG16877	10440886	Meza-Basso & Theoduloz	2000	Native Chilean Bt
Cry1Ab15	AAO13302	27436100	Li et al.	2001	Bt B-Hm-16
Cry1Ab16	AAK55546	14190061	Yu et al.	2002	Bt AC-11
Cry1Ab17	AAT46415	48734426	Huang et al.	2004	Bt WB9
Cry1Ab18	AAQ88259	37048803	Stobdan et al.	2004	Bt
Cry1Ab19	AAW31761	56900936	Zhong et al.	2005	Bt X-2
Cry1Ab20	ABB72460	82395049	Liu et al.	2006	BtC008
Cry1Ab21	ABS18384	151655610	Swiecicka et al.	2007	Bt IS5056
Cry1Ab22	ABW87320	159024156	Wu and Feng	2008	BtS2491 Fig
Cry1Ab23	HQ439777		Liu et al.	2010	Bt N32-2-2
Cry1Ab24	HQ439778		Liu et al.	2010	Bt HD12
Cry1Ab25	HQ685122	337732100	Li & Luo	2011	Bt LS-R-30
Cry1Ab26	HQ847729	320090245	Prathap Reddy et al.	2011	DOR BT-1
Cry1Ab27	JN135249		Ammouneh et al. ( doi : 10.3906 / tar-1007-1117 )	2011
Cry1Ab28	JN135250		Ammouneh et al.	2011
Cry1Ab29	JN135251		Ammouneh et al.	2011
Cry1Ab30	JN135252		Ammouneh et al.	2011
Cry1Ab31	JN135253		Ammouneh et al.	2011
Cry1Ab32	JN135254		Ammouneh et al.	2011
Cry1Ab34	KC156668		Sampson et al.	2012	ARP102
Cry1Ac1	AAA22331		Adang et al.	1985	Bt kurstaki HD73
Cry1Ac2	AAA22338		From Tersch et al.	1991	Bt kenyae
Cry1Ac3	CAA38098		Dardenne et al.	1990	Bt BTS89A
Cry1Ac4	AAA73077		Feitelson	1991	Bt kurstaki PS85A1
Cry1Ac5	AAA22339		Feitelson	1992	Bt kurstaki PS81GG
Cry1Ac6	AAA86266		Masson et al.	1994	Bt kurstaki NRD-12
Cry1Ac7	AAB46989		Herrera et al.	1994	Bt kurstaki HD73
Cry1Ac8	AAC44841		Omolo et al.	1997	Bt kurstaki HD73
Cry1Ac9	AAB49768		Gleave et al.	1992	Bt DSIR732
Cry1Ac10	CAA05505		Sun	1997	Bt kurstaki YBT-1520
Cry1Ac11	CAA10270		Makhdoom & Riazuddin	1998
Cry1Ac13	AAD38701		Qiao et al.	1999	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry1Ac14	AAQ06607		Yao et al.	2002	Bt Ly30
Cry1Ac15	AAN07788		Tzeng et al.	2001	Bt from Taiwan
Cry1Ac16	AAU87037		Zhao et al.	2005	Bt H3
Cry1Ac17	AAX18704		Hire et al.	2005	Bt kenyae HD549
Cry1Ac18	AAY88347		Kaur & Allam	2005	Bt SK-729
Cry1Ac19	ABD37053		Gao et al.	2005	Bt C-33
Cry1Ac20	ABB89046		Tan et al.	2005
Cry1Ac21	AAY66992		Sauka et al.	2005	INTA Mol-12
Cry1Ac22	ABZ01836		Zhang & Fang	2008	Bt W015-1
Cry1Ac23	CAQ30431		Kashyap et al.	2008	Bt
Cry1Ac24	ABL01535		Arango et al.	2008	Bt 146-158-01
Cry1Ac25	FJ513324	237688242	Guan et al.	2011	Bt Tm37-6
Cry1Ac26	FJ617446	256003038	Guan et al.	2011	Bt Tm41-4
Cry1Ac27	FJ617447	256003040	Guan et al.	2011	Bt Tm44-1B
Cry1Ac28	ACM90319		Li et al.	2009	Bt Q-12
Cry1Ac29	DQ438941		Diego Sauka	2009	INTA TA24-6
Cry1Ac30	GQ227507		Zhang et al.	2010	Bt S1478-1
Cry1Ac31	GU446674	319433505	Zhao et al.	2010	Bt S3299-1
Cry1Ac32	HM061081		Lu et al.	2010	Bt ZQ-89
Cry1Ac33	GQ866913	306977639	Kaur & Meena	2011	Bt SK-711
Cry1Ac34	HQ230364	314906994	Kaur & Kumari	2010	Bt SK-783
Cry1Ac35	JF340157		Kumari & Kaur	2011	Bt SK-784
Cry1Ac36	JN387137		Kumari & Kaur	2011	Bt SK-958
Cry1Ac37	JQ317685		Kumari & Kaur	2011	Bt SK-793
Cry1Ac38	ACC86135		Lin et al.	2008	Bt LSZ9408
Cry1Ad1	AAA22340		Feitelson	1993	Bt aizawai PS81I
Cry1Ad2	CAA01880		Anonymous	1995	Bt PS81RR1
Cry1Ae1	AAA22410		Lee & Aronson	1991	Bt alesti
Cry1Af1	AAB82749		Kang et al.	1997	Bt NT0423
Cry1Ag1	AAD46137		Mustafa	1999
Cry1Ah1	AAQ14326		Tan et al.	2000
Cry1Ah2	ABB76664		Qi et al.	2005	Bt alesti
Cry1Ah3	HQ439779		Liu et al.	2010	Bt S6
Cry1Ai1	AAO39719		Wang et al.	2002
Cry1Ai2	HQ439780		Liu et al.	2010	Bt SC6H8
Cry1Aj1	KJ28846		Zonglan Yu	2014
Cry1Ba1	CAA29898		Brizzard & Whiteley	1988	Bt thuringiensis HD2
Cry1Ba2	CAA65003		Soetaert	1996	Bt entomocidus HD110
Cry1Ba3	AAK63251		Zhang et al.	2001
Cry1Ba4	AAK51084		Nathan et al.	2001	Bt entomocidus HD9
Cry1Ba5	ABO20894		Song et al.	2007	Bt SFW-12
Cry1Ba6	ABL60921		Martins et al.	2006	Bt S601
Cry1Ba7	HQ439781		Liu et al.	2010	Bt N17-37
Cry1Ba8	KJ868173		Palma et al.	2014	Bt Na205-3
Cry1Bb1	AAA22344		Donovan et al.	1994	Bt EG5847
Cry1Bb2	HQ439782		Liu et al.	2010	Bt WBT-2
Cry1Bb3	KJ619659		Baonan et al.	2014	Bt FH21
Cry1Bc1	CAA86568		Bishop et al.	1994	Bt morrisoni
Cry1Bd1	AAD10292		Kuo et al.	2000	Bt wuhanensis HD525
Cry1Bd2	AAM93496		Isakova et al.	2002	Bt 834
Cry1Be1	AAC32850		Payne et al.	1998	Bt PS158C2
Cry1Be2	AAQ52387		Baum et al.	2003
Cry1Be3	ACV96720	259156864	Sun et al.	2010	Bt g9
Cry1Be4	HM070026		Liu et al.	2010
Cry1Bf1	CAC50778		Arnaut et al.	2001
Cry1Bf2	AAQ52380		Baum et al.	2003
Cry1Bg1	AAO39720		Wang et al.	2002
Cry1Bh1	HQ589331	315076091	Lira et al.	2010	Bt PS46L
Cry1Bi1	KC156700		Sampson et al.	2012	ARP260
Cry1Ca1	CAA30396		Honee et al.	1988	Bt entomocidus 60.5
Cry1Ca2	CAA31951		Sanchis et al.	1989	Bt aizawai 7.29
Cry1Ca3	AAA22343		Feitelson	1993	Bt aizawai PS81I
Cry1Ca4	CAA01886		Van Mellaert et al.	1990	Bt entomocidus HD110
Cry1Ca5	CAA65457		Strizhov	1996	Bt aizawai 7.29
Cry1Ca6 [1]	AAF37224		Yu et al.	2000	Bt AF-2
Cry1Ca7	AAG50438		Aixing et al.	2000	Bt J8
Cry1Ca8	AAM00264		Chen et al.	2001	Bt c002
Cry1Ca9	AAL79362		Kao et al.	2003	Bt G10-01A
Cry1Ca10	AAN16462		Lin et al.	2003	Bt E05-20a
Cry1Ca11	AAX53094		Cai et al.	2005	Bt C-33
Cry1Ca12	HM070027		Liu et al.	2010	mo3-E7
Cry1Ca13	HQ412621	312192962	Li & Luo	2010	Bt LB-R-78
Cry1Ca14	JN651493		Li Yuhong	2011	Bt LTS-38
Cry1Cb2	AAG35409		Song et al.	2000	Bt c001
Cry1Cb3	ACD50894		Huang et al.	2008	Bt 087
Cry1Da1	CAA38099		Hofte et al.	1990	Bt aizawai HD68
Cry1Da3	HQ439784		Liu et al.	2010	Bt HD12
Cry1Da4	KJ619660		Baonan et al.	2014	Bt FH21
Cry1Db1	CAA80234		Lambert	1993	Bt BTS00349A
Cry1Db2	AAK48937		Li et al.	2001	Bt B-Pr-88
Cry1Dc1	ABK35074		Lertwiriyawong et al.	2006	Bt JC291
Cry1Dd1	KJ28844		Zonglan Yu	2014
Cry1Ea1	CAA37933		Visser et al.	1990	Bt kenyae 4F1
Cry1Ea2	CAA39609		Bosse et al.	1990	Bt kenyae
Cry1Ea3	AAA22345		Feitelson	1991	Bt kenyae PS81F
Cry1Ea4	AAD04732		Barboza-Corona et al.	1998	Bt kenyae LBIT-147
Cry1Ea6	AAL50330		Sun et al.	1999	Bt YBT-032
Cry1Ea7	AAW72936		Huehne et al.	2005	Bt JC190
Cry1Ea8	ABX11258		Huang et al.	2007	Bt HZM2
Cry1Ea9	HQ439785		Liu et al.	2010	Bt S6
Cry1Ea10	ADR00398		Goncalves et al.	2010	Bt BR64
Cry1Ea11	JQ652456		Lin Qunxin et al.	2012	Bt
Cry1Ea12	KF601559		Baonan He	2013	Bt strain V4
Cry1Eb1	AAA22346		Feitelson	1993	Bt aizawai PS81A2
Cry1Fa1	AAA22348		Chambers et al.	1991	Bt aizawai EG6346
Cry1Fa2	AAA22347		Feitelson	1993	Bt aizawai PS81I
Cry1Fa3	HM070028		Liu et al.	2010	Bt mo3-D8
Cry1Fa4	HM439638		Liu et al.	2010	Bt mo3-D10
Cry1Fb1	CAA80235		Lambert	1993	Bt BTS00349A
Cry1Fb2	BAA25298		Masuda & Asano	1998	Bt morrisoni INA67
Cry1Fb3	AAF21767		Song et al.	1998	Bt morrisoni
Cry1Fb4	AAC10641		Payne et al.	1997
Cry1Fb5	AAO13295		Li et al.	2001	Bt B-Pr-88
Cry1Fb6	ACD50892		Huang et al.	2008	Bt 012
Cry1Fb7	ACD50893		Huang et al.	2008	Bt 087
Cry1Ga1	CAA80233		Lambert	1993	Bt BTS0349A
Cry1Ga2	CAA70506		Shevelev et al.	1997	Bt wuhanensis
Cry1Gb1	AAD10291		Kuo & Chak	1999	Bt wuhanensis HD525
Cry1Gb2	AAO13756		Li et al.	2000	Bt B-Pr-88
Cry1Gc1	AAQ52381		Baum et al.	2003
Cry1Ha1	CAA80236		Lambert	1993	Bt BTS02069AA
Cry1Hb1	AAA79694		Koo et al.	1995	Bt morrisoni BF190
Cry1Hb2	HQ439786		Liu et al.	2010	Bt WBT-2
Cry1Hc1	KJ28845		Zonglan Yu	2014
Cry1Ia1	CAA44633		Tailor et al.	1992	Bt kurstaki
Cry1Ia2	AAA22354		Gleave et al.	1993	Bt kurstaki
Cry1Ia3	AAC36999		Shin et al.	1995	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry1Ia4	AAB00958		Kostichka et al.	1996	Bt AB88
Cry1Ia5	CAA70124		Selvapandiyan	1996	Bt 61
Cry1Ia6	AAC26910		Zhong et al.	1998	Bt kurstaki S101
Cry1Ia7	AAM73516		Porcar et al.	2000	Bt
Cry1Ia8	AAK66742		Song et al.	2001
Cry1Ia9	AAQ08616		Yao et al.	2002	Bt Ly30
Cry1Ia10	AAP86782		Espindola et al.	2003	Bt thuringiensis
Cry1Ia11	CAC85964		Tounsi et al.	2003	Bt kurstaki BNS3
Cry1Ia12	AAV53390		Grossi de Sa et al.	2005	Bt
Cry1Ia13	ABF83202		Martins et al.	2006	Bt
Cry1Ia14	ACG63871		Liu & Guo	2008	Bt11
Cry1Ia15	FJ617445	256003036	Guan et al.	2011	Bt E-1B
Cry1Ia16	FJ617448	256003042	Guan et al.	2011	Bt E-1A
Cry1Ia17	GU989199		Li et al.	2010	Bt MX2
Cry1Ia18	ADK23801	300492624	Li et al.	2010	Bt MX9
Cry1Ia19	HQ439787		Liu et al.	2010	Bt SC6H6
Cry1Ia20	JQ228426		Zhao Can	2011	Bt wu1H-3
Cry1Ia21	JQ228424		Zhao Can	2011	Bt you1D-9
Cry1Ia22	JQ228427		Zhao Can	2011	Bt wu1E-3
Cry1Ia23	JQ228428		Zhao Can	2011	Bt wu1E-4
Cry1Ia24	JQ228429		Zhao Can	2011	Bt wu2B-6
Cry1Ia25	JQ228430		Zhao Can	2011	Bt wu2G-11
Cry1Ia26	JQ228431		Zhao Can	2011	Bt wu2G-12
Cry1Ia27	JQ228432		Zhao Can	2011	Bt you2D-3
Cry1Ia28	JQ228433		Zhao Can	2011	Bt you2E-3
Cry1Ia29	JQ228434		Zhao Can	2011	Bt you2F-3
Cry1Ia30	JQ317686		Kumari & Kaur	2011	Bt 4J4
Cry1Ia31	JX944038		Song et al.	2012	Bt SC-7
Cry1Ia32	JX944039		Song et al.	2012	Bt SC-13
Cry1Ia33	JX944040		Song et al	2012	Bt SC-51
Cry1Ia34	KJ868171		Palma et al	2014	Bt Na205-3
Cry1Ia35	KJ619662		Baonan et al	2014	Bt V4
Cry1Ib1	AAA82114		Shin et al	1995	Bt entomocidus BP465
Cry1Ib2	ABW88019		Guan et al	2007	Bt PP61
Cry1Ib3	ACD75515		Liu & Guo	2008	Bt GS8
Cry1Ib4	HM051227	301641366	Zhao et al	2010	Bt BF-4
Cry1Ib5	HM070028		Liu et al	2010	Bt mo3-D8
Cry1Ib6	ADK38579	300836937	Li et al	2010	Bt LB52
Cry1Ib7	JN571740		Kumari & Kaur	2011	Bt SK-935
Cry1Ib8	JN675714		Swamy et al	2011
Cry1Ib9	JN675715		Swamy et al	2011
Cry1Ib10	JN675716		Swamy et al	2011
Cry1Ib11	JQ228423		Zhao Can	2011	Bt HD12
Cry1Ic1	AAC62933		Osman et al	1998	Bt C18
Cry1Ic2	AAE71691		Osman et al	2001
Cry1Id1	AAD44366		Choi	2000
Cry1Id2	JQ228422		Zhao Can	2011	Bt HD12
Cry1Id3	KJ619661		Baonan et al	2014	Bt FH21
Cry1Ie1	AAG43526		Song et al	2000	Bt BTC007
Cry1Ie2	HM439636		Liu et al	2010	Bt T03B001
Cry1Ie3	KC156647		Sampson et al	2012	ARP058
Cry1Ie4	KC156681		Sampson et al	2012	ARP131
Cry1Ie5	KJ710646		Zonglan Yu et al	2014	BN23-5
Cry1If1	AAQ52382		Baum et al	2003
Cry1Ig1	KC156701		Sampson et al	2012	ARP166
Cry1Yes1	AAA22341		Donovan	1994	Bt EG5847
Cry1Yes2	HM070030		Liu et al	2010	WBT-1
Cry1Yes3	JQ228425		Zhao Shiyuan	2011	Bt FH21
Cry1Jb1	AAA98959		From Tersch & Gonzalez	1994	Bt EG5092
Cry1Jc1	AAC31092		Payne et al	1998
Cry1Jc2	AAQ52372		Baum et al	2003
Cry1Jd1	CAC50779		Arnaut et al	2001	Bt
Cry1Ka1	AAB00376		Koo et al	1995	Bt morrisoni BF190
Cry1Ka2	HQ439783		Liu et al	2010	Bt WBT-2
Cry1La1	AAS60191		Je et al	2004	Bt kurstaki K1
Cry1La2	HM070031		Liu et al	2010	Bt SC6H8
Cry1Ma1	FJ884067		Noguera & Ibarra	2010	LBIT 1189
Cry1Ma2	KC156659		Sampson et al	2012	ARP080
Cry1Na1	KC156648		Sampson et al	2012	ARP009
Cry1Nb1	KC156678		Sampson et al	2012	ARP146
Cry2Aa1	AAA22335		Donovan et al	1989	Bt kurstaki
Cry2Aa2	AAA83516		Widner & Whiteley	1989	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry2Aa4	AAC04867		Misra et al	1998	Bt kenyae HD549
Cry2Aa5	CAA10671		Yu & Pang	1999	Bt SL39
Cry2Aa6	CAA10672		Yu & Pang	1999	Bt YZ71
Cry2Aa7	CAA10670		Yu & Pang	1999	Bt CY29
Cry2Aa8	AAO13734		Wei et al	2000	Bt Dongbei 66
Cry2Aa9	AAO13750		Zhang et al	2000
Cry2Aa10	AAQ04263		Yao et al	2001
Cry2Aa11	AAQ52384		Baum et al	2003
Cry2Aa12	ABI83671		Tan et al	2006	Bt Rpp39
Cry2Aa13	ABL01536		Arango et al	2008	Bt 146-158-01
Cry2Aa14	ACF04939		Hire et al	2008	Bt HD-550
Cry2Aa15	JN426947		Ammouneh et al	2011	Bt SSy77
Cry2Aa16	KF667522		Baonan He	2013	Bt V4
Cry2Aa17	KF860848		Guihua Chen et al	2013
Cry2Ab1	AAA22342		Widner & Whiteley	1989	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry2Ab2	CAA39075		Dankocsik et al	1990	Bt kurstaki HD1
Cry2Ab3	AAG36762		Chen et al	1999	Bt BTC002
Cry2Ab4	AAO13296		Li et al	2001	Bt B-Pr-88
Cry2Ab5	AAQ04609		Yao et al	2001	Bt ly30
Cry2Ab6	AAP59457		Wang et al	2003	Bt WZ-7
Cry2Ab7	AAZ66347		Udayasuriyan et al	2005	Bt 14-1
Cry2Ab8	ABC95996		Huang et al	2006	Bt WB2
Cry2Ab9	ABC74968		Zhang et al	2005	Bt LLB6
Cry2Ab10	ABM21766		Lin et al	2006	Bt LyL
Cry2Ab11	CAM84575		Saleem et al	2007	Bt CMBL-BT1
Cry2Ab12	ABM21764		Lin et al	2007	Bt LyD
Cry2Ab13	ACG76120		Zhu et al	2008	Bt ywc5-4
Cry2Ab14	ACG76121		Zhu et al	2008	Bt Bts
Cry2Ab15	HM037126	302634222	Zhao et al	2011	Bt BF-4
Cry2Ab16	GQ866914	306977641	Katara & Kaur	2011	SK-793
Cry2Ab17	HQ439789		Liu et al	2010	Bt PS9-C12
Cry2Ab18	JN135255		Ammouneh et al	2011
Cry2Ab19	JN135256		Ammouneh et al	2011
Cry2Ab20	JN135257		Ammouneh et al	2011
Cry2Ab21	JN135258		Ammouneh et al	2011
Cry2Ab22	JN135259		Ammouneh et al	2011
Cry2Ab23	JN135260		Ammouneh et al	2011
Cry2Ab24	JN135261		Ammouneh et al	2011
Cry2Ab25	JN415485		Sevim et al	2013	Btk MnD
Cry2Ab26	JN426946		Ammouneh et al	2011	Bt SSy77
Cry2Ab27	JN415764	344055822	Chankhamhaengdecha, et al	2011
Cry2Ab28	JN651494		Li Yuhong	2011	Bt LTS-7
Cry2Ab29	KF860847		Guihua Chen et al	2013
Cry2Ab30	EU623976		Lin et al	2008	Bt LSZ9408
Cry2Ab31	AHM93475		Xie et al	2013	Bt HTS-S-38
Cry2Ab32	KJ710647		Zonglan Yu et al	2014	BN23-5
Cry2Ac1	CAA40536		Aronson	1991	Bt shanghai s1
Cry2Ac2	AAG35410		Song et al	2000
Cry2Ac3	AAQ52385		Baum et al	2003
Cry2Ac4	ABC95997		Huang et al	2006	Bt WB9
Cry2Ac5	ABC74969		Zhang et al	2005
Cry2Ac6	ABC74793		Xia et al	2006	Bt wuhanensis
Cry2Ac7	CAL18690		Saleem et al	2008	Bt SBSBT-1
Cry2Ac8	CAM09325		Saleem et al	2007	Bt CMBL-BT1
Cry2Ac9	CAM09326		Saleem et al	2007	Bt CMBL-BT2
Cry2Ac10	ABN15104		Bai et al	2007	Bt QCL-1
Cry2Ac11	CAM83895		Saleem et al	2007	Bt HD29
Cry2Ac12	CAM83896		Saleem et al	2007	Bt CMBL-BT3
Cry2Ad1	AAF09583		Choi et al	1999	Bt BR30
Cry2Ad2	ABC86927		Huang et al	2006	Bt WB10
Cry2Ad3	CAK29504		Saleem et al	2006	Bt 5_2AcT (1)
Cry2Ad4	CAM32331		Saleem et al	2007	Bt CMBL-BT2
Cry2Ad5	CAO78739		Saleem et al	2007	Bt HD29
Cry2Ae1	AAQ52362		Baum et al	2003
Cry2Af1	ABO30519		Beard et al	2007	Bt C81
Cry2Af2	GQ866915	306977643	Katara & Kaur	2011	SK-758
Cry2Ag1	ACH91610		Zhu et al	2008	Bt JF19-2
Cry2Ah1	EU939453	218963751	Zhang et al	2011	Bt SC6H8
Cry2Ah2	ACL80665		Zhang et al	2009	Bt BRC-ZQL3
Cry2Ah3	GU073380	309274394	Lixin you	2012	HYW-8
Cry2Ah4	KC156702		Sampson et al	2012	ARP193
Cry2Ai1	FJ788388		Udayasuriyan et al	2009	Bt
Cry2Aj1			Zhicheng Shen	2009
Cry2Ak1	KC156660		Sampson et al	2012	ARP067
Cry2Al1	KJ149819		Indraarulselvi & Reyaz	2014	Bt SWK1
Cry2Ba1	KC156658		Sampson et al	2012	ARP026
Cry2Ba2	KF014123		Guihua Chen et al	2013
Cry3Aa1	AAA22336		Herrnstadt et al	1987	Bt san diego
Cry3Aa2	AAA22541		Sekar et al	1987	Bt tenebrionis
Cry3Aa3	CAA68482		Hofte et al	1987
Cry3Aa4	AAA22542		McPherson et al	1988	Bt tenebrionis
Cry3Aa5	AAA50255		Donovan et al	1988	Bt morrisoni EG2158
Cry3Aa6	AAC43266		Adams et al	1994	Bt tenebrionis
Cry3Aa7	CAB41411		Zhang et al	1999	Bt 22
Cry3Aa8	AAS79487		Gao and Cai	2004	Bt YM-03
Cry3Aa9	AAW05659		Bulla and Candas	2004	Bt UTD-001
Cry3Aa10	AAU29411		Chen et al	2004	Bt 886
Cry3Aa11	AAW82872		Kurt et al	2005	Bt tenebrionis Mm2
Cry3Aa12	ABY49136		Sezen et al	2008	Bt tenebrionis
Cry3Ba1	CAA34983		Sick et al	1990	Bt tolworthi 43F
Cry3Ba2	CAA00645		Peferoen et al	1990	Bt PGSI208
Cry3Ba3	JQ397327		Palma et al	2011	Bt
Cry3Bb1	AAA22334		Donovan et al	1992	Bt EG4961
Cry3Bb2	AAA74198		Donovan et al	1995	Bt EG5144
Cry3Ca1	CAA42469		Lambert et al	1992	Bt kurstaki BtI109P
Cry4Aa1	CAA68485		Ward & Ellar	1987	Bt israelensis
Cry4Aa2	BAA00179		Sen et al	1988	Bt israelensis HD522
Cry4Aa3	CAD30148		Berry et al	2002	Bt israelensis
Cry4Aa4	AFB18317	376008213	Li et al	2012	Bti BRC-LLP29
Cry4Ba1	CAA30312		Chungjatpornchai et al	1988	Bt israelensis 4Q2-72
Cry4Ba2	CAA30114		Tungpradubkul, et al	1988	Bt israelensis
Cry4Ba3	AAA22337		Yamamoto et al	1988	Bt israelensis
Cry4Ba4	BAA00178		Sen et al	1988	Bt israelensis HD522
Cry4Ba5	CAD30095		Berry et al	2002	Bt israelensis
Cry4Ca1	EU646202	194396263	Shu et al	2011	Bt Y41
Cry4Cb1	FJ403208	234203282	Zhu et al	2010	Bt HS18-1
Cry4Cb2	FJ597622	256033943	Zhu et al	2011	Bt Ywc2-8
Cry4Cb3	AHG25301		Zhang et al	2014	Bt S2160-1
Cry4Cc1	FJ403207	234203244	Zhu et al	2011	Bt MC28
Cry5Aa1	AAA67694		Narva et al	1994	Bt darmstadiensis PS17
Cry5Ab1	AAA67693		Narva et al	1991	Bt darmstadiensis PS17
Cry5Ad1	ABQ82087		Lenane et al	2007	Bt L366
Cry5Ba1	AAA68598		Foncerrada & Narva	1997	Bt PS86Q3
Cry5Ba2	ABW88931		Guo et al	2008	YBT 1518
Cry5Ba3	AFJ04417	386277681	Wang et al	2012	Bt zjfc85
Cry5Ca1	HM461869		Geng et al	2010	Sbt003
Cry5Ca2	ZP_04123426	228961871	Read et al	2010	Bt T13001
Cry5Da1	HM461870		Geng et al	2010	Sbt003
Cry5Da2	ZP_04123980	228962686	Read et al	2010	Bt T13001
Cry5Ea1	HM485580		Sun et al	2010	Sbt003
Cry5Ea2	ZP_04124038	228962776	Read et al	2010	Bt T13001
Cry6Aa1	AAA22357		Narva et al	1993	Bt PS52A1
Cry6Aa2	AAM46849		Bai et al	2001	YBT 1518
Cry6Aa3	ABH03377		Jia et al	2006	Bt 96418
Cry6Ba1	AAA22358		Narva et al	1991	Bt PS69D1
Cry7Aa1	AAA22351		Lambert et al	1992	Bt galleriae PGSI245
Cry7Ab1	AAA21120		Narva & Fu	1994	BT Dakota HD511
Cry7Ab2	AAA21121		Narva & Fu	1994	Bt kumamotoensis 867
Cry7Ab3	ABX24522		Song et al	2008	Bt WZ-9
Cry7Ab4	EU380678	170877973	Deng et al	2011	Bt HQ122
Cry7Ab5	ABX79555		Aguirre-Arzola, et al	2008	Bt monterrey GM-33
Cry7Ab6	ACI44005		Deng et al	2008	Bt HQ122
Cry7Ab7	ADB89216		Wang et al	2010	Bt GW6
Cry7Ab8	GU145299		Feng & Guo	2009
Cry7Ab9	ADD92572		Li et al	2010	Bt QG-121
Cry7Ac1	KJ789922		Sun et al	2014
Cry7Ba1	ABB70817		Zhang et al	2006	Bt huazhongensis
Cry7Bb1	KC156653		Sampson et al	2012	ARP013
Cry7Ca1	ABR67863		Gao et al	2007	Bt BTH-13
Cry7Cb1	KC156698		Sampson et al	2012	ARP269
Cry7Da1	ACQ99547		Yi et al	2009	Bt LH-2
Cry7Da2	HM572236		Shu et al	2010
Cry7Da3	KC156679		Sampson et al	2012	ARP140
Cry7Ea1	HM035086		Geng et al	2010	Sbt009
Cry7Ea2	HM132124		Mao et al	2010	HD868 (D8)
Cry7Ea3	EEM19403		Read et al	2010	BGSC 4Y1
Cry7Fa1	HM035088		Geng et al	2010	SBt009
Cry7Fa2	EEM19090		Read et al	2010	BGSC 4Y1
Cry7Fb1	HM572235		Shu et al	2010	Bt
Cry7Fb2	KC156682		Sampson et al	2012	ARP162
Cry7Fb3	KF672184		Qiao Li et al	2014
Cry7Ga1	HM572237		Shu et al	2010	Bt
Cry7Ga2	KC156669		Sampson et al	2012	ARP103
Cry7Gb1	KC156650		Sampson et al	2012	ARP011
Cry7Gc1	KC156654		Sampson et al	2012	ARP012
Cry7Gd1	KC156697		Sampson et al	2012	ARP271
Cry7Ha1	KC156651		Sampson et al	2012	ARP021
Cry7Ia1	KC156665		Sampson et al	2012	ARP112
Cry7Yes1	KC156671		Sampson et al	2012	ARP114
Cry7Ka1	KC156680		Sampson et al	2012	ARP171
Cry7Kb1	BAM99306		Takebe & Azuma	2013	Bt dakota
Cry7La1	BAM99307		Takebe & Azuma	2013	Bt dakota
Cry8Aa1	AAA21117		Narva & Fu	1992	Bt kumamotoensis
Cry8Ab1	EU044830		Cheng et al	2007	Bt B-JJX
Cry8Ac1	KC156662		Sampson et al	2012	ARP068
Cry8Ad1	KC156684		Sampson et al	2012	ARP215
Cry8Ba1	AAA21118		Narva & Fu	1993	Bt kumamotoensis
Cry8Bb1	CAD57542		Abad et al	2002
Cry8Bc1	CAD57543		Abad et al	2002
Cry8Ca1	AAA21119		Sato et al.	1995	Bt japonensis Buibui
Cry8Ca2	AAR98783		Shu et al	2004	Bt HBF-1
Cry8Ca3	EU625349	194272339	Du et al	2011	Bt FTL-23
Cry8Ca4	ADB54826		Li et al	2010	Bt S185
Cry8Da1	BAC07226		Asano et al	2002	Bt galleriae
Cry8Db1	BAF93483		Yamaguchi et al	2007	Bt BBT2-5
Cry8Ea1	AAQ73470		Fuping et al	2003	Bt 185
Cry8Ea2	EU047597		Liu et al	2007	Bt B DLL
Cry8Ea3	KC855216		Wei Wang	2013
Cry8Ea4	AGM16383		Sun et al	2013	QZL144-1
Cry8Ea5	AGM16384		Sun et al	2013	QZL144-4
Cry8Fa1	AAT48690		Shu et al	2004	Bt 185
Cry8Fa2	HQ174208	307697880	Zang et al	2010	Bt DLL
Cry8Fa3	AFH78109		Su et al	2012	Bt L-27
Cry8Fa4	AGM16382		Sun et al	2013	QHW7-2
Cry8Ga1	AAT46073		Shu et al	2004	Bt HBF-18
Cry8Ga2	ABC42043		Yan et al	2008	Bt 145
Cry8Ga3	FJ198072		Sun et al	2010	Bt FCD114
Cry8Ha1	AAW81032		Fuping et al	2011	Bt 185
Cry8Ia1	EU381044	170317962	Yan et al	2008	Bt su4
Cry8Ia2	GU073381		Lixin Du et al	2012	Bt HW-11
Cry8Ia3	HM044664		Ming Sun	2010	Sbt030
Cry8Ia4	KC156674		Sampson et al	2012	ARP124
Cry8Ib1	GU325772		Ming Sun	2012	Bt F4
Cry8Ib2	KC156677		Sampson et al	2012	ARP135
Cry8Ib3	AHG25076		Li et al	2014	Bt TS3
Cry8Yes1	EU625348	194272337	Du et al	2011	Bt FPT-2
Cry8Ka1	FJ422558	237506871	Oliveira et al	2011
Cry8Ka2	ACN87262		Noguera & Ibarra	2009	Bt kenyae
Cry8Ka3	AGM16381		Sun et al	2013	QHW7-2
Cry8Kb1	HM123758		Jun Zhu et al	2010	ST8
Cry8Kb2	KC156675		Sampson et al	2012	ARP158
Cry8Kb3	KJ123823		Navas et al	2014	INTA Fr7-4
Cry8La1	GU325771	314998608	Ming Sun et al	2012	Bt F4
Cry8Ma1	HM044665?		Ming Sun et al	2010	Sbt016
Cry8Ma2	EEM86551		Read et al	2010	BGSC 4CC1
Cry8Ma3	HM210574		Mao et al	2010	NARC Bt17 (C6)
Cry8Na1	HM640939	302141260	Li et al	2011	BtQ52-7
Cry8Pa1	HQ388415		Qiao Li	2010	Bt ST8
Cry8Pa2	HQ413324		Mao et al	2013	Bt QCM (T1)
Cry8Pa3	KJ123823		Navas et al	2014	INTA Fr7-4
Cry8Qa1	HQ441166		Liang et al	2010	Bt ST8
Cry8Qa2	KC152468		Amadio et al	2012	Bt INTA Fr7-4
Cry8Ra1	AFP87548	400653691	Ben-Dov et al	2012	Bt R36
Cry8Sa1	JQ740599		Singaravelu, et al	2012	Bt strain 62
Cry8Ta1	KC156673		Sampson et al	2012	ARP110
Cry8-like	ABS53003		Mangena et al	2007	Bt
Cry9Aa1	CAA41122		Shevelev et al	1991	Bt galleriae
Cry9Aa2	CAA41425		Gleave et al	1992	Bt DSIR517
Cry9Aa3	GQ249293		Su et al	2012	Bt SC5 (D2)
Cry9Aa4	GQ249294		Su et al	2012	Bt T03C001
Cry9Aa5	JX174110		Naimov et al	2012	BGSN1
Cry9Ba1	CAA52927		Shevelev et al	1993	Bt galleriae
Cry9Ba2	GU299522		Zhao et al	2010	Bt B-SC5
Cry9Bb1	AAV28716		Silva-Werneck et al	2004	Bt japonensis
Cry9Ca1	CAA85764		Lambert et al	1996	Bt tolworthi
Cry9Ca2	AAQ52375		Baum et al	2003
Cry9Da1	BAA19948		Asano	1997	Bt japonensis N141
Cry9Da2	AAB97923		Wasano & Ohba	1998	Bt japonensis
Cry9Da3	GQ249293		Su et al	2012	Bt SC5 (D2)
Cry9Da4	GQ249297		Su et al	2012	Bt T03B001
Cry9Db1	AAX78439		Flannagan & Abad	2005	Bt kurstaki DP1019
Cry9Dc1	KC156683		Sampson et al	2012	ARP168
Cry9Ea1	BAA34908		Midoh & Oyama	1998	Bt aizawai SSK-10
Cry9Ea2	AAO12908		Li et al	2001	Bt B-Hm-16
Cry9Ea3	ABM21765		Lin et al	2006	Bt lyA
Cry9Ea4	ACE88267		Zhu et al	2008	Bt ywc5-4
Cry9Ea5	ACF04743		Zhu et al	2008	Bts
Cry9Ea6	ACG63872		Liu & Guo	2008	Bt 11
Cry9Ea7	FJ380927		Sun et al	2009	Bt 4
Cry9Ea8	GQ249292		Su et al	2012	Bt SC5 (E8)
Cry9Ea9	JN651495		Li Yuhong	2011	Bt LTS-7
Cry9Eb1	CAC50780		Arnaut et al	2001
Cry9Eb2	GQ249298		Su et al	2012	Bt T23001
Cry9Eb3	KC156646		Sampson et al	2012	ARP057
Cry9Ec1	AAC63366		Wasano et al	2003	Bt galleriae
Cry9Ed1	AAX78440		Flannagan & Abad	2005	Bt kurstaki DP1019
Cry9Ee1	GQ249296		Su et al	2009	Bt T03B001
Cry9Ee2	KC156664		Sampson et al	2012	ARP095
Cry9Fa1	KC156692		Sampson et al	2012	ARP212
Cry9Ga1	KC156699		Sampson et al	2012	ARP188
Cry10Aa1	AAA22614		Thorne et al	1986	Bt israelensis
Cry10Aa3	CAD30098		Berry et al	2002	Bt israelensis
Cry10Aa4	AFB18318		Li et al	2012	Bti BRC-LLP29
Cry11Aa1	AAA22352		Donovan et al	1988	Bt israelensis
Cry11Aa2	AAA22611		Adams et al	1989	Bt israelensis
Cry11Aa3	CAD30081		Berry et al	2002	Bt israelensis
Cry11Aa4	AFB18319		Li et al	2012	Bti BRC-LLP29
Cry11Ba1	CAA60504		Delecluse et al	1995	Bt Jedathesan 367
Cry11Bb1	AAC97162		Orduz et al	1998	Bt medellin
Cry11Bb2	HM068615		Melnikov et al	2010	Bt K34
Cry12Aa1	AAA22355		Narva et al	1991	Bt PS33F2
Cry13Aa1	AAA22356		Narva et al	1992	Bt PS63B
Cry14Aa1	AAA21516		Narva et al	1994	Bt sotto PS80JJ1
Cry14Ab1	KC156652		Sampson et al	2012	ARP001
Cry15Aa1	AAA22333		Brown & Whiteley	1992	Bt thompsoni
Cry16Aa1	CAA63860		Barloy et al	1996	CB malaysia CH18
Cry17Aa1	CAA67841		Barloy et al	1998	CB malaysia CH18
Cry18Aa1	CAA67506		Zhang et al	1997	Paenibacillus popilliae
Cry18Ba1	AAF89667		Patel et al	1999	Paenibacillus popilliae
Cry18Ca1	AAF89668		Patel et al	1999	Paenibacillus popilliae
Cry19Aa1	CAA68875		Rosso & Delecluse	1996	Bt Jedathesan 367
Cry19Ba1	BAA32397		Hwang et al	1998	Bt higo
Cry19Ca1	AFM37572		Soufiane & Cote	2012	BGSC 4CE1
Cry20Aa1	AAB93476		Lee & Gill	1997	Bt fukuokaensis
Cry20Ba1	ACS93601		Noguera & Ibarra	2009	Bt higo LBIT-976
Cry20Ba2	KC156694		Sampson et al	2012	ARP192
Cry21Ba1	BAC06484		Sato & Asano	2002	Bt roskildiensis
Cry21Ca1	JF521577		Liu et al	2013
Cry21Ca2	KC156687		Sampson et al	2012	ARP258
Cry21Da1	JF521578		Liu et al	2011	Sbt072
Cry21Ea1	KC865049		Ming Sun	2013
Cry21Fa1	KF701307		Iatsenko et al	2013	DB27
Cry21Ga1	KF771885		Iatsenko et al	2013	DB27
Cry21Ha1	KF771886		Iatsenko et al	2013	DB27
Cry22Aa2	CAD43579		Isaac et al	2002	Bt
Cry22Aa3	ACD93211		Du et al	2008	Bt FZ-4
Cry22Ab1	AAK50456		Baum et al	2000	Bt EG4140
Cry22Ab2	CAD43577		Isaac et al	2002	Bt
Cry22Ba1	CAD43578		Isaac et al	2002	Bt
Cry22Bb1	KC156672		Sampson et al	2012	ARP148
Cry23Aa1	AAF76375		Donovan et al	2000	Bt
Cry24Aa1	AAC61891		Kawalek and Gill	1998	Bt jedathesan
Cry24Ba1	BAD32657		Ohgushi et al	2004	Bt sotto
Cry24Ca1	CAJ43600		Beron & Salerno	2005	Bt FCC-41
Cry25Aa1	AAC61892		Kawalek and Gill	1998	Bt jedathesan
Cry26Aa1	AAD25075		Wojciechowska, et al	1999	Bt finitimus B-1166
Cry27Aa1	BAA82796		Saitoh	1999	Bt higo
Cry28Aa1	AAD24189		Wojciechowska, et al	1999	Bt finitimus B-1161
Cry28Aa2	AAG00235		Moore and Debro	2000	Bt finitimus
Cry29Aa1	CAC80985		Delecluse et al	2000	Bt medellin
Cry29Ba1	KC865046		Ming Sun	2013
Cry30Aa1	CAC80986		Delecluse et al	2000	Bt medellin
Cry30Ba1	BAD00052		Ito et al	2003	Bt entomocidus
Cry30Ca1	BAD67157		Ohgushi et al	2004	Bt sotto
Cry30Ca2	ACU24781		Sun and Park	2009	Bt Jedathesan 367
Cry30Da1	EF095955		Shu et al	2006	Bt Y41
Cry30Db1	BAE80088		Kishida et al	2006	Bt aizawai BUN1-14
Cry30Ea1	ACC95445		Fang et al	2007	Bt S2160-1
Cry30Ea2	FJ499389	237688240	Zhu et al	2011	Bt Ywc2-8
Cry30Ea3	FJ527836		Zhu et al	2011	Bt Hs18-1
Cry30Ea4	KJ740649		Yu et al	2014	BN15-6
Cry30Fa1	ACI22625		Tan et al	2008	Bt MC28
Cry30Ga1	ACG60020		Zhu et al	2008	Bt HS18-1
Cry30Ga2	HQ638217	320383831	Tian et al	2010	Bt S2160-1
Cry31Aa1	BAB11757		Saitoh & Mizuki	2000	Bt 84-HS-1-11
Cry31Aa2	AAL87458		Jung and Cote	2000	Bt M15
Cry31Aa3	BAE79808		Uemori et al	2006	Bt B0195
Cry31Aa4	BAF32571		Yasutake et al	2006	Bt 79-25
Cry31Aa5	BAF32572		Yasutake et al	2006	Bt 92-10
Cry31Aa6	BAI44026		Nagamatsu et al	2010	M019
Cry31Ab1	BAE79809		Uemori et al	2006	Bt B0195
Cry31Ab2	BAF32570		Yasutake et al	2006	Bt 31-5
Cry31Ac1	BAF34368		Yasutake et al	2006	Bt 87-29
Cry31Ac2	AB731600		Hayakawa et al	2012	Bt B0462
Cry31Ad1	BAI44022		Nagamatsu et al	2010	Bt MO19
Cry32Aa1	AAG36711		Balasubramanian, et al	2001	Bt yunnanensis
Cry32Aa2	GU063849		Lixin Du et al	2012	Bt FBG-1
Cry32Ab1	GU063850		Lixin Du et al	2012	Bt FZ-2
Cry32Ba1	BAB78601		Takebe et al	2001	Bt
Cry32Ca1	BAB78602		Takebe et al	2001	Bt
Cry32Cb1	KC156708		Sampson et al	2012	ARP227
Cry32Da1	BAB78603		Takebe et al	2001	Bt
Cry32Ea1	GU324274		Du et al	2010	Bt HYD-3
Cry32Ea2	KC156686		Sampson et al	2012	ARP239
Cry32Eb1	KC156663		Sampson et al	2012	ARP092
Cry32Fa1	KC156656		Sampson et al	2012	ARP055
Cry32Ga1	KC156657		Sampson et al	2012	ARP052
Cry32Ha1	KC156661		Sampson et al	2012	ARP076
Cry32Hb1	KC156666		Sampson et al	2012	ARP096
Cry32Ia1	KC156667		Sampson et al	2012	ARP104
Cry32Yes1	KC156685		Sampson et al	2012	ARP262
Cry32Ka1	KC156688		Sampson et al	2012	ARP259
Cry32La1	KC156689		Sampson et al	2012	ARP203
Cry32Ma1	KC156690		Sampson et al	2012	ARP256
Cry32Mb1	KC156704		Sampson et al	2012	ARP242
Cry32Na1	KC156691		Sampson et al	2012	ARP179
Cry32Oa1	KC156703		Sampson et al	2012	ARP218
Cry32Pa1	KC156705		Sampson et al	2012	ARP277
Cry32Qa1	KC156706		Sampson et al	2012	ARP174
Cry32Ra1	KC156707		Sampson et al	2012	ARP229
Cry32Sa1	KC156709		Sampson et al	2012	ARP185
Cry32Ta1	KC156710		Sampson et al	2012	ARP220
Cry32Ua1	KC156655		Sampson et al	2012	ARP050
Cry33Aa1	AAL26871		Kim et al	2001	Bt dakota
Cry34Aa1	AAG50341		Ellis et al	2001	Bt PS80JJ1
Cry34Aa2	AAK64560		Rupar et al	2001	Bt EG5899
Cry34Aa3	AAT29032		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt PS69Q
Cry34Aa4	AAT29030		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt PS185GG
Cry34Ab1	AAG41671		Moellenbeck et al	2001	Bt PS149B1
Cry34Ac1	AAG50118		Ellis et al	2001	Bt PS167H2
Cry34Ac2	AAK64562		Rupar et al	2001	Bt EG9444
Cry34Ac3	AAT29029		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt KR1369
Cry34Ba1	AAK64565		Rupar et al	2001	Bt EG4851
Cry34Ba2	AAT29033		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt PS201L3
Cry34Ba3	AAT29031		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt PS201HH2
Cry35Aa1	AAG50342		Ellis et al	2001	Bt PS80JJ1
Cry35Aa2	AAK64561		Rupar et al	2001	Bt EG5899
Cry35Aa3	AAT29028		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt PS69Q
Cry35Aa4	AAT29025		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt PS185GG
Cry35Ab1	AAG41672		Moellenbeck et al	2001	Bt PS149B1
Cry35Ab2	AAK64563		Rupar et al	2001	Bt EG9444
Cry35Ab3	AY536891		AAT29024	2004	Bt KR1369
Cry35Ac1	AAG50117		Ellis et al	2001	Bt PS167H2
Cry35Ba1	AAK64566		Rupar et al	2001	Bt EG4851
Cry35Ba2	AAT29027		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt PS201L3
Cry35Ba3	AAT29026		Schnepf et al	2004	Bt PS201HH2
Cry36Aa1	AAK64558		Rupar et al	2001	Bt
Cry37Aa1	AAF76376		Donovan et al	2000	Bt
Cry38Aa1	AAK64559		Rupar et al	2000	Bt
Cry39Aa1	BAB72016		Ito et al	2001	Bt aizawai
Cry40Aa1	BAB72018		Ito et al	2001	Bt aizawai
Cry40Ba1	BAC77648		Ito et al	2003	Bun1-14
Cry40Ca1	EU381045	170317964	Shu et al	2011	Bt Y41
Cry40Da1	ACF15199		Zhang et al	2008	Bt S2096-2
Cry41Aa1	BAD35157		Yamashita et al	2003	Bt A1462
Cry41Ab1	BAD35163		Yamashita et al	2003	Bt A1462
Cry41Ba1	HM461871		Sun et al	2010	Sbt021
Cry41Ba2	ZP_04099652	228936898	Read et al	2010	BGSC 4AW1
Cry42Aa1	BAD35166		Yamashita et al	2003	Bt A1462
Cry43Aa1	BAD15301		Yokoyama and Tanaka	2003	P. lentimorbus semadara
Cry43Aa2	BAD95474		Nozawa	2004	P. popilliae popilliae
Cry43Ba1	BAD15303		Yokoyama and Tanaka	2003	P. lentimorbus semadara
Cry43Ca1	KC156676		Sampson et al	2012	ARP132
Cry43Cb1	KC156695		Sampson et al	2012	ARP252
Cry43Cc1	KC156696		Sampson et al	2012	ARP191
Cry43-like	BAD15305		Yokoyama and Tanaka	2003	P. lentimorbus semadara
Cry44Aa	BAD08532		Ito et al	2004	Bt entomocidus INA288
Cry45Aa	BAD22577		Okumura et al	2004	Bt 89-T-34-22
Cry46Aa	BAC79010		Ito et al	2004	Bt dakota
Cry46Aa2	BAG68906		Ishikawa et al	2008	Bt A1470
Cry46 Fig	BAD35170		Yamagiwa et al	2004	Bt
Cry47Aa	AAY24695		Kongsuwan et al	2005	Bt CAA890
Cry48Aa	CAJ18351		Jones and Berry	2005	Bs IAB59
Cry48Aa2	CAJ86545		Jones and Berry	2006	Bs 47-6B
Cry48Aa3	CAJ86546		Jones and Berry	2006	Bs NHA15b
Cry48 Fig	CAJ86548		Jones and Berry	2006	Bs LP1G
Cry48Ab2	CAJ86549		Jones and Berry	2006	Bs 2173
Cry49Aa	CAH56541		Jones and Berry	2005	Bs IAB59
Cry49Aa2	CAJ86541		Jones and Berry	2006	Bs 47-6B
Cry49Aa3	CAJ86543		Jones and Berry	2006	BsNHA15b
Cry49Aa4	CAJ86544		Jones and Berry	2006	Bs 2173
Cry49Ab1	CAJ86542		Jones and Berry	2006	Bs LP1G
Cry50Aa1	BAE86999	89885725	Ohgushi et al	2006	Bt sotto
Cry50Ba1	GU446675		Zhang & Fang	2011	Bt S2160-1
Cry50Ba2	GU446676		Zhang et al	2011	Bt S3161-3
Cry51Aa1	ABI14444	112253719	Meng et al	2006	Bt F14-1
Cry51Aa2	GU570697		Baum et al	2011	EG2934
Cry52Aa1	EF613489		Shu et al	2010	Bt Y41
Cry52Ba1	FJ361760	227976386	Zhu et al	2010	Bt BM59-2
Cry53Aa1	EF633476		Shu et al	2010	Bt Y41
Cry53Ab1	FJ361759	227976384	Zhu et al	2011	Bt MC28
Cry54Aa1	ACA52194	169261091	Tan et al	2009	Bt MC28
Cry54Aa2	GQ140349		Lixin Du et al	2012	Bt FBG25
Cry54Ab1	JQ916908		Guan Peng	2012	Bt MC28
Cry54Ba1	GU446677		Zhang & Fang	2010	Bt S2160-1
Cry54Ba2	KJ740650		Yu et al	2014	BN15-6
Cry55Aa1	ABW88932		Guo et al	2008	YBT 1518
Cry55Aa2	AAE33526	10056620	Bradfisch et al	2000	Bt Y41
Cry55Aa3	HG764207		Balasubramani, et al	2013	Bt T44
Cry56Aa1	ACU57499	256033941	Zhu et al	2010	Bt Ywc2-8
Cry56Aa2	GQ483512	300837105	Guan et al	2009	Bt G7-1
Cry56Aa3	JX025567		Qiao Li et al	2012	Bt HS18-1
Cry56Aa4	KJ740651		Yu et al	2014	BN7-5
Cry57Aa1	ANC87261	225348555	Noguera & Ibarra	2009	Bt kim
Cry57Ab1	KF638650		Guowang Zhou	2013
Cry58Aa1	ANC87260	225348553	Noguera & Ibarra	2009	Bt entomocidus
Cry59Ba1	JN790647		Qiao Li et al	2012	Bt Bm59-2
Cry59Aa1	ACR43758	239638225	Noguera & Ibarra	2009	Bt kim LBIT-980
Cry60Aa1	ACU24782	255653180	Sun and Park	2009	Bt jedathesan
Cry60Aa2	EAO57254	74494162	Anderson et al	2005	Bt israelensis
Cry60Aa3	EEM99278	228854669	Read et al	2009	Bt IBL 4222
Cry60Ba1	GU810818	292398077	Sun and Park	2009	Bt malayensis
Cry60Ba2	EAO57253		Anderson et al	2005	Bt israelensis
Cry60Ba3	EEM99279		Read et al	2009	Bt IBL 4222
Cry61Aa1	HM035087		Geng et al	2010	Sbt009
Cry61Aa2	HM132125		Mao et al	2010	HD868 (E5)
Cry61Aa3	EEM19308	228770790	Read et al	2010	BGSC 4Y1
Cry62Aa1	HM054509		Zhu et al	2010	ST7
Cry63Aa1	BAI44028	260268375	Nagamatsu et al	2010	MO19
Cry64Aa1	BAJ05397	294661779	Ekino et al	2010	Bt tohokuensis
Cry65Aa1	HM461868		Geng et al	2010	SBt 003
Cry65Aa2	ZP_04123838	228962456	Read et al	2010	T13001
Cry66Aa1	HM485581		Sun et al	2010	SBt 021
Cry66Aa2	ZP_04099945	228937265	Read et al	2010	BGSC 4AW1
Cry67Aa1	HM485582		Sun et al	2010	SBt 009
Cry67Aa2	ZP_04148882	228988817	Read et al	2010	BGSC 4Y1
Cry68Aa1	HQ113114		Peng Guan et al	2012	Bt MC28
Cry69Aa1	HQ401006		Peng Guan	2011	Bt MC28
Cry69Aa2	JQ821388		Peng Guan	2012	Bt MC28
Cry69Ab1	JN209957		Yujie Tang	2011	Bt hs18-1
Cry70Aa1	JN646781		Qiao Li	2011	Bt hs18-1
Cry70Ba1	ADO51070	308756031	Guan et al	2011	Bt MC28
Cry70Bb1	EEL67276	228715456	Read et al	2009	Bc AH603
Cry71Aa1	JX025568		Qiao Li et al	2012	Bt Hs18-1
Cry72Aa1	JX025569		Qiao Li et al	2012	Bt Hs18-1
Cry73Aa	AEH76822		Liu et al	2013	Sbt Sbt029
Cyt1Aa1	X03182		Waalwijk et al	1985	Bt israelensis
Cyt1Aa2	X04338		Ward & Ellar	1986	Bt israelensis
Cyt1Aa3	Y00135		Earp & Ellar	1987	Bt morrisoni PG14
Cyt1Aa4	M35968		Galjart et al	1987	Bt morrisoni PG14
Cyt1Aa5	AL731825		Berry et al	2002	Bt israelensis
Cyt1Aa6	ABC17640		Zhang et al	2005	Bt LLP29
Cyt1Aa7	KF152888		Qinyang Hong	2013	Bt BRC-HQY1
Cyt1Aa-like	ABB01172		Mahalakshmi	2007	Bt LDC-9
Cyt1Ab1	X98793		Thiery et al	1997	Bt medellin
Cyt1Ba1	U37196		Payne et al	1995	Bt neoleoensis
Cyt1Da1	HQ113115		Peng Guan	2012	Bt MC28
Cyt1Da2	JN226105		Yujie Tang	2011	hs18-1
Cyt2Aa1	Z14147		Koni & Ellar	1993	Bt kyushuensis
Cyt2Aa2	AF472606		Promdonkoy & Panyim	2001	Bt gut stadiensis73E10
Cyt2Aa3	EU835185		Zhu et al	2008	Bt MC28
Cyt2Aa4	AEG19547		Guo et al	2011	Bt WFS-97
Cyt2Ba1	U52043		Guerchicoff et al	1997	Bt israelensis 4Q2
Cyt2Ba2	AF020789		Guerchicoff et al	1997	Bt israelensis PG14
Cyt2Ba3	AF022884		Guerchicoff et al	1997	Bt fuokukaensis
Cyt2Ba4	AF022885		Guerchicoff et al	1997	BT morrisoni HD12
Cyt2Ba5	AF022886		Guerchicoff et al	1997	BT morrisoni HD518
Cyt2Ba6	AF034926		Guerchicoff et al	1997	Bt tenebrionis
Cyt2Ba7	AF215645		Yu & Pang	2000	Bt T301
Cyt2Ba8	AF215646		Yu & Pang	2000	Bt T36
Cyt2Ba9	AL731825		Berry et al	2002	Bt israelensis
Cyt2Ba10	ACX54358		Sauka & Benintende	2009	Bti HD 567
Cyt2Ba11	ACX54359		Sauka & Benintende	2009	Bti HD 522
Cyt2Ba12	ACX54360		Sauka & Benintende	2009	Bti INTA H41-1
Cyt2Ba13	FJ205865	209168617	Sauka & Benintende	2009	INTA 160-2
Cyt2Ba14	FJ205866	209168619	Sauka & Benintende	2009	Bti IPS82
Cyt2Ba15	JF283552	342360662	Zhang et al	2011	Bt LLP29
Cyt2Ba-like	ABE99695		Mahalakshmi et al	2007	Bt LDC-9
Cyt2Bb1	U82519		Cheong & Gill	1997	Bt jedathesan
Cyt2Bc1	CAC80987		Delecluse et al	1999	Bt medellin
Cyt2B-like	DQ341380		Zhang et al	2005
Cyt2Ca1	AAK50455		Baum et al	2001	Bt
Cyt3Aa1	HM596591		Zhu Jun	2010	Bt TD516

Individual evidence

↑ M. Ohba, E. Mizuki, A. Uemori: Parasporin, a new anticancer protein group from Bacillus thuringiensis. In: Anticancer Research . Volume 29, Number 1, January 2009, pp. 427-433, ISSN 0250-7005 . PMID 19331182 . PDF .

↑ NP Chougule, BC Bonning: toxin for transgenic resistance to hemipteran pests. In: Toxins. Volume 4, Number 6, June 2012, pp. 405-429, ISSN 2072-6651 . doi : 10.3390 / toxins4060405 . PMID 22822455 . PMC 3398418 (free full text).

^ MA Ibrahim, N. Griko, M. Junker, LA Bulla: Bacillus thuringiensis: a genomics and proteomics perspective. In: Bioengineered bugs. Volume 1, Number 1, 2010 Jan-Feb, pp. 31-50, ISSN 1949-1026 . doi : 10.4161 / bbug.1.1.10519 . PMID 21327125 . PMC 3035146 (free full text).

↑ A. Bravo, S. Likitvivatanavong, SS Gill, M. Soberón: Bacillus thuringiensis: A story of a successful bioinsecticide. In: Insect biochemistry and molecular biology. Volume 41, Number 7, July 2011, pp. 423-431, ISSN 1879-0240 . doi : 10.1016 / j.ibmb.2011.02.006 . PMID 21376122 . PMC 3689885 (free full text).

↑ Monsanto: Safety Assessment of MON 89034 ( Memento of the original from April 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Monsanto: Safety Assessment of YieldGard VT Rootworm / RR2 TM, MON 88017 ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ EPA: SmartStax Factsheet
↑ BE Tabashnik, JB Van Rensburg, Y. Carrière: Field-evolved insect resistance to Bt crops: definition, theory, and data. In: Journal of economic entomology. Volume 102, Number 6, December 2009, pp. 2011-2025, ISSN 0022-0493 . PMID 20069826 .
↑ BE Tabashnik, K. Wu, Y. Wu: Early detection of field-evolved resistance to Bt cotton in China: cotton bollworm and pink bollworm. In: Journal of invertebrate pathology. Volume 110, Number 3, July 2012, pp. 301-306, ISSN 1096-0805 . doi : 10.1016 / j.jip.2012.04.008 . PMID 22537835 .
↑ Aaron J. Gassmann, Jennifer L. Petzold-Maxwell et al. a .: Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm. In: PLoS ONE. 6, 2011, p. E22629, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0022629 .
↑ BMBF: No resistant pests ; GMO Safety, September 22, 2003 , last accessed May 26, 2019.
↑ New Designer Toxins Kill Bt-Resistant Insect Pests . sciencedaily.com, November 1, 2007, (accessed October 27, 2011)
↑ Jan-Wolfhard Kellmann: New bacterial toxins against resistant plant pests. Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, press release from October 19, 2011 from Informationsdienst Wissenschaft (idw-online.de), accessed on October 27, 2011.
↑ JW Kronstad, HE Schnepf, HR Whiteley: Diversity of locations for Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein genes. In: Journal of Bacteriology . Volume 154, Number 1, April 1983, pp. 419-428, PMID 6833183 . PMC 217475 (free full text).

Web links

Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Nomenclature

[1] M. Ohba, E. Mizuki, A. Uemori: Parasporin, a new anticancer protein group from Bacillus thuringiensis. In: Anticancer Research . Volume 29, Number 1, January 2009, pp. 427-433, ISSN 0250-7005 . PMID 19331182 . PDF .

[2] NP Chougule, BC Bonning: toxin for transgenic resistance to hemipteran pests. In: Toxins. Volume 4, Number 6, June 2012, pp. 405-429, ISSN 2072-6651 . doi : 10.3390 / toxins4060405 . PMID 22822455 . PMC 3398418 (free full text).

[3] MA Ibrahim, N. Griko, M. Junker, LA Bulla: Bacillus thuringiensis: a genomics and proteomics perspective. In: Bioengineered bugs. Volume 1, Number 1, 2010 Jan-Feb, pp. 31-50, ISSN 1949-1026 . doi : 10.4161 / bbug.1.1.10519 . PMID 21327125 . PMC 3035146 (free full text).

[4] A. Bravo, S. Likitvivatanavong, SS Gill, M. Soberón: Bacillus thuringiensis: A story of a successful bioinsecticide. In: Insect biochemistry and molecular biology. Volume 41, Number 7, July 2011, pp. 423-431, ISSN 1879-0240 . doi : 10.1016 / j.ibmb.2011.02.006 . PMID 21376122 . PMC 3689885 (free full text).