Costumbrismo
The Costumbrismo (German : Costumbrism , from Spanish : costumbre customs, national custom) is a literary movement from around 1830 to the middle of the 19th century, which describes the manners and customs of Spanish society. The representatives of this current are known as Costumbristas .
Spanish writer
The romantic orientation of the Costumbristas and their often conservative attitude did not exclude the realistic treatment of real social problems. Many authors published under a pseudonym . Representatives were u. a. Swiss-born Fernán Caballero , Ramón de Mesonero Romanos , Mariano José de Larra , Serafín Estébanez Calderón and Pedro Antonio de Alarcón . They paved the way for the realistic novel of the last quarter of the 19th century (e.g. Pérez Galdós ). The style of Costumbrismo has in many regions - z. B. in Andalusia , Asturias , in the Basque Country or in Galicia - by emphasizing the respective local color favors the emergence of an independent literature. He also influenced the literature of Latin America , especially that of Peru .
Latin American writer
The costumbrismo peruano begins with José Joaquín de Larriva y Ruiz (1780–1832); other representatives were F. Pardo (1806-68), Ricardo Palma and Clorinda Matto de Turner . In Chile , José Joaquín Vallejo (later pseudonym : Jotabeche ) (1811–58) is considered a costume brist. In Colombia , J. de Dios Restrepo (1827–97), T. Carrasquilla (1858–1940), José Manuel Groot (1800–1878), José Manuel Marroquín (1827–1908) and Rubén López are to be mentioned, in Mexico José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi (1776-1827), who wrote the first novel in Latin America ( El Periquillo Sarniento ) in 1816 , as well as JB Morales (1788-1856), M. Payno (1810-94) and G. Prieto (1818-97). A later Mexican representative is Mariano Arzuela . In Cuba the Costumbrismo is represented by Cirilo Villaverde (1812-1894) ( Cecilia Valdés ).
In the south of the subcontinent ( Argentina , Chile) common variations of Costumbrismo were Criollismo and Gauchismo , literary and z. Partly also political counter-movements against the urban elites adhering to the Enlightenment and their literature. Under the dictatorship of General Juan Manuel de Rosas in the 1830s and 1840s, the gaucho with his red poncho became the leading social figure in Argentina; the “civilized” bourgeois-liberal habitus , which was defended by Sarmiento (in his essay Civilización y barbarie 1845) against the “primitiveness” and savagery of the Indians like the gauchos, was increasingly frowned upon. With great empathy, the Costumbrist authors first describe the struggle and the work of the impoverished Creole rural population in their natural surroundings; later the strengthening of the agricultural oligarchies led to tenacious adherence to the new models.
In Central America in particular, costumbrismo dominated until the 1930s. In El Salvador , José María Peralta Lagos and Salvador Salazar Arrué should be mentioned. Rafael Ocasio emphasizes the role of costumbrismo in the Afro-Cuban identity, but at the same time emphasizes its problematic stereotypes in describing the life of black slaves.
Costumbrismo in the broader sense
In a broader sense, costumbrismo in Spain refers to any kind of artistic representation of folk or regional characters up to caricature (German equivalent in literature: local poetry , in the fine arts: moral painting or genre painting ). An important representative of the Andalusian Romantic genre painting was Valeriano Domínguez Bécquer (1833–1870).
Costumbrismo is also often used in relation to the music of Latin America.
Costumbrismo in the fine arts of Latin America
Costumbrismo played an important role in painting and graphics, especially in Latin America. He was characterized by a detailed, almost ethnographic- documentary description of the life and festivals of the people, which sometimes turned into idyllic genre painting. Slavery, which was ubiquitous in Cuba and Brazil and was only abolished there in 1886 and 1888, was ignored by the Creole artists. Afro-Cubans and Afro-Brazilians were at best depicted in carnival scenes or as caricatures. Foreign painters and draftsmen like Moritz Rugendas , who were fascinated by the exoticism of Latin America, made exceptions . This also included an important Costumbrist painting school in Cuba around the Spanish-born Victor Patricio de Landaluce (1830-89) and French lithographer and landscape painter Pierre Toussaint Frédéric Mialhe (1810-68), who lived on the island from 1838 to 1854.
Also to be mentioned are: in Colombia R. Torres Mendez (1809–85), in Argentina Carlos Morel (1813–94), in Uruguay JM Besnes y Irigoyen (1788–1865), in Chile MA Caro (1835–1903) and in Mexico José Agustín Arrieta (1802-79).
literature
- Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Juan-José Sánchez: The misanthrope, the dancer and the wing chair. About the genre “Costumbrismo” and the relationships between society, knowledge and discourse in Spain from 1805 to 1851 . In: Jürgen Link, Wulf Wülfing (Ed.): Movement and standstill in metaphors and myths. Case studies on the relationship between elementary knowledge and literature in the 19th century (Language and History; Vol. 9). Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-608-91251-7 , pp. 15-62.
- George D. Schade: Costumbrismo y novela sentimental (Literatura hispanoamericana en imagines; Vol. 9). Editorial La Muralla, Madrid 1979, ISBN 84-7133-283-3 (+ 60 slides).
- Stefanie Wenzl: The “costumbrismo” as self-assurance in response to external projections . GRIN Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-82633-4 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Memoria chilena ( Memento of the original from October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Michael Rössner: The Hispanoamerican literature. In Kindler's new literature lexicon, Volume 20, 1996, p. 44 ff.
- ^ Rafael Ocasio, Afro-Cuban Costumbrismo: From Plantations to the Slums , University Press of Florida 2012, ISBN 978-0813041643
- ↑ http://www.arcadja.com/auctions/en/mialhe_pierre_toussaint_f_/artist/43301/
- ^ Carlos Morel: Argentina's First Artist Turns 200 , in: The Argentina Independent, February 13, 2013
- ↑ http://www.arcadja.com/auctions/en/arrieta_jos%C3%A9_agust%C3%ADn/artist/35210/
