MYC

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MYC
Properties of human protein
Mass / length primary structure 439 amino acids
Secondary to quaternary structure Heterodimer
Cofactor Max
Identifier
Gene name MYC
External IDs

MYC is a human gene that codes for a protein ( MYC , formerly also c-Myc ) that increasesthe expression of other genes. How existing gene expression programs are strengthened is still a matter of controversy. There is both a direct and an indirect way of enhancing existing gene expression programs as an explanation of this MYC function. The name refers to the disease "myelocytomatosis" that is associated with the gene. If MYC is mutated, this amplification can become permanent and can cause tumors (particularly Burkitt's lymphoma ); it is therefore a proto-oncogene . Theprotein encodedby MYC belongs to the helix-loop-helix transcription factors and contains a bZIP domain . It amplifies the expression of all human genes that are currently active in the cellwithout preferential treatment. This couldbe demonstratedin lymphocytes and embryonic stem cells .

structure

MYC is part of chromosome 8 and extends over a length of 6000 base pairs in 3 exons . The gene transcript (messenger RNA, mRNA ) is 2366 bases long and has an IRES ( internal ribosome entry site ), which allows it to be translated into a protein, even if the 5'-cap Structure- dependent translation is blocked, which is typical of viral infection.

The protein MYC with a length of 454 amino acids contains, in addition to the helix-loop-helix and bZIP domains responsible for binding to DNA, three phosphorylated amino acids and six acetylated lysine residues; one residue is glycosylated.

function

MYC regulates the expression of about 15% of all human genes through the binding of enhancer box sequences (E-boxes) and through the recruitment of histone acetyltransferases.

MYC is activated by a large number of division signals such as Wnt, Shh and EGF through the MAPK / ERK signal path.

pathology

A mutated, permanently expressed version of MYC is found in many cancer cells. This leads to an unregulated implementation of many genes that are involved in cell reproduction ( proliferation ). Certain types of leukemia (lymphoma, blood cancer) are characterized by a translocation (displacement) of the MYC gene in the genome (t (8:14)). Current studies show that temporary suppression of MYC expression selectively kills mouse lung cancer cells, making MYC a possible target gene for tumor therapy.

history

The MYC gene was discovered in cells from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma . It is similar to the previously known viral myelocytomatosis oncogene ( v-myc , viral myc). Based on this, the human version of the protein was named C-Myc (cellular myc).

further reading

  • Schild C, Wirth M, Reichert M, Schmid RM, Saur D, Schneider G: PI3K signaling maintains c-myc expression to regulate transcription of E2F1 in pancreatic cancer cells . In: Mol. Carcinog. . July 2009. doi : 10.1002 / mc.20569 . PMID 19603422 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ As a convention, human genes are capitalized and italic when referring to nucleic acid ( MYC ), capitalized and not italic when referring to protein (MYC); 'Myc' denotes non-human homologous genes, e.g. B. the corresponding mouse gene; In scientific literature, however, this is not always consistently taken into account, especially in earlier literature there are often all kinds of spellings
  2. ↑ Susanne Walz, Francesca Lorenzin, Jennifer Morton, Katrin E. Wiese, Björn von Eyss, Steffi Herold, Lukas Rycak, Hélène Dumay-Odelot, Saadia Karim, Marek Bartkuhn, Frederik Roels, Torsten Wüstefeld, Matthias Fischer, Martin Teichmann, Lars Zender , Chia-Lin Wei, Owen Sansom, Elmar Wolf, Martin Eilers: Activation and repression by oncogenic MYC shape tumor-specific gene expression profiles . In: Nature . tape 511 , no. 7510 , 2014, p. 483-487 , doi : 10.1038 / nature13473 , PMID 25043018 .
  3. ↑ Arianna Sabò, Theresia R. Kress, Mattia Pelizzola, Stefano de Pretis, Marcin M. Gorski, Alessandra Tesi, Marco J. Morelli, Pranami Bora, Mirko Doni, Alessandro Verrecchia, Claudia Tonelli, Giovanni Fagà, Valerio Bianchi, Alberto Ronchi, Diana Low, Heiko Müller, Ernesto Guccione, Stefano Campaner, Bruno Amati: Selective transcriptional regulation by Myc in cellular growth control and lymphomagenesis . In: Nature . tape 511 , no. 7510 , 2014, p. 488-492 , doi : 10.1038 / nature13537 , PMID 25043028 .
  4. ↑ Zuqin Nie, Gangqing Hu, Gang Wei, Kairong Cui, Arito Yamane, Wolfgang Resch, Ruoning Wang, Douglas R. Green, Lino Tessarollo, Rafael Casellas, Keji Zhao, David Levens: c-Myc Is a Universal Amplifier of Expressed Genes in Lymphocytes and Embryonic Stem Cells . In: Cell . tape 151 , no. 1 , 2012, p. 68-79 , doi : 10.1016 / j.cell.2012.08.033 .
  5. ↑ Gearhart J, Pashos EE, Prasad MK: Pluripotency redux - advances in stem-cell research . In: N. Engl. J. Med. . 357, No. 15, October 2007, pp. 1469-72. doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp078126 . PMID 17928593 .
  6. ↑ Ensembl entry
  7. ↑ NCBI CCDS entry
  8. ↑ UniProt P01106
  9. ^ Soucek L, Whitfield J, Martins CP, et al. : Modeling Myc inhibition as a cancer therapy . In: Nature . 455, No. 7213, October 2008, pp. 679-83. doi : 10.1038 / nature07260 . PMID 18716624 .

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