Phodopus sungorus group

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Phodopus sungorus group
Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

Djungarian hamster ( Phodopus sungorus )

Systematics
Subordination : Mouse relatives (Myomorpha)
Superfamily : Mice-like (Muroidea)
Family : Burrowers (Cricetidae)
Subfamily : Hamster (Cricetinae)
Genre : Short-tailed dwarf hamster ( Phodopus )
without rank: Phodopus sungorus group

The Phodopus sungorus group is a group of short-tailed dwarf hamsters consisting of the Djungarian dwarf hamster and the Campbell dwarf hamster . The Campbell dwarf hamster is often assigned to the Djungarian dwarf hamster as a subspecies. The group inhabits the steppes and semi-deserts of northeastern Kazakhstan , southwestern and southern Siberia , Mongolia, and northeastern China .

The hamsters of the Phodopus sungorus group are about seven to ten centimeters long and weigh 26 to 45 grams. The soft fur on the top is gray to brown with a dark eel line. The lighter fur on the underside runs up the sides of the body in three arcs. The Djungarian hamster turns partially or completely white in winter.

Body features

Body measurements

The trunk of the hamsters of the Phodopus sungorus group is short, compact and robust. The head-trunk length is 67 to 103 millimeters, the length of the tail 4 to 18 millimeters. The hind paws are 11 to 18 millimeters long, the auricles 11 to 16 millimeters. The Campbell dwarf hamster grows slightly larger than the Djungarian dwarf hamster.

In nature, body weight averages 45 grams in summer and around 26 grams in winter. In human care, hamsters can weigh up to around 50 grams.

Fur and color

The dense, fine, soft and woolly-looking fur of the hamsters of the Phodopus sungorus group is ash gray to dark brown or grayish-brown-yellow with a dark eel line on the upper side . On the shoulders, the flanks and the hips, the lighter fur on the underside extends upwards in three arcs.

The Djungarian hamster turns partially or completely white in winter, the Campbell's dwarf hamster light gray. In addition, the Campbell dwarf hamster is distinguished by a yellower summer coat, a narrower eel line, the absence of a dark spot on the vertex, the yellow-brown coating of the three-arch line between the top and the bottom and the slate-gray hair base on the underside.

The soles are hairy-tight with the exception of the intermediate toe pads, the large ball of the thumb and of the small, central hand root ball of the forepaws, and the three small bales lying laterally of the hind paws. The three back pads of the hind paws are missing.

secretion

Between the outer skin of the cheeks and the cheek pouches there is a skin pouch that is open towards the corners of the mouth . It arises from a complex transformation of muscle and connective tissue during ontogenesis and is fully developed after 20 days of life. The opening of the bag is surrounded by a ring of long-fiber, striated muscle tissue. The outer wall is formed by two layers of fibrous, elastic connective tissue, separated by a thin layer of striated muscle tissue. The inner wall is formed by multilayered epithelial tissue with a peeling surface layer. Dense leaves of dead cells are shed into the cavity of the bag and form part of the whitish-yellow, pungent-smelling secretory substance. Together with the secretion of the sebum glands in the corners of the mouth, the contents of the bag could be used to mark the contents of the cheek pouch or for defense. Sokolow and coworkers (1991) determine an average bag mass of 7.5 milligrams in three male and 8.4 milligrams in three female Campbell dwarf hamsters. They give the mass of the bag contents as 4.1 to 20.5 milligrams and 5.7 to 10.1 milligrams. The mass of the bag and its contents are greatest in females with young animals.

Distribution and fossil finds

The range of the Phodopus sungorus group are the steppes and semi-deserts of northeastern Kazakhstan, southwestern Siberia, Altai , Tuwas , Dauriens , Mongolia and northeastern China. The Djungarian dwarf hamster inhabits the western part of the range, the Campbell dwarf hamster the eastern part.

Fossil finds are known from the Young Pleistocene of Hungary , Switzerland and Germany . Some fossils may have been mistakenly assigned to the genus Cricetulus .

Systematics and nomenclature

Peter Simon Pallas described the Djungarian dwarf hamster as Mus sungorus in 1773 .

The Phodopus sungorus group is a taxon belonging to the short-tailed dwarf hamsters with two species :

  • Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus (Pallas, 1773) and
  • Campbell's hamster, Phodopus campbelli (Thomas, 1905) .

The Campbell dwarf hamster is often assigned to the Djungarian dwarf hamster as a subspecies . There is a scientific name at the generic level :

  • Cricetiscus Thomas, 1917 .

Peter Simon Pallas described the Djungarian dwarf hamster as Mus sungorus in 1773 , and Oldfield Thomas described the Campbell dwarf hamster as Cricetulus campbelli in 1905 . Ned Hollister assigned both to the genus Phodopus in 1912 . In 1917 Thomas placed the Campbell dwarf hamster as a type species in the new genus Cricetiscus and also assigned the Djungarian dwarf hamster to this genus. AI Argiropulo united the Djungarian dwarf hamster and the Campbell dwarf hamster in 1933 as subspecies of the species Phodopus sungorus . The status of the Campbell dwarf hamster as a separate species or as a subspecies of the Djungarian dwarf hamster has been controversial since then.

In addition to Argiropulo (1933), Allen (1940), Ellerman (1941), Bannikow (1951), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Flint and Golowkin (1961), Bobrinskii and co-workers (1965), Flint (1966), Meier rank (1967), Piechocki (1969), Walker (1975), Corbet (1978), Corbet and Hill (1980), Gromow and Baranowa (1981), Nowak and Paradiso (1983), Hamann (1987), Nowak (1991), Gromow and Jerbajewa (1995), Zhang and coworkers (1997) and Wang (2003) assigned the Campbell dwarf hamster as a subspecies of the Djungarian dwarf hamster.

In addition to Hollister (1912), Woronzow and coworkers (1967), Honacki and coworkers (1982), Corbet (1984), Corbet and Hill (1986), Pawlinow and Rossolimo (1987), Niethammer (1988), Musser and Carleton (1993) consider , Pawlinow and coworkers (1995), Pawlinow and Rossolimo (1998), Nowak (1999), Feaver and Zhibin (2001), Pawlinow (2003) and Musser and Carleton (2005) the Djungarian dwarf hamster and the Campbell dwarf hamster as separate species. Woronzow and coworkers (1967), Pawlinow and Rossolimo (1987) as well as Pawlinow (2003) summarize both species as superspecies Phodopus sungorus or Phodopus sungorus group.

Phodopus sungorus group and human

In English , Djungarian dwarf hamsters and Campbell dwarf hamsters are often not clearly separated from one another.

literature

Mainly used literature:

Further literature cited several times:

  • Oldfield Thomas: A new Cricetulus from Mongolia . In: Annals and Magazine of Natural History . tape 6 , 1905, pp. 322-323 .

References and comments

  1. ↑ Ross 1998 (p. 1, "General Characters").
  2. ↑ Cf. Flint 1966 (p. 7): head-torso length 67-102, tail 6-18, hind paws 11-14 and auricles 12-15 millimeters.
  3. ↑ a b Sandra Honigs: Dwarf Hamsters. Biology. Attitude. Breeding . 2nd Edition. Natur- und Tier-Verlag, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-931587-96-7 , p. 9 .
  4. ↑ Ross 1998 (p. 1, "Context and Content" of the genre).
  5. ↑ Thomas 1905. Ross 1995 (p. 1, “General Characters”).
  6. ↑ Ross 1998 (p. 1, "Context and Content" of the genre, "General Characters").
  7. ^ WE Sokolow, NI Demina: The development of pouch-like structures at the angles of the mouth in the ontogeny of the hamster Phodopus campbelli . In: Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seria Biologicheskaia . No. 5 , 1992, pp. 724-732 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 2, "Form and Function").
  8. ^ WE Sokolow, N. Ju. Vasilyeva, NI Demina, N. Ju. Feoktistowa: Supplemental saccules at the entrance of the cheek pouches in the Campbell hamster ( Phodopus campbelli Thomas, 1905; Cricetidae, Rodentia) . In: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. Biological Science Section . tape 316 , 1991, pp. 102-106 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 2, "Form and Function").
  9. ^ WE Sokolow, N. Ju. Feoktistowa, N. Ju. Wasiljewa: Communicative function of the secretion of additional sacculi at the opening of cheek pouches of Campbell hamsters ( Phodopus campbelli Thomas, 1905) and Sungarian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus Pallas, 1773): the role in individual recognition . In: Doklady Biological Sciences . tape 335 , 1994, pp. 145-146 . Quoted in: Ross 1998 (p. 2, “Form”).
  10. ↑ Samuel Schaub: Quaternary and young teriary hamsters . In: Treatises of the Swiss Palaeontological Society . tape 2 , 1930, p. 1-49 . Quoted in: Ross 1998 (p. 1, “Fossil Record”).
  11. ↑ Peter Simon Pallas: Journey through different provinces of the Russian Empire. Second part . Imperial Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 1773, p. 703 . Quoted in: Ross 1998 (p. 1, Synonymie der Kind).
  12. ↑ Thomas 1905 (p. 322). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy).
  13. ^ Ned Hollister: New mammals from the highlands of Siberia . In: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections . tape 60 , no. 14 , 1912, pp. 1–6 , here p. 3 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy) and Ross 1998 (p. 1, synonymy of the species).
  14. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: On the small hamsters that have been referred to Cricetulus phaeus and campbelli . In: Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Row 8 . tape 19 , 1917, pp. 456-457 . Quoted in: Ross 1998 (p. 1, synonymy of the genus).
  15. ^ AI Argiropulo: The genera and species of the hamsters (Cricetinae Murray, 1866) of the Palearctic . In: Journal of Mammals . tape 8 , 1933, pp. 129–149 , here p. 133 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy) and Ross 1998 (p. 6, “Remarks”).
  16. ↑ a b Ross 1995 (p. 5, "Remarks").
  17. ↑ Glover Morrill Allen: The mammals of China and Mongolia. In: Walter Granger (Ed.): Natural History of Central Asia (=  Central Asiatic Expeditions ). tape 11 . American Museum of Natural History, New York 1940, p. 621-1350 . Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  18. ↑ John Reeves Ellerman: The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 2: Family Muridae . British Museum (Natural History), London 1941. Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  19. ^ Andrei Grigoryevich Bannikow : [The mammals of the Mongolian People's Republic] . In: [Work of the Mongolian Commission] . tape 53 . Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1954, p. 1-699 (Russian). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  20. ↑ John Reeves Ellerman, Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott: Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946 . British Museum (Natural History), London 1951. Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  21. ↑ Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint, Alexander Nikolajewitsch Golowkin: [Comparative ecology of the dwarf hamsters of Tuwa] . In: Bjulleten Moskowskowo obschtschestwa ispytatelei prirody, otdel biologitscheski . tape 66 , no. 5 , 1961, pp. 57-76 (Russian). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  22. ↑ N. Bobrinskii, BA Kruznetsov, AP Kuzyakin: [key to the mammals of the Soviet Union] . [Izdatel'stvo, Proveshchenie], 1965 (Russian). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  23. ↑ Flint 1966 (p. 7).
  24. ^ MN Meier: [Peculiarities of the reproduction and development of Phodopus sungorus Pallas of different geographic populations] . In: Soologitscheski Schurnal . tape 46 , 1967, p. 604-614 (Russian). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  25. ^ Rudolf Piechocki: Family Wühler . In: Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Martin Eisentraut, Hans-Albrecht Freye, Bernhard Grzimek, Heini Hediger, Dietrich Heinemann, Helmut Hemmer, Adriaan Kortlandt, Hans Krieg, Erna Mohr, Rudolf Piechocki, Urs Rahm, Everard J. Slijper, Erich Thenius ( Ed.): Grzimeks Tierleben : Encyclopedia of the Animal Kingdom. Eleventh volume: Mammals 2 . Kindler-Verlag, Zurich 1969, p. 301-344 , here p. 306 .
  26. ^ Ernest P. Walker: Mammals of the World . 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1975, ISBN 0-8018-1657-2 , here p. 815 .
  27. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet: The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region: A Taxonomic Review . British Museum (Natural History), London 1978. Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  28. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . British Museum (Natural History) / Comstock Publishing Associates (Cornell University Press), London / Ithaca 1980, ISBN 0-8014-1260-9 , pp. 156 .
  29. ↑ IM Gromow, GI Baranowa (ed.): [Catalog of the mammals of the Soviet Union. Pliocene to the present] . Nauka, Sankt Petersburg 1981 (Russian: Каталог млекопитающих СССР. Плиоцен – современность .). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  30. ↑ Ronald M. Nowak, John L. Paradiso: Walker's Mammals of the World . 4th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1983, ISBN 0-8018-2525-3 , pp. 621-622 .
  31. ↑ U. Hamann: On the activity and behavior of three taxa of the dwarf hamsters of the genus Phodopus Miller, 1910 . In: Journal of Mammals . tape 52 , 1987, pp. 65-76 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  32. ↑ Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 5th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1991, ISBN 0-8018-2525-3 , pp. 704 .
  33. ↑ IM Gromow, MA Jerbajewa: [The mammals of Russia and adjacent territories. Lagomorphs and Rodents] . Russian Academy of Sciences (Zoological Institute), Saint Petersburg 1995. Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  34. ↑ Zhang Yong-Zu, Jin Shan-Ke, Quan Guo-Qiang, Li Si-Hua, Ye Zhong-Yao, Wang Feng-Gui, Zhang Man-Li: Distribution of Mammalian Species in China . China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing 1997. Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  35. ↑ Wang Ying-Xiang: A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing 2003. Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  36. ↑ Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Voronzow, Sevili Ibragimowne Radschabli, KL Lyapunowa: Karyological differentiation of allopatric forms of hamsters of the superspecies Phodopus sungorus and heteromorphism of the sex chromosomes in the females . In: Doklady Biological Sciences . tape 173 , 1967, pp. 55-58 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  37. ↑ James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Allen Press / Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas 1982. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  38. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet: The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region: A Taxonomic Review. Supplement . British Museum (Natural History), London 1984. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 5, “Remarks”).
  39. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . 2nd Edition. Facts on File Publications / British Museum (Natural History), New York / London 1986, ISBN 0-8160-1548-1 , pp. 175 (or ISBN 0-565-00988-5 ).
  40. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo: [Systematics of Mammals of the Soviet Union] . Moscow State University, Moscow 1987 ( zmmu.msu.ru - Russian: Систематика млекопитающих СССР .).
  41. ^ Jochen Niethammer: Wühler . In: Bernhard Grzimek (Ed.): Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume 5 . Kindler-Verlag, Munich 1988, p. 206-265 , here pp. 212-213 .
  42. ↑ Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Family Muridae . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 2nd Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington 1993, ISBN 1-56098-217-9 , pp. 501-755 . Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  43. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow and collaborators: [Mammals of Eurasia. I. Rodentia: Taxonomic and Geographic Guide] . In: Archives of the Zoological Museum . tape 32 . Moscow State University, Moscow 1995 (Russian). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  44. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo: [Systematics of mammals of the USSR. Addenda. M] . In: Archives of the Zoological Museum . tape 38 . Moscow State University, Moscow 1998 (Russian). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  45. ↑ Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 , pp. 1419 .
  46. ↑ Julie Feaver, Zhang Zhibin: Hamsters . In: David W. Macdonald (ed.): The great encyclopedia of mammals . Könemann (Tandem-Verlag), Königswinter 2004, ISBN 3-8331-1006-6 , p. 650–651 (translation of the 2001 English edition; pp. 869–870).
  47. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow: [Systematics of the mammals of the world] . Moscow State University, Moscow 2003 (Russian, zmmu.msu.ru - original title: Систематика современных млекопитающих .).
  48. ↑ Musser and Carleton 2005 (p. 1045).
  49. ↑ Stephan Steinlechner: Djungarian hamster and / or Siberian hamster: Who is Who? In: European Pineal Society NEWS . tape 38 , 1998, pp. 7–11 ( dwerghamster.nl [PDF; 104 kB ] full text).