Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany

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The Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany ( Council authorized to work in Germany charities , CRALOG ) was an American umbrella organization that in 1946 the relief supplies American NGOs organized (NGO) for Germany. Mostly religiously oriented relief organizations worked under the umbrella of CRALOG, which in Germany cooperated with non-governmental welfare organizations, which in turn took care of the distribution of the relief goods. Because of this only indirect relationship with the German population, CRALOG never achieved the symbolic meaning of the CARE packages in the minds of the people, although significantly more aid goods were distributed via CRALOG than via CARE.

Between humanitarian aid and anti-communist propaganda

Food aid deliveries from the USA to Germany were banned until December 1945 because they "could hinder the policy of limiting the German standard of living to that of its European neighbors". The precarious situation was well known - even in 1946 - as the report of an employee of an aid organization showed:

“Starvation is not as dramatic as you read and imagine so often ... how people gather in the streets begging for food and fall over. The starving ... those who die from it never say anything and are seldom seen. At first they become apathetic and weak, they react quickly to cold and frost, they sit in their rooms and stare into space or lie exhausted in their beds ... until one day they simply die. The doctor then usually diagnoses malnutrition and related complications. The first to die are mostly older women and children, as they are weak and unable to beg for the necessary food. It is difficult for an American who has not had enough to eat, perhaps once or twice in his entire life, that he felt starved, to understand what real starvation is. "

- Mr. GV Gaevernitz, US Senate, Judiciary, June 18, 1946.

Only after President Truman was put under pressure by both the American Congress and the American public, an investigation team from the American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service was allowed to go to Germany. In January 1946, due to the desperate food situation in occupied Germany , 34 US senators campaigned for private US American aid organizations to be allowed to provide support in Germany and Austria . According to the report by the investigation team from February 1946 on the situation on site, on February 19, 1946, the Truman government recognized CRALOG as the only "authorized agency for the delivery of humanitarian aid from the USA to Germany" - a decision on which the organizations behind CRALOG had been working towards this for months.

Kaete O'Connell points out that Truman's endorsement of CRALOG initiated the transition from a punitive to a rehabilitative occupation policy and laid the groundwork for improved German-American relations. “The food aid for Germany underscored America's humanitarian obligations and generated good publicity. It influenced public opinion on the home front and in the former Reich at a critical point in the early Cold War. ”In other words, these aid deliveries for Germany were never exclusively about humanitarian aid, but about a change in strategy in American politics through the a “change of role in West Germany from defeated enemy to partner in the western alliance system” was worked towards. The task of humanitarian aid, represented more symbolically by the CARE packages than by the rather anonymous CRALOG deliveries, was to promote the acceptance of this role change - on both sides of the Atlantic.

The first CRALOG delivery reached the port of Bremen in April 1946 and consisted of 10,727 tons of relief supplies. For the time being they could only be distributed in the US-American zone of occupation , since the other governors of the western zones of occupation in Germany still had to approve the contracts allowing CRALOG aid deliveries to their respective zones, which - with the exception of Berlin - happened in 1946:

The carriers of CRALOG

As an umbrella organization, CRALOG worked with 11 organizations in the USA according to a document in the United Nations Archives (see sources ). CRALOG's partner on the German side was The German Central Committee for the Distribution of Foreign Relief ( German Central Committee for the Distribution of Foreign Gifts of Love at the State Council (DZVaLL)), in which four German organizations worked together. Initially, the cooperation extended to the central committee at the state council of the American occupation area , which was then followed by cooperation with the central committees in the other occupation zones and in West Berlin .

American aid agencies German partner organizations
American Friends Service Committee Caritas
Brethren Service Committee Evangelical aid organization
Committee on Christian Science Wartime
Activities of the Mother Church
Church World Service Red Cross
(the respective national organizations
in the occupation zones)
International Resque and Relief Committee
Labor League for Human Rights (AF of L)
Lutheran World Relief
Mennonite Central Committee
National CIO Community Service Committee
Unitarian Service Committee (USC) Workers' Welfare (AWO)
War Relief Services -
National Catholic Welfare Conference
NoteThe table does not show any direct correlation between American and German aid organizations, even if in reality it was the case that close connections were established between the denominational organizations. The relationships between the USC and the AWO, which continued well into the 1950s, were particularly close. (See: Helen Fogg: International Cooperation )

CRALOG mainly performed coordinating functions in the USA; The associations were responsible for raising the donations and each pursued their own strategies. While the smaller organizations were more likely to acquire donations in kind (clothing and food), the larger church associations placed the collection of money in the foreground of their activities. Overall, the associations were very concerned about their independence

“And only provided the amounts absolutely necessary for the CRALOG to perform its tasks. In the USA, the CRALOG did not even have its own staff, but had the administrative tasks carried out in the offices of the member associations that made up the members of the CRALOG board. And in Germany, the warning to keep all expenses to be covered by the CRALOG itself as low as possible was an integral part of the communications initially sent to his colleagues by the chairman of the representatives stationed in Germany and later by the field director. "

- Karl-Ludwig Sommer : HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , p. 123

Aid goods management in the American zone of occupation

The article by Robert Kreider (see below) provides a good description of the formal processes in aid management in the American occupation zone, where the headquarters of the German Committee (DZVaLL) in Stuttgart was located. The CRALOG staff in the American zone consisted of eight people, two of them based in Berlin, the rest in Munich, Stuttgart, Bremen and Wiesbaden. Her tasks were: Supervising the distribution by the German charities, advising on distribution problems, preparing reports for the CRALOG agencies in the USA, making recommendations to the American agencies with regard to urgently needed deliveries and maintaining connections between the German authorities and the Military government.

The relief goods brought across the Atlantic free of charge by the US Army - 80% of them were food - were unloaded in Bremen. From there, the DZVaLL was responsible for the storage, transport and distribution of the relief goods to the final recipients. CRALOG shipping experts monitored this, and special guards accompanied the transports. According to Kreider there were almost no losses. Sommer saw this more critically, who stated:

"However, there was no moral justification whatsoever for repeated cases in which the distribution of aid was specifically used to give individuals preferential treatment or even to gain direct personal benefits."

- Karl-Ludwig Sommer : HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , p. 183

As a rule, the four German organizations were individually the addressees of the deliveries from Bremen and then organized the distribution to the needy population on their own. The relief supplies were given free of charge, with particular attention paid to the care of bombed-out victims, refugees, returning prisoners of war and sick and elderly people. Rather the exception were deliveries directly to the DZVaLL, which were then available for joint campaigns, for example in the years 1946-47 for a child nutrition program in large cities in the American zone.

At the request of the Office of Military Government for Germany (US) (OMGUS), CRALOG also took on special projects, such as the distribution of donated insulin for the care of diabetes patients , and was also included in re- education programs to reorganize democratic life in Germany involved. Kreider mentions start-up assistance for the neighborhood homes in Darmstadt and Frankfurt, which were initiated by the Quakers and are in the tradition of the settlement movement .

According to Kreider, in 1947, after CRALOG had also started work in the other western occupation zones, 28% of all deliveries went to the American zone. The heavily populated British zone received the largest share. In total, "by the end of CRALOG's activities in 1962 [..] over 300,000 t of relief supplies with a value of more than DM 750 million came to Germany, the bulk of them in the first five post-war years and to the three western occupation zones". According to Kreider, in the early years these were mainly flour, grain, powdered milk, canned vegetables, canned milk, canned meat, soybeans and fats. Compared to the quantity of goods delivered by CRALOG, the scope of the aid deliveries by CARE seems quite modest. For the period up to 1960, Sommer names 83,000 t of aid goods with a value of around DM 350 million at the time. That CARE still enjoys a legendary reputation to this day, while the work of CRALOG has largely disappeared from the public's awareness, says Sommer:

“The starting point for this was that the receipt of a larger amount of high-quality food and luxury items, as they were included in every package in the initial phase of the CARE program, in view of the existential plight of the great majority of the German population in the first post-war years, would undoubtedly appear to be one 'Wunders', although the high exchange value of certain parcels such as cigarettes, coffee and chocolate on the black market may have played a role. In addition, CARE made every effort from the beginning to present its package program and the philosophy behind it, according to its own understanding, of help from 'person to person', especially in the recipient countries, in the right light. "

- Karl-Ludwig Sommer : HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , pp. 11–12

Critical assessments of the CRALOG

CRALOG as an instrument in the emerging Cold War has already been discussed above. But Sommer reported both rival interests between the American donor organizations and between the German aid organizations, whereby he assumed that the church aid organizations in particular "operationalize the distribution of aid supplies specifically for denominational purposes". These points of criticism are also echoed in the statements made by some CRALOG representatives.

Noel Field's review

Noel Field , who was USC representative in the CRALOG from May to November 1946 and initially worked from Stuttgart and later in Berlin, saw the CRALOG's options for political action severely restricted by the control of the military. He points out the differences between the individual aid organizations that were active in post-war Germany:

“To avoid confusion, it must be emphasized that CRALOG was only responsible for helping the German population. The aid to the non-German refugees (especially from the camps) was subordinate to the aid organization of the ' United Nations ' - UNRRA , later IRO . The children's homes managed by USC in the British zone had nothing to do with CRALOG, [were] independent of the military authorities. "

- Noel Field : Quoted from The Noel Field Case: Key Figure of the Show Trials in Eastern Europe , Volume 1 (Prison Years)

One of these children's homes addressed by Field is likely to have been the Auermühle near Dedelstorf in Lower Saxony. This facility, which Marianne Welter looked after on behalf of the USC in 1948/49, was a former UNRRA children's home for foreign children who were taken up without parents, including many children of deceased forced laborers.

Hermann Ebeling's assessment of the CRALOG work

Hermann Ebeling , who emigrated to the USA, acted as a further liaison between USC and CRALOG . After serving in the US Army from 1946 to 1949, he was Assistant Director of the USC and worked in Mainz as CRALOG representative for the French zone of occupation in 1946/1947 . On the occasion of his return to the USA, he wrote a Final Report on Mission in Germany for the USC in September 1947 , in which he described some difficulties in his work. His experiences are shaped by the hunger winter of 1946/47 and the division of Germany as a result of the Potsdam Agreement .

"It is not just my personal belief, it is an absolute certainty, which is shared by more and more people in responsible positions, that Germany, as it emerged from the Potsdam Agreement, has been divided, cut off from its main agricultural areas, with countless millions of destitute people Displaced people who have been driven into the already overcrowded western zones will never be able to support themselves, unless either many, many millions are allowed to emigrate or will die and thus create space and livelihoods for the survivors, or the Potsdam people Agreement is canceled and displaced persons are allowed to return to where they originally came from. "

- Hermann Ebeling : Inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report

Since he does not believe in any such solutions in the near future, his focus is on how the consequences of a terrible and almost hopeless situation can be mitigated to the best of our ability. It is his duty to plan for the future, and this duty also applies to the organization he has worked for up to now: CRALOG.

Ebeling begins by describing difficulties that he had to contend with in his CRALOG work. A major point of criticism concerns the cooperation with the German partner organizations, the Evangelical Aid Organization and Caritas . He attested to them on the one hand a lot of goodwill and efficient work, on the other hand also sectarianism ("secretarianism"), which had shown in Rheinhessen, for example, that the Evangelical Relief Organization made a proposal for joint care of returning prisoners of war and displaced persons by insisting on complete Destroyed independence.

Ebeling's main problem, however, is the public non-perception or incorrect perception of the CRALOG work. Not least on the name (and even more on its long form) he attributed it to the fact that “CRALOG actions are not deeply rooted in the consciousness of the German people; often they think that we are Quakers (although the Quakers send only part, albeit a substantial percentage, of the CRALOG goods) ”. In addition, the German partner organizations would also like to conceal the fact that the aid they distributed were of American origin. He takes credit for himself that he counteracted such tendencies through active journalistic work and that “CRALOG is a well-known and established institution in Rheinhessen today”. On the one hand, he considers the fact that German organizations are involved between donors and recipients of aid goods to be efficient, but on the other hand, it often creates a false image, because it would reduce America's importance as a donor and make German actors the most important donor. This hampers personal relationships between true givers and recipients. “This is why CARE is so much more popular in Germany than CRALOG.” To counteract this, Ebeling suggests that the German authorities should emphasize much more that CRALOG is the donor of what they have to distribute. In addition, he advocates a large number of measures to strengthen the personal relationships of the Germans with the donors of the relief goods. As a positive example, he refers to the early twinning between Crailsheim and Worthington (Minnesota) and suggests further German-American sponsorships for special groups of needy people, such as schoolchildren, war invalids, orphans, innocent war victims, displaced persons and the elderly. As with CARE, he considered it sensible to “develop a CRALOG parcel service from individual to individual that should be established in Germany itself due to the lower labor costs”.

According to Ebeling, there are three reasons for strengthening the CRALOG work:
"- Religious reasons - those who live in unbelievable misery should be helped" in the name of Christ ";
- Humanitarian Reasons - it is the American belief that basically "all human beings are created equal" and consequently no human being should starve to death in any part of the world while there is abundance in other parts.
- Political reasons"

Ebeling considers the first two reasons for the addressees of his report, the USC, to be self-explanatory, the third he explains more broadly:

“During my relief mission in Germany, it became increasingly clear to me that CRALOG aid also has enormous political significance, whether we want it or not. While the Germans have so far been astonishingly reticent, patient and moderate in their political decisions under the given circumstances of terrible misery - tending towards democracy rather than towards extremist solutions - it is inevitable that a protracted period of starvation or starvation will bring them drives to extremes. Only dictatorial totalitarianism can benefit from persistent misery. Democratic teachings will hardly be anchored in the minds of Germans if their stomachs are permanently empty. Friendliness, understanding and serious willingness to help are not just sentimentalities and a mockery for "realists", they are realities that count when shaping a new Germany. In this regard, the twenty or so CRALOG men have done better and more effective reeducation work than a whole regiment of young police officers. It is gratifying that the American government has understood this point of view and has vigorously given up the old "hard peace" policy: Peace should be neither hard nor soft, it should be just, just peace. It is wonderful that CRALOG agencies are doing the religiously and humanely decent thing and at the same time acting politically wisely. "

- Hermann Ebeling : Inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report
Postage stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost (1963) : "Germany thanks CRALOG and CARE"

Ebeling is convinced that even more can and must be done in the future to give Germany strength. He is betting on a change in American policy towards Germany and hopes that this will result in more Americans being ready to help the former enemy. "This is also a by-product of the CRALOG work, that we have helped to reduce hatred and restore moral values ​​of which Americans are rightly proud."

Commemoration

On February 9, 1963, a print run of 30,000,000 copies was issued by the Deutsche Bundespost with a value of 0.20 DM. The motif of the stamp shows two adults handing a gift package over a child. The text reads: Germany thanks CRALOG and CARE .

swell

literature

  • Karl-Ludwig Sommer: HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP - CARE, CRALOG and German-American relations after the end of the Second World War [= publications from the State Archives of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen Volume 63], Bremen 1999, ISBN 978-3-925729 -28-7 .
  • Kaete O'Connell: 'Washington, DC, 1946: Humanitarian Food Relief for Occupied Germany' , in: Online Atlas on the History of Humanitarianism and Human Rights, edited by Fabian Klose, Marc Palen, Johannes Paulmann, and Andrew Thompson. This essay is related to O'Connell's 2019 dissertation. Kaete O'Connell: Weapon of War, Tool of Peace: US Food Diplomacy in Postwar Germany , Temple University Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2019.

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Karl-Ludwig Sommer: HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , p. 11
  2. The US Army In The Occupation of Germany 1944-1946 by Earl F. Ziemke Footnotes to Chapter 23, further referenced: (1) Memo, European Section Theater Group, OPD, for L & LD, sub: Establishment of Civilian Director of Relief, 8 Dec 45, in OPD, ABC 336 (sec. IV) (cases 155-). (2) OMGUS, Control Office, Hist Br, History of US Military Government in Germany, Public Welfare, 9 Jul 46, in OMGUS 21-3 / 5.
  3. "they might tend to negate the policy of restricting the German standard of living to the average of the surrounding European nations"
  4. ^ "Sending CARE packages to individuals was prohibited until June 5, 1946". (also from the aforementioned source)
  5. Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley, eds. "Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe" ISBN 0-88033-995-0 . Chapter by Richard Dominic Wiggers, "The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II" pp. 282,283; also with reference to HST / Andrews / 30; Testimony from Mr. GV Gaevernitz, US Senate, Judiciary, A Bill to Amend the Trading with the Enemy Act, June 18, 1946.
  6. ^ "Starvation is not the dramatic thing one so often reads and imagines ... of people in mobs crying for food and falling over in the streets. The starving… those who are dying never say anything and one rarely sees them. They first become listless and weak, they react quickly to cold and chills, they sit staring in their rooms or lie listlessly in their beds ... one day they just die. The doctor usually diagnoses malnutrition and complications resulting therefrom. Old women and kids usually die first because they are weak and are unable to get out and scrounge for the extra food it takes to live. It is pretty hard for an American who has lacked enough food to become ravenously hungry perhaps only once or twice in a lifetime to understand what real starvation is. "
  7. Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley, eds. "Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe" ISBN 0-88033-995-0 . Chapter by Richard Dominic Wiggers, "The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II" p.282,283 further referred to: Kenneth S. Wherry, United States Senate, Committee on Appropriations, to the President, 4 January 1946, HST / WHOF / B1272
  8. "(...) the food situation (...) presents a picture of such frightful horror as to stagger the imagination, evidence which increasingly marks the United States as an accomplice in a terrible crime against humanity." German translation: "(...) The food situation (...) shows a picture of such terrible horror that it shakes the imagination and proves that the United States is complicit in a terrible crime against humanity."
  9. Karl-Ludwig Sommer: HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , p. 69
  10. Kaete O'Connell: 'Washington, DC, 1946: Humanitarian Food Relief for Occupied Germany' : "Food aid to Germany underscored America's humanitarian obligations and generated good publicity, swaying public opinion on the homefront and in the former Empire at a critical moment in the early Cold War. "
  11. Karl-Ludwig Sommer: HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , p. 20
  12. ^ Robert Kreider: CRALOG
  13. ^ Encyclopedia of the Mennonites
  14. Kreider speaks of 15 organizations in his report, nine of which he declares to be “principal shipping agencies”. The following table does not include the Committee on Christian Science Wartime Activities of the Mother Church and the War Relief Services - National Catholic Welfare Conference . (Robert Kreider: CRALOG )
  15. The corresponding documents are in the Federal Archives, holdings BArch Z 1
  16. This organization is probably a committee of the Christian Science founded by Mary Baker Eddy .
  17. ^ Church World Service Records, 1925-1969 , p. 2: History
  18. The Labor League for Human Rights was founded in 1938 and was the arm of the AFL in the fight against totalitarianism. ( Geert van Goethem: The Amsterdam International. The World of the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU), 1913-1945 on Google Books). Its senior staff included George Meany William Green and Matthew Woll .
  19. Compare the article in the English WIKIPEDIA: en: Lutheran World Relief .
  20. ^ The National CIO Community Service Committee , founded in 1941, was the counterpart of the CIO (union) to the Labor League for Human Rights of the AFL. ( Robert H. Zieger: The CIO, 1935-1955 on Google Books.)
  21. For the background of this organization see the article in the English WIKIPEDIA: en: National Catholic Welfare Council . It is the umbrella organization of the Catholic welfare and education associations in the USA, founded in 1919.
  22. Karl-Ludwig Sommer: HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , p. 121
  23. Unless other sources are named, the following presentation follows Kreider's comments. For their critical assessment see below under Sources .
  24. Karl-Ludwig Sommer: HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS A BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , p. 121
  25. Karl-Ludwig Sommer: HUMANITARIAN FOREIGN AID AS BRIDGE TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP , p. 183 ff. There he devotes a separate chapter to the subject of self-interest and 'self-service' of German associations in the distribution of aid .
  26. Bernd-Rainer Barth, Werner Schweizer (ed.): The case of Noel Field: Key figure of the show trials in Eastern Europe , Volume 1, BasisDruck, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-86163-102-4 , p. 326. The editors refer to there a 33-page report by Fields dated November 9, 1946: Report on Journey through American Zone of Germany on behalf of CRALOG Mission. August 16 to October 15, 1946 (the report is in the Fields estate in Budapest).
  27. ^ Reference on Google Books
  28. ↑ For more on this home see: Iris Helbing: “Poland's lost children. The search and repatriation of kidnapped Polish children after 1945 ” , dissertation at the Faculty of Cultural Studies at the European University Viadrina , Frankfurt (Oder) 2015, p. 154 ff. A report related to Welter's work is quoted by Sara Fieldston: Raising the World , p . 252 (Note 16)
  29. "It is not only my personal belief, it is an absolute certainty shared by more and more people in responsible positions that Germany such as emerged from the Potsdam agreement, partioned, with her main agricultural areas cut off, with countless millions of destitute expellees driven into the already overcrowded Western zones, will never be able to support herself unless either many, many millions are allowed to emigrate, or will thus providing space and living opportunity for the survivors, or the Potsdam agreement will be revoked and the expellees allowed to return whence they originally came. "
  30. "It was the Ev. Auxiliary which brought to naught a proposal, put forth by Public Welfare for Rhine-Hesse, for the common care for returning POWs and expellees by its insistance on entire independence. "(inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report )
  31. "Up to this moment CRALOG action has not been rooted deep enough in the mind of the German people; often they think that we are Quakers (while the Quakers send only a part even though e considerable percentage, of CRALOG goods). "(Inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report )
  32. "On the whole I may say that CRALOG is now a well known and established institution in the region of Rhine-Hesse." (Holdings BArch N 1374/24: Final Report )
  33. ^ "This is why CARE is so much more popular in Germany than CRALOG." (Inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report )
  34. On the website of the city of Crailsheim it says: "The partnership with Worthington in the state of Minnesota in the USA has existed since 1947. This makes it the oldest German-American partnership." ( City partnership Crailsheim - Worthington )
  35. "Eventually it would be worthwhile to develop a CRALOG parcel service from individual to individual, to be established in Germany itself because of the lower cost of labor." (Inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report )
  36. There are three reasons for which CRALOG help in general or agency sponsored projects for Germany should be stepped up: Religious reasons - those living in incredible misery should be helped "in the Name of Christ"; Humanitarian reasons - it is the American belief that basically "all men are created equal" and consequently no man should starve to death in any part of the world while there is still abundance in other parts; Political reasons (inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report )
  37. “During my relief mission in Germany it became ever clearer to me that CRALOG help has also a tremendous political implication, whether we want it or not. While so far the Germans have been, under the prevailing circumstances of dire misery, astonishingly subdued, patient, and in their political decisions moderate - tending towards democracy rather than to extremist solutions - it is unavoidable that a protracted hunger or starvation period will drive them to extremes. Only a dictatorial totalitarianism can profit from a prolonged misery. Democratic teachings will hardly take roots in the minds of the Germans when their stomachs are permanently empty. Kindliness, understanding and a serious willingness to help are not more sentimentalities and a laugh for "realists", they are realities that count in the shaping of a new Germany. In this respect the twenty or so CRALOG men have done a better and more effective job of education than a whole regiment of young constabularies. It is gratifying that the American government has come to understand this point of view and has energetically abandoned the old "hard peace" policy: for peace should be neither hard nor soft, it should be just or just peace. It is wonderful that CRALOG agencies are doing the religiously and humanly decent thing while acting at the same time in a politically wise manner. "(Inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report )
  38. "This too is byproduct of CRALOG work, that we have helped to abate hatred and to re-establish moral values ​​of which Americans are so rightly proud." (Inventory BArch N 1374/24: Final Report )
  39. ^ Postage stamp: Germany thanks CRALOG and CARE
  40. More on Robert Kreider: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online (GAMEO): Kreider, Robert Stanford (1919-2015)
  41. ^ Ted Regehr: Review of My Early Years

See also