CarbFix

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The Hellisheiði geothermal power plant is the location of the original CarbFix project, which injected around 200 tons of CO 2 underground and fixed it as stable carbonate minerals.

Carbfix is a CCS project, in which CO 2 and along with other acid gases such as H 2 S dissolved in water in the underground compressed is where the gases in the rock mineralize and stored as permanently chemically stable minerals. Work on developing this process began in 2007. Since 2020, Carbfix has been a subsidiary of Reykjavik Energy.

In 2017, the CarbFix2 project began to separate the CO 2 from the ambient air using the direct air capture process. Before the beginning, the effect was used that hot water can bind less CO 2 than cold water .

Carbfix was started jointly by Icelandic President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson , Einar Gunnlaugsson from Reykjavík Energy, Wallace S. Broecker from Columbia University, Eric H. Oelkers from CNRS Toulouse and Sigurður Reynir Gíslason at the University of Iceland to limit greenhouse gas emissions in Iceland. The initial funding for Carbfix was provided by Reykjavik Energy. Additional funds were made available by the European Commission and the US Department of Energy to train scientists in addition to the search for a new method of permanent carbon dioxide storage.

After years of preliminary experimental and field characterization, around 200 tons of CO 2 were injected into the underground basalts in 2012 . The research results published in 2016 showed that 95% of the injected CO 2 was solidified into calcite . The 200 tons of CO 2 were pumped into the ground within two years using 25 tons of water per ton of CO 2 . Since then, this chemically successful approach to storing carbon in Hellisheiði has been further developed. The storage process is also being researched and tested at other locations in Europe.

Calcite water-rock interaction formed in basalt due to CO 2 at the CarbFix site. Photo credit: Sandra Ósk Snæbjörnsdóttir

The Carbfix approach

CO 2 is obtained either from flue gas / power plant exhaust gases or directly from the atmosphere by dissolving in water. The now carbonated water is pressed into the ground and reacts there with the calcium and magnesium compounds present in the rock .

Thus, in many rocks silicate - minerals available from these elements, such. B. in basalt . An example reaction could be:

As a result, CO 2 is bound without dangerous by-products.

Demonstration systems

Demo systems show that, under favorable circumstances, the storage process can be managed with comparatively low costs. For example, at the Hellisheiði geothermal power plant , where u. a. Highly concentrated carbon dioxide is produced, which can also be stored directly on site in suitable rock, results in storage costs of approx. 25 USD per ton.

This project started in 2012 with the injection of carbon. Funding was provided by the University of Iceland , University of Columbia , France's National Center for Scientific Research , the United States Department of Energy , the EU , Nordic Funds and Reykjavik Energy.

These funding sources include the European Union's research and innovation program for Horizon 2020 under grant agreements nos. 764760 and 764810. The European Commission runs the CarbFix projects under EC coordinated action number 283148, Min-GRO (MC-RTN-35488), Delta -Min (PITN-GA-2008-215360) and the CO2-REACT (EC project 317235). Nordic Fund 11029-NORDICCS; the Icelandic GEORG Geothermal Research Fund (09-02-001) to SRG and Reykjavik Energy; and the US Department of Energy under number DE-FE0004847.

Other plants (worldwide)

  • At Wallula by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ( PNNL ).

Challenges

This approach requires a lot of water and the presence of carbonated reactive rocks, which are not available in all locations.

In the vicinity of the s Hengill volcanic system , there was a swarm of smaller earthquakes caused by the pressing of the water. As of September 13, 2011, 250 quakes were reported.

At the World Geothermal Congress 2010 it was reported that the injection of water at Hellisheiði leads to induced seismicity , i.e. man-made earthquakes.

status

Carbfix was started at Hellisheiði geothermal power plant from June 2014 as part of the European Commission funded CarbFix2 project . CarbFix2 is designed to capture all of the hydrogen sulfide and most of the carbon dioxide produced by the power plant. From 2018, 68% of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and 34% of CO 2 were dissolved in water and injected into basalt rocks to a depth of 750 meters underground. The results show that the majority of these compressed gases are fixed in the form of stable mineral phases in less than a year. Further work in the course of the CarbFix2 project, which went into operation in 2017, focused on the direct capture of CO 2 from the atmosphere (DAC) for its underground mineralization.

Carbfix is ​​currently led by three Scientific Directors: Sigurður Reynir Gíslason from the University of Iceland, Eric H. Oelkers from CNRS Toulouse and Edda Sif Aradóttir from Reykjavik Energy. Current efforts are aimed at generalizing the Carbfix process in part by using seawater for CO 2 so that the method could be used worldwide.

The Carbfix approach is currently being used in four new locations in Europe as part of the EU-funded GECO project.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ingvi Gunnarsson, Edda S. Aradóttir, Eric H. Oelkers, Deirdre E. Clark, Magnús Þór Arnarson, Bergur Sigfússon, Sandra Ó. Snæbjörnsdóttir, Juerg M. Matter, Martin Stute, Bjarni M. Júliusson, Sigurður R. Gíslason: The rapid and cost-effective capture and subsurface mineral storage of carbon and sulfur at the CarbFix2 site . In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control . 79, December 2018, pp. 117–126. doi : 10.1016 / j.ijggc.2018.08.014 .
  2. ↑ Our story | Carbfix. In: Carbfix. Reykjavik Energy, 2020, accessed July 17, 2020 .
  3. ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610218301462?via%3Dihub
  4. ↑ Sigurður R. Gíslason, Holmfridur Sigurðardóttir, Edda Sif Aradóttir, Eric H. Oelkers: A brief history of CarbFix: Challenges and victories of the project's pilot phase . In: Energy Procedia . 146, July 2018, pp. 103-114. doi : 10.1016 / j.egypro.2018.07.014 .
  5. ^ That CO2 warming the world: Lock it in a rock . Retrieved October 11, 2011. 
  6. ↑ a b Juerg M. Matter, Martin Stute, Sandra O. Snæbjörnsdottir, Eric H. Oelkers, Sigurdur R. Gislason, Edda S. Aradottir, Bergur Sigfusson, Ingvi Gunnarsson, Holmfridur Sigurdardottir, Einar Gunnlaugsson, Gudni Axelsson: Rapid carbon mineralization for permanent disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions . In: Science . 352, June 10, 2016, pp. 1312-1314. doi : 10.1126 / science.aad8132 .
  7. ↑ Scientists turn carbon dioxide into stone to combat global warming . In: The Verge . Vox Media. June 10, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
  8. ↑ Michael Le Page: CO 2 injected deep underground turns to rock - and stays there (en-US) . In: New Scientist , June 9, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2017. 
  9. ↑ Eric H. Oelkers, Sigurdur R. Gislason, Juerg M. Matter: Mineral Carbonation of CO2 . In: Elements . 4, No. 5, October 1, 2008, ISSN  1811-5209 , pp. 333-337. doi : 10.2113 / gselements.4.5.333 .
  10. ↑ Ingvi Gunnarsson, Edda S. Aradóttir, Eric H. Oelkers, Deirdre E. Clark, Magnús Þór Arnarson, Bergur Sigfússon, Sandra Ó. Snæbjörnsdóttir, Juerg M. Matter, Martin Stute, Bjarni M. Júliusson, Sigurður R. Gíslason: The rapid and cost-effective capture and subsurface mineral storage of carbon and sulfur at the CarbFix2 site . In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control . 79, December 2018, pp. 117–126. doi : 10.1016 / j.ijggc.2018.08.014 .
  11. ↑ Carbfix project - from gas to rock - GREBE Project ( en-US ) In: GREBE project, European Union . February 19, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  12. ↑ Bergur Sigfusson, Sigurður R. Gíslason, Juerg M. Matter, Martin Stute, Einar Gunnlaugsson, Ingvi Gunnarsson, Edda S. Aradóttir, Holmfriður Sigurðardóttir, Kiflom Mesfin, Helgi A. Alfredsson, Domenik Wolff-Beonisch: Solving the carbon-dioxideancy challenge: The design and field testing of a dissolved CO2 injection system . In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control . 37, June 2015, pp. 213-219. doi : 10.1016 / j.ijggc.2015.02.022 .
  13. ^ Iceland's Hellisheidi prepares to start injection at the carbon storage project . September 9, 2011. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved on September 16, 2011. 
  14. ↑ https://www.stripes.com/climate-change-solution-scientists-turn-carbon-emissions-into-rock-1.440234
  15. ↑ https://www.nature.com/news/pilot-projects-bury-carbon-dioxide-in-basalt-1.13459
  16. ^ Water pumping causes tremor (Icelandic) . September 13, 2011. 
  17. ↑ Orkuveitan framkallar jarðskjálfta í Henglinum (Icelandic) . February 21, 2011. 
  18. ^ Human made earthquakes in Hengill volcano . February 21, 2011.
  19. ^ Geothermal Reinjection at the Hengill Triple Junction, SW Iceland . Retrieved on September 27, 2011 Template: dead link /! ... nourl ( page no longer available )
  20. ↑ [1]