Codex Palatinus Latinus 629

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The Codex Palatinus Latinus 629 is a Latin-language manuscript with legal texts from the Bibliotheca Palatina , which is now kept in the Bibliotheca Vaticana .

shape

The Cod. Pal stands out among the hundred or so medieval legal manuscripts that are part of the Bibliotheca Palatina . Lat. 629 stands out for its equipment. It is even considered to be the most artistically significant legal manuscript from Bologna . The codex was written on parchment and produced according to the Pecien system developed in Bologna . A tiny trace attesting to this is preserved on the front of sheet 271: the Roman numeral of the note “Finit III” can be seen on the lower left margin, which is now largely covered by the fold . What is meant is that the third layer (“Pecie”) came to an end here.

The script used is littera Bononiensis , a round northern Italian variant of the Gothic minuscule . The manuscript has a format of approx. 48 × 29 cm. The legal texts are shown in two columns in the middle of the upper half of the page. This text block is "surrounded" on all sides by the comment. The central text blocks, some of the initials of the commentary text and some of the space between the columns and on the edge are illustrated as illuminations . 39 miniatures protrude below. The artist is not known by name. The aesthetically elaborate, uniform, representative design of the manuscript emphasizes on the one hand the intention of the texts to create legal certainty by standardizing the law. At the same time, it also makes the manuscript an object of prestige for its owner, thus indicating the growing importance of the new legal profession .

content

The manuscript contains:

Liber extra

The Liber Extra is a collection of decretals from Pope Gregory IX. (also: Codex Gregorianus, 1234 ), which is divided into five books. The corresponding promulgation bull and the introduction to each of the five books of Liber Extra are adorned with a miniature that takes up the space of a column of text. The beginnings of the individual titles, into which each of the books is subdivided, begin with an initial group and a figure. A decorative initial corresponds to this in the comment text. The same thing happens in the following smaller texts, with the exception of the family trees, which represent a special case in illustration technology. The motifs always refer to the text they are placed in front of. The illustrations are closely related to those of the decretal manuscript Cod. Vat. Lat. 1375.

Miniature for the promulgation bull
The miniature for the introduction, the promulgation bull, shows a seated Pope in a red legal coat with a book in his left hand. A bishop sits on either side. Seven other spiritual people surround this group. The two people in front also hold a book in their hands. Outside of the miniature, other clerics and lay people are shown on the page. This scene is interpreted either as the handover of the Libri Extra by the commentator Bernard von Botonus to Pope Gregory IX. or as a representation of the scope of the law: Pope and Church as legislators, shown in the miniature, clergy and lay people as subject to law, shown between the text on the other side of the column.

Miniature for the first book
The miniature for the introduction to the first book shows Christ enthroned , before him in a bowed position, Peter and Paul , on whom he lays his hands. The scene shows the basis of the legislative authority of the church, which was given to it by God himself.

Miniature for the second book The miniature at the beginning of the second book shows the case described first in the following text: In a legal dispute before a synod , a bishop does not appear at the appointed time. The text then deals with the resulting legal consequences. A court hearing is shown under an architecture with a judge and two bishops as parties and entourage. One bishop turns away and wants to go (although in the example he did not appear in the first place, which would not have been so easy to depict in the picture).

Miniature for the third book The miniature for the introduction to the third book shows a mass and from it the elevation of the host , because the third book mainly deals with the clergy. This and the layperson are - as the text also states - clearly separated. Laymen only appear behind a partition, on the far left of the scene.

Miniature for the fourth book The miniature for the introduction to the fourth book shows the marriage before a priest. This is in the middle, while the groom and some men are shown on the left, the bride and some women on the right.

Miniature for the fifth book The miniature for the introduction to the fifth book - this is about criminal law - again shows a court scene and is designed in a similar way to that of the second book. The facts of criminal law are to be well represented; the scenes around the initials in this book refer to them.

Arbor consanguineitatis and affinitatis

The Arbor consanguineitatis is a schematic family tree annotated by Johannes de Deo. Whether the accompanying illustrations come from the same hand as the other illustrations in Cod. Pal. lat. 629 is not entirely certain. The main motif of the depiction is a tree and a figure presenting it, in the arbor affinitatis Christ himself. The arbor consanguineitatis is surrounded by animals, hybrids and people who follow their desires, which the law is supposed to regulate. In the illustration of the arbor affinitatis man and woman stand above the lists of blood relatives of each other. The figures are depicted as a couple elegantly dressed in the fashion of the time.

Third collection of novels by Pope Innocent IV.

The third collection of novels by Pope Innocent IV dates back to 1253. It has been expanded to include the chapter Cum inter . The accompanying commentary by Bernardus Compostellanus had established itself as the standard commentary on the collection of novels. The introductory text is illustrated with a deduction picture: A cleric kneels before the Pope. Both hold open books in their hands.

Novella Pope Gregory X.

The novellas of Pope Gregory X. consist of resolutions of the Second Council of Lyons (1274) and some decretals of the Pope. The commentary by Garsias Hispanus was written before 1282 and became the standard commentary on the novella. The introductory text is illustrated with a deduction picture: A cleric kneels before the Pope. Both hold open books in their hands.

Costitutio Cupientes

The Costitutio Cupientes of Pope Nicholas III. is also reproduced here with a comment by Garsias Hispanus.

history

The manuscript was made in Bologna between 1280 and 1298. It was in the holdings of the Bibliotheca Palatina in Heidelberg, when it was confiscated as spoils of war by Maximilian I of Bavaria in 1623 and then Pope Gregory XV. was given. Since then it has been in the Bibliotheca Vaticana.

literature

Sorted alphabetically by authors / editors

  • Walter Berschin : The Palatina in the Vaticana. A German library in Rome . Belser, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-7630-2087-X , pp. 76-79.
  • Peter Burkhart : The Decretal Manuscript Vat. Pal. lat. 629 and the Bolognese illumination of the XIII. Century . In: Walter Berschin (Ed.): Palatina Studies. 13 works on Codices Vaticani Palatini latini and other manuscripts from the old Heidelberg collection (= Miscellanea Bibliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae. Volume 5). Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticanae, Città del Vaticano 1997, pp. 33-51.
  • Norbert Martin: B 6.3 - Summit of canon law teaching at the university - the decretales . In: Bibliotheca Palatina. Catalog for the exhibition from July 8 to November 2, 1986. Heiliggeistkirche Heidelberg. Text tape. Braus, Heidelberg 1986, ISBN 3-921524-88-1 , p. 52 f.
  • Susanne Wittekind: Ut hac tantum compilatione universi utantur in iudiciis et in scholis. Considerations on the design and use of illuminated manuscripts of the decretals of Gregory IX. In: Eckart Conrad Lutz among others: Reading processes. Processes of recognition in medieval texts, images and manuscripts (= media change - media change - media knowledge . Volume 11). Chronos, Zurich 2010, ISBN 978-3-0340-0965-2 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ The professional scribe who created the text used templates that consisted of loose, unbound and numbered layers ("Pecien"), which he borrowed from a place under the supervision of the university ("Stationar"). He only received one pecia at a time and exchanged it for the next when the job was done. In this way, several scribes were always able to copy the same work at the same time, which increased the number of copies that could be made ( Max Planck Institute for European Legal History. Review on: Frank Soetermeer: ​​"Utrumque ius in peciis. The production of legal books on Italian and French universities of the 13th and 14th centuries " = Ius Commune special edition 150. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2002, ISBN 3-465-03184-9 ).
  2. ↑ Since the pages of the manuscript are not exactly the same size, their dimensions fluctuate in the millimeter range, which is why different sizes are given in the literature.
  3. ↑ Older dates assumed that it was made in the 14th century based on a model from before 1298 (Martin: B 6.3 - Gipfel , p. 52).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 33; Wittekind: Ut hac tantum , p. 105.
  2. ↑ J. Bataillon u. a .: La Production du livre universitaire au moyen age. Exemplar et Pecia. Actes du symposium tenu au Collegio San Bonaventura de Grottaferrataen May 1983 . Paris 1988, p. 118.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Berschin: Die Palatina , p. 77
  4. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 39.
  5. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 33.
  6. ^ Wittekind: Ut hac tantum , p. 105f.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Martin: B 6.3 - Summit , p. 52
  8. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 40.
  9. ↑ See: Hermann Schadt: The representation of the Arbores Consanguinitatis and the Arbores Affinitatis. Image schemes in legal manuscripts . Wasmuth, Tübingen 1982. ISBN 978-3-8030-4006-0 .
  10. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 41.
  11. ↑ a b Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 42.
  12. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 46.
  13. ↑ Berschin: The Palatina , p. 76
  14. ↑ a b Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 43.
  15. ↑ a b Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 45.
  16. ↑ a b Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 47.
  17. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 48f, is more in favor; A. Cont: Problemi di Miniatura Bolognese . In: Bolletino d'Arte 64/2 (1979), p. 25 is based on a different artist.
  18. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 49f.
  19. ↑ a b c Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 50.
  20. ↑ Burkhart: Die Dekretalenhandschrift , p. 35.