Claviorganum

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Claviorganum by Josua Pock, 1591, in the DomQuartier Salzburg
Claviorganum by Lorenz Hauslaib, Nuremberg. ca.1590, in the Museu de la Música in Barcelona

A claviorganum is a keyboard instrument that is harpsichord (or spinet or virginal ) and pipe organ at the same time. The size is comparable to a chest organ . Up to the 17th century there were also instruments that combined a keel instrument with a shelf .

Construction

Organ and harpsichord parts of a claviorganum can be played individually or simultaneously. The instruments can have one or - from the 17th century - two manuals ; In the case of two-manual claviorgana, the organ work is operated from the lower manual, while this can also be used to play the stops of the harpsichord. The organ work sometimes has registers divided into bass and treble .

There were also claviorgana in other forms, e.g. B. box-shaped (Servatius Rorif, approx. 1565–1569, Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna), or in the form of a valuable and unusual cabinet (Lorenz Hauslaib, approx. 1590, Museu de la Música, Barcelona).

At the end of the 18th century, the rare combination of a table piano with a small organ was also created.

history

The existence of the claviorganum has been documented since the 15th century; it is mentioned for the first time in 1460 in the Liber vigintium artium of Paulus Paulirinus . The claviorganum was apparently particularly popular in the Renaissance and early Baroque periods. The Spanish Infante Don Juan, son of the "Catholic Kings" Ferdinand II. And Isabella I , owned, in addition to other keyboard instruments, two claviorgana that Mohama Mofferiz, the so-called "Mohr of Saragossa", had built. In addition to nine “clavicordios”, two claviorgana appear in the inventory that was set up after the death of Philip II in 1598. Even Henry VIII. Of England had at his death, according to inventories of 1542 and 1547 five "virgynalls with regals".

Statements by Charles Jennens and Charles Burney suggest that George Frideric Handel used a combination of harpsichord and organ in performances of his oratorios and organ concerts from 1739.

Preserved instruments

Most of the instruments that have survived to this day are no longer playable. The following list only lists a selection of the most important instruments; it is not exhaustive.

Claviorganum by Servatius Rorif

In the musical instrument museum of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna there is a small box-shaped but very elaborate claviorganum, which is already mentioned in an inventory from Ambras from 1596. It is now attributed to the organist and organ builder Servatius Rorif (died 1593), who worked in Augsburg and Innsbruck, and was probably made between 1565 and 1569, making it the oldest surviving claviorganum. In a letter to Archduke Ferdinand II, Rorif describes it as an instrument with "... strings, harps, whistles, sagging pipes, Voglgesang, tremulant and other vocal parts, which has a total of 18 stops".

The organ work of the instrument has an 8 'Gedackt, 4' and 2 'register, a cymbal and two 4' shelves. The corresponding virginal is in 4 'position and has a lute (“harp”). The remaining registers are joke registers such as e.g. "Fröschdanz" or "Sagkpfeifen", which only consist of a few tones.

Claviorganum by Lodewijk Thewes

The first surviving keyboard instrument from England and the first surviving large claviorganum is an instrument by Lodewijk Theewes from 1579 in the Victoria and Albert Museum , London. It has only survived in fragments, but research has shown that the single-manual harpsichord part of the Theewes claviorganum had the 8'-8'-4 'disposition - it is the earliest preserved harpsichord with this disposition. In addition, traces of a metal keel were found on at least one register, and the instrument apparently also had an arpichordum train, as is usually found in Flemish Muselar virginals . The instrument had a continuous chromatic range of C – c '' ', at a time when keyboard instruments with a short bass octave were almost exclusively made on the European continent .

Claviorganum by Bortolotti

A similar claviorganum by Alessandro Bortolotti, Gottlob WS Gut and Francesco Bonafinis is dated 1585. It is currently in Brussels in the Musée des Instruments de Musique.

The Salzburg claviorganum of Josua Pockh

Strings of the claviorganum by Josua Pockh in the DomQuartier Salzburg
Lateral leather straps for pulling the wedge bellows through the limestone

In the DomQuartier Salzburg - Museum St. Peter - a claviorganum is exhibited in a showcase, which the Innsbruck organ builder Josua Pockh built in 1591. Since its restoration by Peter Kukelka between 1972 and 1974, the instrument has been playable again. It is the oldest playable claviorganum worldwide, has a manual range of C – f³ with a short octave and has the following three registers:

  • Spinet 8 '(undivided)
  • Shelf 8 '(division bass / treble at d¹ / dis¹, only expanded to tone a², short open resonators)
  • Flute 4 ′ (division bass / treble at d¹ / dis¹, closed, made of maple), an organ register

The shelf stands behind a flap and can be played either with the flap open or closed. The wind is supplied by two five-fold wedge bellows, which are pulled up with leather straps, the calculus is next to the instrument. The wind pressure is 80 mm WS. The tuning is mid-tone , pitch: a¹ ≈ 466 Hz (= cornetto tone ).

The bridges, the sound post and the docking bar have been preserved from the spinet; the missing parts were rebuilt as part of the restoration, as was the missing shelf. The flute is almost completely preserved.

In the installation room, four audio samples of various pieces of music from the Linz organ tablature that the Austrian musicologist Peter Widensky recorded on this instrument can be played at the push of a button .

Two claviorgana by Valentin Zeiss

Valentin Zeiss from Linz was the court organ builder of the music-loving Emperor Ferdinand III . Two large claviorgana from Zeiss have survived. An instrument from 1639 is in Salzburg, in the Carolino Augusteum: The harpsichord part has two 8 'registers and there are ten pedals. Another instrument from 1646 is in a private collection in Austria.

French claviorgana

Anonymous Claviorganum France Museum for Art and Commerce Hamburg-2000.527

In the Museum of Arts and Crafts in Hamburg (Beurmann collection) there is a French claviorganum, whose harpsichord part by Beurmann is “approx. 1630 “is dated. If the dating were correct it would mean that this would be the oldest surviving French harpsichord. The harpsichord has two manuals and the disposition 8'-8'-4 '. The organ base was only built in the 18th century, it has three registers: 8 ', 4' and 2 '.

The famous and often copied harpsichord by Vaudry 1681 (Victoria and Albert Museum, London) was originally part of a claviorganum. It belonged to the Duchesse du Maine , the wife of a natural son of Louis XIV with his maitress Madame de Montespan .

Claviorganum by Hermann Willenbrock

In 1712 Hermann Willenbrock built a claviorganum (currently: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), probably for George I of Hanover. The instrument could have known Handel, who was court composer in Hanover at the time. In addition, Georg became King of England a short time later, Handel's next place of work. The harpsichord was later converted into a fortepiano.

Claviorganum of the Earl of Wemyss

Probably the best preserved claviorganum - which could also have known Handel - is in the castle of the Earl of Wemyss ( Gosford House , East Lothian, Scotland). The harpsichord part was built in 1745 by Jacob Kirckman (1710–1792), the organ part by John Snetzler (1710–1755) from London. The harpsichord is a typical two-manual Kirckman harpsichord of this time, with a keyboard range of FF, GG - f '' ', and a disposition of 8'-8'-8'-4', the third 8 'being a nasal register. The one-manual organ part has the following five registers: Stopped Diapason 8 '(= Gedackt 8'), Open Diapason 8 '(Principal 8'; only in the treble from c'-f '' '), Stopped Flute 4' (Gedackt 4 ') 'Fifteenth 2', Mixture 2f. A reconstruction of this instrument is in the Organ Art Museum .

festival

In 2003 the “Festival internazionale di claviorgano” was launched in Foligno , the first and only festival dedicated exclusively to the claviorganum. It took place annually in the second half of October. The festival in Erice has been celebrated since summer 2008 .

swell

  • Cover text of the long-playing record Das Claviorganum . harmonia mundi, 1987, HM 823 A.
  • Andreas Beurmann: Historical keyboard instruments - The Andreas and Heikedine Beurmann collection in the Museum of Art and Industry Hamburg. Prestel, Munich a. a. 2000.
  • García, Carmen Morte: "Mahoma Moferriz, Maestro de Zaragosa, Constructor de Claviórgans para la Corte de los Reyes Católicos", in: Aragón en la Edad Media , Vol. 14-15, No. 2, 1999, pp. 1115-1124 .
  • Rudolf Hopfner, masterpieces from the collection of old musical instruments, Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna , Skira editore Milano, Vienna 2004.
  • Edward L. Kottick: A History of the Harpsichord. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Indiana) 2003. (Engl .; with a detailed bibliography on the subject of harpsichord and keel instruments.)
  • Edward L. Kottick, George Lucktenberg: Early Keyboard Instruments in European Museums. Indiana University Press, Bloomington / Indianapolis 1997. (Eng.)
  • Siegbert Rampe: " Handel's theater organs and his organ concerts " . in: Ars Organi, Volume 57, Issue 2 , June 2009, Gesellschaft der Orgelfreunde, pp. 90–97, accessed on July 19, 2017 (PDF).

Web links

Commons : Claviorganum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Andreas Beurmann: Historical keyboard instruments - The Andreas and Heikedine Beurmann collection in the Museum for Art and Industry Hamburg. Prestel, Munich a. a. 2000, p. 102, footnote 6.
  2. ↑ Edward L. Kottick: A History of the Harpsichord. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Indiana) 2003, pp. 234-235.
  3. ↑ García, Carmen Morte: "Mahoma Moferriz, Maestro de Zaragosa, Constructor de Claviórgans para la Corte de los Reyes Católicos", in: Aragón en la Edad Media , Vol. 14-15, No. 2, 1999, pp. 1115– 1124.
  4. ↑ It cannot be ruled out that these were the same instruments of Mohama Mofferiz that could have come into Philip's possession through inheritance; The Spanish word “clavicordio” did not necessarily mean clavichords, it could also have been keel instruments such as harpsichord or virginal. Edward L. Kottick: A History of the Harpsichord. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Indiana) 2003, p. 235.
  5. ^ Andreas Beurmann: Historical keyboard instruments - The Andreas and Heikedine Beurmann collection in the Museum for Art and Industry Hamburg. Prestel, Munich a. a. 2000, p. 102, footnote 6. (The term "virgynalls" does not necessarily mean a virginal, it also referred to the harpsichord in England in the 16th century.)
  6. ^ Siegbert Rampe: " Handel's theater organs and his organ concerts " . in: Ars Organi, Volume 57, Issue 2 , June 2009, Gesellschaft der Orgelfreunde, pp. 94–97 (accessed on July 19, 2017 (PDF)).
  7. ↑ Rudolf Hopfner, Masterpieces from the Collection of Old Musical Instruments, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien , Skira editore Milano, Vienna 2004, p. 40.
  8. ^ Rudolf Hopfner, masterpieces from the collection of old musical instruments, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien , Skira editore Milano, Vienna 2004, p. 40 f.
  9. ↑ Edward L. Kottick: A History of the Harpsichord. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Indiana) 2003, pp. 46-50. Also in: Edward L. Kottick, George Lucktenberg: Early Keyboard Instruments in European Museums. Indiana University Press, Bloomington / Indianapolis 1997, pp. 239f.
  10. ↑ See the museum website (accessed July 19, 2017): http://carmentis.kmkg-mrah.be/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&lang=fr&objectId=106190
  11. ↑ Information status : July 2017.
  12. ↑ Edward L. Kottick, George Lucktenberg: Early Keyboard Instruments in European museum. Indiana University Press, Bloomington / Indianapolis 1997, pp. 4-5.
  13. ↑ Edward L. Kottick: A History of the Harpsichord. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Indiana) 2003, pp. 190 f.
  14. ^ Andreas Beurmann: Historical keyboard instruments - The Andreas and Heikedine Beurmann collection in the Museum for Art and Industry Hamburg. Prestel, Munich a. a. 2000, pp. 100-102.
  15. ^ Andreas Beurmann: Historical keyboard instruments - The Andreas and Heikedine Beurmann collection in the Museum for Art and Industry Hamburg. Prestel, Munich a. a. 2000, p. 101. Also: Edward L. Kottick, George Lucktenberg: Early Keyboard Instruments in European Museums. Indiana University Press, Bloomington / Indianapolis 1997, p. 241 f.
  16. ↑ Edward L. Kottick: A History of the Harpsichord. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Indiana) 2003, pp. 168 ff. (In this publication, Kottick only discusses the harpsichord, and does not even mention that it originally belonged to a claviorganum.)
  17. ↑ See the museum's website (accessed July 19, 2017): http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/505209
  18. ↑ Edward L. Kottick: A History of the Harpsichord. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Indiana) 2003, p. 511, footnote 91.
  19. ^ Siegbert Rampe: Handel's theater organs and his organ concerts. (PDF) In: Ars Organi, 57th year, issue 2, June 2009. Gesellschaft der Orgelfreunde, p. 95 (footnote 27) , accessed on November 29, 2014 .