Cheng Han

Cheng Han ( Chinese 成漢 / 成汉 , Pinyin Chéng Hàn ) was one of the numerous small Chinese states during the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms . It was founded in 306 by Li Xiong (李雄) and destroyed in 347 by a general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty . Its territory was mainly in what is now the Chinese province of Sichuan , the capital was Chengdu , and in its greatest extent it also included areas in what is now Yunnan and Guizhou .

background

The leadership class in Cheng-Han consisted of two groups of very different origins. The first group (including the later imperial family) consisted of immigrants from the Chinese heartland (today's provinces Shaanxi , Shanxi and Hunan ). They had fled the riot at the end of the Western Jin to Sichuan. The second group consisted of extended local families who were resident in Sichuan and traditionally had influence and prestige there.

The cause of the unrest, at the end of which the region declared itself independent, was the efforts of local officials to resolve tensions between immigrants and residents by setting a deadline for the refugees to return to their homes. or they would be forcibly deported. Since the situation in central China had not improved - the central government was still troubled and as weak as ever - it was natural that forced deportation of the refugees should be viewed as a death sentence. In 301 they rebelled against the measure under the leadership of Li Te (李特). The rebellion was an act of desperation that initially had little chance of success. Li Te died in a battle against an army made up of regular Jin soldiers and paramilitary associations of local landowners. His brother and successor Li Liu (李流) died shortly afterwards of an illness.

In 303 the rebels captured the provincial capital Chengdu. The following year, Li Xiong proclaimed himself King of Chengdu. Two years later he proclaimed himself Emperor of Cheng. In 338, Li Shou (李寿), a grandson of Li Te, became the new leader and changed the name of the state from Cheng to Han (which is why the entire dynasty is called Cheng-Han). In 347, Huan Wen (桓温), a general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, began a campaign of conquest against Cheng-Han. Sichuan has always been considered difficult to conquer because of its mountainous terrain. Ultimately, he got to Chengdu. The Jin soldiers were able to occupy the gate of the city and march into the city. The last Cheng Han emperor fled and capitulated.

Emperor of the Cheng-Han

Honorary name	Surname	Temple name	Reign	Remarks
Wu (武帝)	Li Xiong (李雄)	Ancestor Tai (太宗)	304-334	In 304, Li Xiong proclaimed himself King of Chengdu. From November 306 he called himself Kaiser.
Ai (哀帝)	Li Ban (李班)		334	Li Xiong's older brother, killed by Li Qi, had been on the throne for less than six months.
	Li Qi (李期)		334-338	Li Xiong's son, killed Li Ban and set himself emperor. Was deposed by Li Shou and demoted to duke, murdered a little later.
Zhao Wen (昭文帝)	Li Shou (李寿)	Ancestors Zhong (中宗)	338-343	Li Shou was a cousin of Li Qi. After Li Qi's accession to the throne, he was made King of Han. He took advantage of the isolation of Li Qi that Li Qi himself had created through his reign of terror and deposed Li Qi. He changed the name of the state to Han.
	Li Shi (李势)		343-347	After a brief resistance, Li Shi was forced to surrender to the Eastern Jin in 347. He was taken to the Jin capital in Nanjing and died there in 361
↑ The honorary name is the name of the emperor, which he received after his death in honor. This is also the common name of the emperor that most Chinese people know. ↑ The real name (the real name, so to speak) of the emperor. This name is known relatively rarely. According to Chinese tradition, the family name comes first, followed by the first name. ↑ The temple name is given to an emperor posthumously if he is placed as an ancestor in the imperial ancestral temple. Not all Cheng Han emperors have a temple name.

literature

Piero Corradini: The Barbarian States in North China . In: Central Asiatic Journal . tape 50 , no. 2 , January 1, 2006, p. 163-232 , JSTOR : 41928429 (English).

Web links

Шестнадесетте варварски държави. (The sixteen barbaric empires) on bulgari-istoria-2010.com (PDF, from p. 24, with map, source: Lu Caiquan: Chéng hàn 成漢 . In: Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu. Zhongguo Lishi. Chubanshe, Beijing / Shanghai 1992, ISBN 7-5000-0347-1 , pp. 99-100 . )

Individual evidence

↑ Michael Weiers: History of China: Basics of a political national history . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-17-018872-3 , pp. 56-57 ( books.google.de ).
↑ Ulrich Theobald: Cheng-Han Dynasty 成漢. chinaknowledge.de, accessed on November 9, 2016 (English).
↑ Tan Koon San: Dynastic China. An elementary history . The Other Press, 2014, ISBN 978-983-9541-88-5 , pp. 158 , Table Sixteen Kingdoms (English, books.google.de ).
↑ Victor Cunrui Xiong: LI BAN . In: Historical Dictionary of Medieval China . Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md. 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7 , pp. 292 (English, books.google.de ).
↑ ^a ^b Victor Cunrui Xiong: LI QI and LI SHI . In: Historical Dictionary of Medieval China . Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md. 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7 , pp. 301 (English, books.google.de ).
↑ Victor Cunrui Xiong: LI QI . In: Historical Dictionary of Medieval China . Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md. 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7 , pp. 302 (English, books.google.de ).

[3] The honorary name is the name of the emperor, which he received after his death in honor. This is also the common name of the emperor that most Chinese people know.

[4] The real name (the real name, so to speak) of the emperor. This name is known relatively rarely. According to Chinese tradition, the family name comes first, followed by the first name.

[5] The temple name is given to an emperor posthumously if he is placed as an ancestor in the imperial ancestral temple. Not all Cheng Han emperors have a temple name.

[1] Michael Weiers: History of China: Basics of a political national history . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-17-018872-3 , pp. 56-57 ( books.google.de ).

[2] Ulrich Theobald: Cheng-Han Dynasty 成漢. chinaknowledge.de, accessed on November 9, 2016 (English).

[6] Tan Koon San: Dynastic China. An elementary history . The Other Press, 2014, ISBN 978-983-9541-88-5 , pp. 158 , Table Sixteen Kingdoms (English, books.google.de ).

[7] Victor Cunrui Xiong: LI BAN . In: Historical Dictionary of Medieval China . Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md. 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7 , pp. 292 (English, books.google.de ).

[QiShi-8] Victor Cunrui Xiong: LI QI and LI SHI . In: Historical Dictionary of Medieval China . Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md. 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7 , pp. 301 (English, books.google.de ).

[9] Victor Cunrui Xiong: LI QI . In: Historical Dictionary of Medieval China . Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md. 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7 , pp. 302 (English, books.google.de ).