Click chemistry

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The concept of click chemistry was founded in 2001 by K. Barry Sharpless with Hartmuth C. Kolb and MG Finn and describes a way of synthesizing target molecules from smaller units faster and more precisely, similar to the way nature does it.

Explanation

In biochemistry , proteins are formed from individual amino acids and polysaccharides from individual sugar units, the monosaccharides . The connecting units usually consist of carbon- heteroatom bonds . In nature, enzymes overcome the high enthalpy of individual chemical reactions by performing them in a series of smaller individual steps with a lower enthalpy.

In 1996, Guida calculated the number of molecules for a possible pharmaceutical application to be 10 63 , based on the assumption that these contain fewer than 30 "non-hydrogen atoms", weigh less than 500 Daltons , and consist only of the elements hydrogen , carbon , nitrogen and oxygen , Phosphorus , sulfur , chlorine and bromine , and are stable at room temperature as well as to oxygen and water. Click chemistry, combined with combinatorial chemistry , high-throughput screening, and building chemical libraries, can significantly accelerate pharmaceutical research for active pharmaceutical ingredients by breaking down a major problem in drug development, the synthesis of the active ingredient itself, into many smaller problems.

According to the click chemistry, a chemical transformation must meet the following criteria:

  • modular and wide range of applications
  • high yields
  • harmless and non-disturbing by-products
  • stereospecific
  • simple reaction conditions
  • readily available and inexpensive reagents
  • Solvents that allow easy product isolation (preferably water)
  • simple processing and isolation of the product by means of crystallization or distillation (non-chromatographic processes)
  • high thermodynamic driving force ( enthalpy of formation > 84 kJ / mol ) to guarantee a quick reaction to a single reaction product
  • high atomic efficiency

Chemical reactions that meet these criteria are:

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