Blackish knapweed

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Blackish knapweed
Blackish knapweed (Centaurea nigrescens subsp.nigrescens)

Centaurea nigrescens
( Centaurea nigrescens subsp. Nigrescens )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Carduoideae
Tribe : Cynareae
Genre : Knapweed ( Centaurea )
Type : Blackish knapweed
Scientific name
Centaurea nigrescens
Willd.

The blackish knapweed ( Centaurea nigrescens ) is a species of the genus knapweed ( Centaurea ) within the sunflower family (Asteraceae).

description

Illustration from JH Jaume Saint-Hilaire: La flore et la pomone francaises. Volume 3, 1830, plate 244: upper plant part, 1 basal leaf, 2 outer bract, 3 inner bract, 4 outer tubular flower, 5 inner tubular flower

Vegetative characteristics

The blackish knapweed is a perennial herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 30 and 100, rarely up to 150 centimeters. The angular stem is bare and divided into a few leafy branches from the middle.

The lower leaves are petiolate, lanceolate and pinnately lobed or undivided. The upper ones sit more or less directly on the stem.

Generative characteristics

The flowering time is mainly in the months of July to September. The individual, cup-shaped inflorescences are covered by the uppermost leaves. The blackish, regularly fringed outer bracts are more or less triangular. The inner ones can - depending on the subspecies - also be rounded. They are more or less strongly pressed and do not cover the inner, greenish appendages, so that the shell appears black and green as a result. There are 40 to over 100 tubular flowers in the flower heads . The tubular flowers are purple in color.

The brownish-gray achenes are 2.5 to 3 millimeters long and rarely have a few pappus bristles .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22 or 44.

Distribution and location requirements

Centaurea nigrescens occurs mainly in southern and southeastern Europe. It is a sub- Mediterranean floral element . It is native to France, Italy, Central Europe, the Balkans, Romania and Turkey. Centaurea nigrescens is a neophyte in North America, Argentina, and Australia .

From the rich in forms and still insufficiently researched type Centaurea nigrescens are available in Central Europe, the three subspecies: Actual Centaurea nigrescens ( Centaurea nigrescens subsp. Nigrescens ), Southern Centaurea nigrescens ( Centaurea nigrescens subsp. Transalpina ) and Bohinj Centaurea nigrescens ( Centaurea nigrescens subsp. Vochinensis ) . In Germany, the black knapweed is seldom found, especially in the central and western regions. B. in the Nahe valley and in the Upper Rhine area. In Austria Centaurea nigrescens occurs scattered and is probably represented in three subspecies. In Switzerland, the black knapweed is only found widespread in the south. In addition, it is very rare.

Centaurea nigrescens grows in Central Europe both in fat meadows and in drier lawn communities. It prefers more or less dry, warm, nutrient-rich and heavy soils. It is a character species of the Arrhenatherion association, but also occurs in plant communities of the Mesobromion or Molinion associations.

Systematics

Centaurea nigrescens was first published in 1803 by Carl Ludwig von Willdenow . Synonyms for Centaurea nigrescens Willd. are: Jacea nigrescens (Willd.) Soják , Centaurea dubia subsp. nigrescens (Willd.) Hayek , Centaurea jacea subsp. nigrescens (Willd.) Čelak. , Centaurea pratensis subsp. nigrescens (Willd.) P. Fourn.

According to Euro + Med, the following subspecies can be distinguished, here with their distribution areas:

  • Centaurea nigrescens subsp. neapolitana (Boiss.) Dostál (Syn .: Centaurea neapolitana Boiss. , Jacea neapolitana (Boiss.) Holub , Centaurea spathulata Ten. ): It occurs only in Italy.
  • Actual blackish knapweed ( Centaurea nigrescens Willd. Subsp. Nigrescens ): It occurs in Italy, Austria, Hungary, on the Balkan Peninsula and in Romania.
  • Centaurea nigrescens subsp. pinnatifida (Fiori) Dostál : It occurs only in Italy.
  • Centaurea nigrescens subsp. ramosa Gugler : It occurs in France and Italy.
  • Centaurea nigrescens subsp. smolinensis (Hayek) Dostál (Syn .: Centaurea smolinensis Hayek , Jacea smolinensis (Hayek) Holub , Centaurea dubia subsp. smolinensis (Hayek) Hayek ): This endemic occurs only in Bosnia and Herzegovina .
  • Southern Centaurea nigrescens ( Centaurea nigrescens subsp. Transalpina (DC.) Nyman , Syn .: Centaurea transalpina DC. , Centaurea jacea subsp. Transalpina (DC.) RCVDouin , Jacea nigrescens subsp. Transalpina . (DC) Soják , Centaurea dubia Suter non SGGmel . ): It occurs in France, Switzerland, Austria and Italy.
  • Wocheiner Centaurea nigrescens ( Centaurea nigrescens subsp. Vochinensis (WDJKoch) Nyman , Centaurea vochinensis Rchb. Nom. Illeg., Centaurea dubia subsp. Vochinensis (WDJKoch) Hayek , Centaurea nigrescens var. Vochinensis W.DJKoch , Centaurea carniolica host , Centaurea rotundifolia (Bartl .) Hayek , Jacea carniolica (host) Holub , Centaurea nigrescens var. Rotundifolia Bartl. ): It occurs in Italy, Slovenia, Austria and Hungary.

literature

  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 2nd, supplemented edition. tape 1 : General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c David J. Keil, Jörg Ochsmann: Centaurea. : Centaurea nigrescens , p. 177 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 .
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  971 .
  3. ^ A b Centaurea nigrescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: Werner Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Datasheet Centaurea nigrescens In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Web links

Commons : Blackish Knapweed ( Centaurea nigrescens )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files