Chargaff rules

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
AT base pairing
GC base pairing

The Chargaff rules describe the base pairing of double-stranded DNA .

properties

The Chargaff rules were drawn up by Erwin Chargaff from 1952 to 1968 . They include the parity (equal number) of nucleobases on both DNA strands between purines and pyrimidines and the parity between adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine .

The Chargaff rules apply to eukaryotic chromosomes , bacterial chromosomes, genomes of double-stranded DNA viruses and archaic chromosomes. They also apply to mtDNA and DNA from plastids . The Chargaff rules do not apply to single-stranded DNA viruses or RNA . Wacław Szybalski showed in the 1960s that there are significantly more A and G than C and T in the genomes of some bacteriophages .

First parity rule

% A =% T and% G =% C

Second parity rule

% A ~% T and% G ~% C, on each of the two single strands.

A validity of the second parity rule has also been postulated for codons :

Codons with T .. are parity with codons with ..A Codons
with C .. are parity with codons with ..G Codons
with .T. are equal to codons with .A.
Codons with .C. are equal to codons with .G.
Codons with ..T are parity with codons with A ..
Codons with ..C are parity with codons with G ..

Relative proportions (%) of the nucleobases in DNA of different species.
A ratio that deviates from the 1: 1 ratio indicates single-stranded DNA, e.g. B. in bacteriophage φX174.

organism % A %G % C % T AT G / C % GC %AT
φX174 24.0 23.3 21.5 31.2 0.77 1.08 44.8 55.2
Corn 26.8 22.8 23.2 27.2 0.99 0.98 46.1 54.0
Octopuses 33.2 17.6 17.6 31.6 1.05 1.00 35.2 64.8
chicken 28.0 22.0 21.6 28.4 0.99 1.02 43.7 56.4
Brown rat 28.6 21.4 20.5 28.4 1.01 1.00 42.9 57.0
human 29.3 20.7 20.0 30.0 0.98 1.04 40.7 59.3
grasshopper 29.3 20.5 20.7 29.3 1.00 0.99 41.2 58.6
sea ​​urchin 32.8 17.7 17.3 32.1 1.02 1.02 35.0 64.9
wheat 27.3 22.7 22.8 27.1 1.01 1.00 45.5 54.4
Baker's yeast 31.3 18.7 17.1 32.9 0.95 1.09 35.8 64.4
E. coli 24.7 26.0 25.7 23.6 1.05 1.01 51.7 48.3

literature

  • Szybalski W, Kubinski H, Sheldrick P: Pyrimidine clusters on the transcribing strands of DNA and their possible role in the initiation of RNA synthesis . In: Cold Spring Harbor NY Symp. Quant Biol . 31, 1966, pp. 123-127. doi : 10.1101 / SQB.1966.031.01.019 . PMID 4966069 .
  • Lobry JR: Asymmetric substitution patterns in the two DNA strands of bacteria . In: Mol. Biol. Evol. . 13, No. 5, 1996, pp. 660-665. doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals.molbev.a025626 . PMID 8676740 .
  • Lafay B, Lloyd AT, McLean MJ, Devine KM, Sharp PM, Wolfe KH: Proteome composition and codon usage in spirochaetes: species-specific and DNA strand-specific mutational biases . In: Nucleic Acids Res . 27, No. 7, 1999, pp. 1642-1649. doi : 10.1093 / nar / 7/27/1642 . PMID 10075995 . PMC 148367 (free full text).
  • McLean MJ, Wolfe KH, Devine KM: Base composition skews, replication orientation, and gene orientation in 12 prokaryote genomes . In: J Mol Evol . 47, No. 6, 1998, pp. 691-696. doi : 10.1007 / PL00006428 . PMID 9847411 .
  • McInerney JO: Replicational and transcriptional selection on codon usage in Borrelia burgdorferi . In: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 95, No. 18, 1998, pp. 10698-10703. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.95.18.10698 . PMID 9724767 . PMC 27958 (free full text).
  • Albrecht-Buehler G: Asymptotically increasing compliance of genomes with Chargaff's second parity rules through inversions and inverted transpositions . In: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 103, No. 47, 2006, pp. 17828-17833. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0605553103 . PMID 17093051 . PMC 1635160 (free full text).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Elson D, Chargaff E: On the deoxyribonucleic acid content of sea urchin gametes . In: Experientia . 8, No. 4, 1952, pp. 143-145. doi : 10.1007 / BF02170221 . PMID 14945441 .
  2. ^ Mitchell D, Bridge R: A test of Chargaff's second rule . In: Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 340, No. 1, 2006, pp. 90-94. doi : 10.1016 / j.bbrc.2005.11.160 . PMID 16364245 .
  3. ↑ Nikolaou C, Almirantis Y: Deviations from Chargaff's second parity rule in organellar DNA. Insights into the evolution of organellar genomes . In: Genes . 381, 2006, pp. 34-41. doi : 10.1016 / j.gene.2006.06.010 . PMID 16893615 .
  4. ↑ Szybalski W, Kubinski H, Sheldrick O: Pyrimidine clusters on the transcribing strand of DNA and their possible role in the initiation of RNA synthesis . In: Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol . 31, 1966, pp. 123-127. doi : 10.1101 / SQB.1966.031.01.019 . PMID 4966069 .
  5. ↑ Cristillo AD: Characterization of G0 / G1 switch genes in cultured T lymphocytes . Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada 1998.
  6. ^ Bell SJ, Forsdyke DR: Deviations from Chargaff's second parity rule correlate with direction of transcription . In: J Theor Biol . 197, No. 1, 1999, pp. 63-76. doi : 10.1006 / jtbi.1998.0858 . PMID 10036208 .
  7. ↑ Lao PJ, Forsdyke DR: Thermophilic Bacteria Strictly Obey Szybalski's Transcription Direction Rule and Politely Purine-Load RNAs with Both Adenine and Guanine . In: Genome . 10, No. 2, 2000, pp. 228-236. doi : 10.1101 / gr.10.2.228 . PMID 10673280 . PMC 310832 (free full text).
  8. ↑ Chargaff E, R Lipshitz, Green C: Composition of the deoxypentose nucleic acids of four genera of sea-urchin . In: J Biol Chem . 195, No. 1, 1952, pp. 155-160. PMID 14938364 .
  9. ^ R Rudner, JD Karkas, E Chargaff: Separation of B. Subtilis DNA into complementary strands. 3. Direct analysis . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 60, No. 3, 1968, pp. 921-2. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.60.3.921 . PMID 4970114 . PMC 225140 (free full text).
  10. ↑ a b Zhang CT, Zhang R, Ou HY: The Z curve database: a graphic representation of genome sequences . In: Bioinformatics . 19, No. 5, 2003, pp. 593-599. doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / btg041 . PMID 12651717 .
  11. ↑ Perez, J.-C .: Codon populations in single-stranded whole human genome DNA are fractal and fine-tuned by the Golden Ratio 1.618 . In: Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Science . 2, No. 3, September 2010, pp. 228-240. doi : 10.1007 / s12539-010-0022-0 . PMID 20658335 .
  12. ↑ Bansal M: DNA structure: Revisiting the Watson-Crick double helix . In: Current Science . 85, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1556-1563.
  13. ↑ Hallin PF, David Ussery D: CBS Genome Atlas Database: A dynamic storage for bioinformatic results and sequence data . In: Bioinformatics . 20, No. 18, 2004, pp. 3682-3686. doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / bth423 . PMID 15256401 .