Cenococcum geophilum
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Drawing of the Sclerotia by James Sowerby (1803), then still called Lycoperdon graniformis . |
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| Cenococcum geophilum | ||||||||||||
| Fr. |
Cenococcum geophilum , Syn . : Cenococcum graniforme , is a sac fungus from the class of the Dothideomycetes . It is the only representative of the genus Cenococcum and belongs to the Fungi imperfecti . The fungus forms ectomycorrhizae with a variety of woody plants and can be found in almost all soil types and climates ; in many cases it creates the conditions for colonization of nutrient-poor ecosystems by pioneers .
Cenococcum geophilum is one of the most widespread mycorrhizal fungi and forms a symbiosis with a large number of trees . In many cases, this creates the prerequisites for the settlement of sites by the corresponding tree species. Although it was described as Lycoperdon graniformis by James Sowerby as early as 1800 , the exact taxonomic location of the species has not yet been fully clarified.
features
Macroscopic features
As a representative of the Fungi imperfecti, Cenococcum geophilum has no fruiting bodies. The fungus forms only oval, about 1 mm long, black, stiff hyphae at the root tips, from where they run in all directions. The dark, spherical sclerotia that are found in the populated soil are typical of the fungus .
Microscopic features
The coat of the mycorrhiza is four to six cells thick (27–35 µm). The cells of the outermost layer have strongly thickened cell walls, cells underneath have walls 0.1–0.15 µm thick. The mycelium of Cenococcum geophilum has no buckles or septa (partitions between the hyphae segments).
ecology
Cenococcum geophilum sometimes forms ectomycorrhizae with plants, whose preferred association is endomycorrhizae , such as the common juniper ( Juniperus communis ) and Pinus edulis . In total, Cenococcum was found in over 200 species from 40 different genera.
Cenococcum geophilum , as the specific epithet already suggests ( ancient Greek γῆ gē "earth" and φίλος philos "loving, devoted"), does not place high demands on the culture medium or the climate. The fungus can colonize soils of almost all pH values , moisture contents and climatic zones. He thus fulfills an important role as a pioneer . Especially arid areas can be colonized by comparatively demanding wood plants, especially since the fungus can grow in arctic, temperate and subtropical climates.
According to current knowledge, reproduction takes place purely asexually . The fungus does not reproduce via spores , but apparently only spreads via division and the transport of sclerotia .
distribution
The exact range of Cenococcum geophilum is difficult to determine, but it is likely that the fungus, which was originally native to the northern hemisphere , also colonized large parts of the temperate climatic zones south of the equator. Since Cenococcum geophilum is not tied to any particular tree species, the fungus can basically colonize all temperate or subalpine regions of the world. In the southern hemisphere it probably became at home through the planting of North American and European trees in plantations , but it is apparently spreading and also taking on native plants as mycorrhizal partners.
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Initial description and system
Cenococcum geophilum was first described in 1800 by James Sowerby in his illustrated book Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms under the name Lycoperdon graniformis , but not in a valid form. Elias Magnus Fries finally put the species in its own genus in 1829 as Cenococcum geophilum .
Beyond the genus level, however, the taxonomic position remained unclear, which was mainly due to the absence of fruiting bodies, on the basis of which the fungus could have been identified. Even today, the species is not assigned to any family or order . Suspicions that it is at geophilum Cenococcum only the anamorphic a truffle from the kind Elaphomyces could act turned out to be incorrect: Cenococcum is relatively isolated within the department of the hose mushrooms (Ascomycota). The species shows no close relationship to fungi with teleomorphs , it has the greatest commonalities in the genome with the members of the Loculoascomycetes , of which, however, none of the species forms mycorrhiza. In 2012 the species was finally placed in the Gloniaceae family , whose representatives otherwise live saprobically .
In contrast to what would be expected for a species with such a large area of distribution and such a broad spectrum of mycorrhizal partners, Cenococcum geophilum is actually a single species with extremely low genetic variations. In addition to asexual reproduction, this is probably due to the fact that the ITS regions of the fungus are extremely short and the variability is limited.
References
literature
- Katherine F. LoBuglio, Mary L. Berbee, John W. Taylor: Phylogenetic Origins of the Asexual Mycorrhizal Symbiont Cenococcum geophilum Fr. and Other Mycorrhizal Fungi among the Ascomycetes . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6 (2), 1996, pp. 287-294.
- CD Pigott: Fine structure of Cenococcum mycorrhizas on Tilia. In: New Phytologist 92, 1982. pp. 501-512.
- Mari L. Shinohara, Katherine F. LoBuglio, Scott O. Rogers: Comparison of ribosomal DNA ITS regions among geographic isolates of Cenococcum geophilum. In: Current Genetics 35, 1999. pp. 527-535.
- James M. Trappe: Fungus Associates of Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae . In: Botanical Review 28 (4), 1962, pp. 538-606.
- James M. Trappe: Mycorrhizal Hosts and Distribution of Cenococcum graniforme. In: Lloydia 27 (2), June 1964, pp. 100-107.
Web links
- Cenococcum geophilum www.investigadoresacg.org (picture gallery)
- Cenococcum geophilum in the Fungorum index
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cenococcum geophilum www.investigadoresacg.org. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
- ^ CD Pigott: Fine structure of Cenococcum mycorrhizas on Tilia. In: New Phytologist 92, 1982. pp. 505-509.
- ↑ a b James M. Trappe: Mycorrhizal Hosts and Distribution of Cenococcum graniforme . In: Lloydia 27 (2), June 1964, pp. 100-107.
- ↑ a b Katherine F. LoBuglio, Mary L. Berbee, John W. Taylor: Phylogenetic Origins of the Asexual Mycorrhizal Symbiont Cenococcum geophilum Fr. and Other Mycorrhizal Fungi among the Ascomycetes . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6 (2), 1996, pp. 287-294.
- ↑ a b Index Fungorum.Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ↑ Murray Moo-Young et al. a .: The Principles, Applications and Regulations of Biotechnology in Industry, Agriculture and Medicine. World Bank Publications, 1985. ISBN 0080325092 , p. 118.
- ↑ Spatafora, JW, Owensby, CA, Douhan, GW, Boehm, EW, & Schoch, CL (2012). Phylogenetic placement of the ectomycorrhizal genus Cenococcum in Gloniaceae (Dothideomycetes). Mycologia, 104 (3), 758-765. On-line
- ↑ Mari L. Shinohara, Katherine F. LoBuglio, Scott O. Rogers: Comparison of ribosomal DNA ITS regions among geographic isolates of Cenococcum geophilum. In: Current Genetics 35, 1999. pp. 527-535.