Chondrocladia
Chondrocladia | ||||||||||||
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![]() Chondrocladia lampadiglobus |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Chondrocladia | ||||||||||||
Thomson , 1873 |
Chondrocladia is a genus of carnivorous horned silica sponges of the family Cladorhizidae , which belong to the mycaline Poeciloscleriden . Thegenus Neocladia , which waspreviously synonymous with Chondrocladia , was described as an independent genus in 2008, so that only a part of the species remained in the genus Chondrocladia . So far 33 species have been described within the genus, two other species are known but not yet described. Some species are known so far only in single specimens ( Chondrocladia occulta ), therefore their assignment to the genusChondrocladia unsafe. Sponges of the genus Chondrocladia sit on a stem that is anchored in the ground by a rhizoid . Sometimes their egg-shaped body has branches that end in balls. Fossils that can be assigned to this genus have existed since the Pleistocene . However, since they were mainly found in deep-sea habitats , they could have existed since the Mesozoic , because they have characteristic sclerites (also called microcricorrhea or trochirhabden ), which are known from 200 million year old lower Jurassic formations.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Chondrocladia_turbiformis_isochelae.png)
Diet
The sponges of the genus Chondrocladia became known to the public for their carnivorous diet. This was first found in a newly discovered species that was found during an expedition of the German research vessel Polarstern as part of the Cedamar project. Carnivorous sponges use hooked sclerites to catch small crustaceans . This has been known since the discovery of Asbestopluma hypogea . This sponge was discovered in 1995 in the Mediterranean in coastal caves near the French city of La Ciotat . The carnivorous diet is now considered common and typical in the Cladorhizidae family . Members of the genus Chondrocladia have the collar flagellum cells typical of sponges , but in a form that allows them to develop inflatable, balloon-like structures that are used to capture the prey.
species
The species of the genus Chondrocladia :
- Chondrocladia albatrossi Tendal, 1973
- Chondrocladia amphactis (Schmidt, 1880)
- Chondrocladia antarctica Hentschel, 1914
- Chondrocladia arctica (Hansen, 1885)
- Chondrocladia arenifera Brøndsted, 1929
- Chondrocladia asigmata Lévi, 1964
- Chondrocladia burtoni Tendal, 1973
- Chondrocladia clavata Ridley & Dendy, 1886
- Chondrocladia concrescens (Schmidt, 1880)
- Chondrocladia crinita Ridley & Dendy, 1886
- Chondrocladia dichotoma Lévi, 1964
- Chondrocladia fatimae Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982
- Chondrocladia gigantea (Hansen, 1885)
- Chondrocladia gracilis Lévi, 1964
- Chondrocladia guiteli Topsent, 1904
- Chondrocladia koltuni Vacelet, 2006
- Chondrocladia lampadiglobus Vacelet, 2006
- Chondrocladia levii Cristobo, Urgorri & Ríos, 2005
- Chondrocladia lyra Lee et al. , 2012
- Chondrocladia magna Tanita, 1965
- Chondrocladia michaelsarsii Arnesen, 1920
- Chondrocladia multichela Lévi, 1964
- Chondrocladia nani Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982
- Chondrocladia nicolae Cristobo, Urgorri & Ríos, 2005
- Chondrocladia nucleus (Hansen, 1885)
- Chondrocladia occulta
- Chondrocladia pulvinata Lévi, 1964
- Chondrocladia scolionema Lévi, 1964
- Chondrocladia stipitata Ridley & Dendy, 1886
- Chondrocladia vaceleti Cristobo, Urgorri & Ríos, 2005
- Chondrocladia verticillata Topsent, 1920
- Chondrocladia virgata Thomson, 1873 ( type species )
- Chondrocladia yatsui Topsent, 1930
Individual evidence
- ^ Van Soest (2008)
- ↑ Vacelet (2008)
- ↑ Cristobo et al. (2005), Vacelet & Kelly (2008)
- ^ Sepkoski (2002): p.560
- ↑ Vacelet & Kelly (2008)
- ↑ Brandt et al. (2007), Scales (2007)
- ↑ “Census of the Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life” ( Memento of the original from August 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Vacelet & Boury-Esnault (1995)
- ^ Watling (2007), Vacelet (2008)
- ↑ Vacelet (2008), Vacelet & Kelly (2008)
- ↑ Vacelet & Kelly (2008), van Soest (2008)
literature
- Brandt, Angelika et al .: First insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea. In: Nature 447 (7142): 307-311. doi : 10.1038 / nature05827
- Cristobo, Francisco Javier, et al. (2005): Three new species of carnivorous deep-sea sponges from the DIVA-1 expedition in the Angola Basin (South Atlantic). In: Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5 (Supplement 1): 203-213. doi : 10.1016 / j.ode.2004.11.004
- Scales, Helen (2007): Bizarre new deep-sea creatures found off Antarctica . In: National Geographic News , version of May 16, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- Sepkoski, J. John Jr. (2002): A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. In: Bulletins of American Paleontology 364. 1-563.
- Vacelet, Jean (2008): A new genus of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Poecilosclerida, Cladorhizidae) from the deep NE Pacific, and remarks on the genus Neocladia . In: Zootaxa 1752: 57-65. PDF abstract
- Vacelet, Jean & Boury-Esnault, N. (1995): Carnivorous sponges. In: Nature 373 (6512): 333-335. doi : 10.1038 / 373333a0
- Vacelet, Jean & Kelly, Michelle (2008): New species from the deep Pacific suggest that carnivorous sponges date back to the Early Jurassic. In: Nature Precedings , posted September 25, 2008. PDF (683 kB)
- van Soest, Rob (2008): Chondrocladia Thomson, 1873 . In: Van Soest et al. (Ed.): World Porifera database. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- Watling, Les (2007): Predation on copepods by an Alaskan cladorhizid sponge. In: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 87 (6): 1721-1726. doi : 10.1017 / S0025315407058560