Chromium (III) picolinate
Structural formula | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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General | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Surname | Chromium (III) picolinate | |||||||||||||||||||||
other names |
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Molecular formula | C 18 H 12 CrN 3 O 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Brief description |
dark purple solid |
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properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Molar mass | 418.30 g mol −1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Physical state |
Solid |
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Melting point |
> 300 ° C |
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solubility |
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safety instructions | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . |
Chromium (III) picolinate is a chemical compound of chromium belonging to the picolinate group (salt of picolinic acid ).
Extraction and presentation
Chromium (III) picolinate can be produced by a one-step hydrothermal synthesis reaction of 2-pyridine carbonitrile with chromium salts at a temperature between 80 and 200 ° C under 2 to 3 atm or reaction of picolinic acid with chromium compounds (such as chromium (III) chloride ) at 70 ° C and a pH of 3.5 to 4.2.
properties
Chromium (III) picolinate is a crystalline reddish to dark purple solid that is sparingly soluble in water. The monohydrate has a monoclinic crystal structure with the space group P 2 / c (space group no. 13) .
use
According to Regulation (EC) No. 258/97, chromium (III) picolinate may be used as a source of chromium in foods (see Regulation No. 953/2009 and / or No. 1925/2006). Chromium (III) compounds are considered to be an essential trace element for glucose and lipid homeostasis. However, there is little confirmed evidence of a positive health benefit from a dietary supplement with chromium (III) picolinate.
safety instructions
The positive and negative effects of chromium (III) picolinate are controversial. Some studies suggest a carcinogenic effect, which is explained by intracellular conversion to chromium (VI) compounds. There is no verified research that can confirm a role for chromium picolinate in increasing muscle mass or strength.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Datasheet Chromium picolinate, ≥98% (HPLC) from Sigma-Aldrich , accessed on March 7, 2019 ( PDF ).
- ↑ a b c d e Source: COMMISSION DECISION of May 27, 2011 authorizing the placing on the market of chromium picolinate as a novel food ingredient in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council
- ↑ NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers: The Complete Technology Book on Fine Chemicals Fine Chemicals, Acetazolamide, Synonyms of Acetazolamide Acyclovir, Albendazole, 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid, 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid, Molecular Weight of Amitriptyline, Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Amlodipine, Amiloride, Aminophylline, Apomorphine Hydrochloride, L-Arginine, Arecoline, Aspirin, Atenolol, Azithromycin, Azt, Bacitracin, Berberine, Betamethasone, Definitions of Benzothiazide, Caffeine, Captopril, Carbidopa, Molecular Weight of Capsaicin, Carbamitepline, Carbamitepline Cefaclor, Cefazoline, Cefotaxime, Ceftizoxime, Cefuroxime . ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc., 2004, ISBN 978-81-7833-056-3 , pp. 48 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Google Patents: CN101318929B - Synthesis process for chromium picolinate - Google Patents , accessed March 7, 2019
- ↑ Google Patents: US5677461A - Method for producing chromium picolinate complex - Google Patents , accessed March 7, 2019
- ↑ Diane M. Stearns, William H. Armstrong: Mononuclear and binuclear chromium (III) picolinate complexes. In: Inorganic Chemistry. 31, 1992, p. 5178, doi : 10.1021 / ic00051a007 .
- ^ Michael Adolph: Nutritional medicine based on the new nutritional medicine curriculum of the German Medical Association; 276 tables . Georg Thieme Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-13-100294-5 , p. 205 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Lennart Thies: Analysis of the effectiveness of selected dietary supplements on body fat reduction . GRIN Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-70557-8 ( limited preview in Google book search).
- ^ A b John Vincent: The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium (III) . Elsevier, 2018, ISBN 978-0-444-64122-9 , pp. 329 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Lindsay E. Wu, Aviva Levina et al. a .: Carcinogenic Chromium (VI) Compounds Formed by Intracellular Oxidation of Chromium (III) Dietary Supplements by Adipocytes. In: Angewandte Chemie. 128, 2016, p. 1774, doi : 10.1002 / anie.201509065 .
- ↑ unknown: NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of chromium picolinate monohydrate (CAS No. 27882-76-4) in F344 / N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). In: Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 2010, pp. 1-194, PMID 20725156 .
- ↑ Dee Unglaub Silverthorn: Physiology . Pearson Deutschland GmbH, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8273-7333-5 , p. 71 ( limited preview in Google Book search).