Cross-Harbor Tunnel
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Cross-Harbor Tunnel 香港 海底 隧道 |
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 Northern Portal - Entrance to Hung Hom via Route 1 , 2007
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| use | Road tunnel | ||||
| traffic connection |
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| place |
 Hong Kong , China
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| length | 1.86 km | ||||
| vehicles per day | 114,679 (average) (as of 2017) |
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| Number of tubes | 2 - with 2 lanes / tube (4 lanes in total) |
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| cross-section | Rectangular profile | ||||
| construction | |||||
| Client | Hong Kong Government | ||||
| start of building | 1st September 1969 | ||||
| completion | 3rd quarter 1972 | ||||
| planner |
Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners Freeman Fox & Partners |
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| business | |||||
| operator | Chun Wo Tunnel Management Limited (6-year contract until October 31, 2022) |
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| toll | 8–30 HK $ - two-axis (see toll table) |
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| release | 2nd August 1972 | ||||
| location | |||||
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| Coordinates | |||||
| CHT between Kowloon and HK Island ( Victoria Harbor ) |
22 ° 17 ′ 29 " N , 114 ° 10 ′ 56" E | ||||
| North Portal ( Hung Hom ) |
22 ° 18 '8 " N , 114 ° 10' 49" E | ||||
| South Portal ( Causeway Bay ) |
22 ° 17 ′ 1 ″ N , 114 ° 10 ′ 59 ″ E | ||||
Map with all coordinates: (Kowloon)
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The Cross-Harbor Tunnel , CHT for short, also XHT ( Chinese 香港 海底 隧道 , Pinyin Xiānggǎng Hǎidǐ Suìdào , Jyutping Hoeng 1 gong 2 Hoi 2 dai 2 Seoi 6 dou 6 , short 海 隧 , Hǎisuì , Jyutping Hoi 2 seoi 6 ) is the first underwater tunnel in Hong Kong . The tunnel, opened in 1972 , was the first road link between Kowloon and Hong Kong Island . Before this tunnel connection went into operation, all car traffic crossing Victoria Harbor had to be carried out using car ferries, such as B. by the Star Ferry Company, Ltd , which still exists today .
In addition to the Eastern Harbor Crossing ( 東區 海底 隧道 / 东区 海底 隧道 , 東 隧 / 东 隧 for short ) and the Western Harbor Crossing ( 西區 海底 隧道 / 西区 海底 隧道 , 西隧 / 西隧 for short ), which has been in operation since 1997 , The Cross-Harbor Tunnel is the busiest of the three road tunnels under Victoria Harbor . On weekdays up to 122,000 vehicles drive through the tunnel every day, with an optimal, congestion-free capacity of up to 110,000 vehicles.
The north portal or the north entrance on the mainland side is located in the Kowloon district of Hung Hom , where the counters for the toll fee in both directions are also located, which is why Hong Kong citizens colloquially call the tunnel the " Hunghom Tunnel " ( 紅 磡 隧道 / 红 磡 隧道 , short 紅 隧 / 红 隧 ). The southern portal or the southern entrance on the island side is located on the former offshore Kellett Island , which has become part of the Hong Kong Island coastline due to land reclamation . The tunnel is 1.86 km long and consists of two tubes with two lanes each. The construction was done as an immersed tunnel . The CHT is part of the route 1 section of the Hong Kong motorway system .
history
(Hong Kong Island)
The Hong Kong government used the “ Build Operate Transfer ”, or “ BOT ” for short, operator model for the tunnel project ; A private company was responsible for the financing and construction, and it was granted the concession to operate and collect tolls for 30 years. The concession was awarded to the then Cross-Harbor Tunnel Company Limited ( 香港 隧道 有限公司 ), today: Cross-Harbor Holdings Limited ( 港 通 控股 有限公司 ), which was founded in 1965 to carry out the tunnel project. The Hong Kong government took a 20% stake in order not to completely surrender its influence on the project. The tunnel was designed with two lanes in each direction for a capacity of 80,000 vehicles. The project was jointly supervised by the British engineering offices Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners and Freeman Fox & Partners .
Construction began in September 1969 and should take four years. The concession period ran right from the start of construction, so that the operator completed the construction a year faster than planned. The tunnel was opened to traffic on August 2, 1972 and cost 5 HK $ per passage for a car . After only three and a half years of operation, the operator had recovered the construction costs.
In 1984, the Hong Kong government introduced a tax on top of the operator's toll to make the overcrowded tunnel less attractively priced. The price for a car passage was now HK $ 10.
In 1993 an electronic system for the automatic debiting of tolls was installed. Together with measures to control the flow of traffic, it was possible to increase vehicle capacity.
On September 1, 1999, the concession expired and all rights reverted to the Hong Kong government. The toll has been increased to HK $ 20 for cars. The government commissioned the Cross-Harbor Tunnel Company, now renamed Cross-Harbor (Holdings), to continue operating. In 2010 the Serco Group ( 信 佳 集團 / 信 佳 集团 ) was commissioned to continue operating. On October 31, 2016, Chun Wo Development Holdings Limited ( 俊 和 發展 集團 / 俊 和 发展 集团 ) won the concession for tunnel operation and management for six years in the tender.
CHT toll development
| Type | Vehicle category | Opened from 1972 to May 31, 1984 |
Jun 1, 1984 to Aug 31, 1999 |
Sept. 1, 1999 to date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | motorized two-wheeler / tricycle | HK $ 3 | HK $ 4 | HK $ 8 |
| 2 | Car | HK $ 5 | HK $ 10 | HK $ 20 |
| taxi | HK $ 5 | HK $ 10 | HK $ 10 | |
| 3 | public & private Leichtbus 1 (Public & Private Light Bus, PLB) |
HK $ 8 | HK $ 10 | HK $ 10 |
| 4th | light trucks up to 5.5 t | HK $ 8 | HK $ 15 | HK $ 15 |
| 5 | medium-sized trucks between 5.5 and 24 t | HK $ 10 | HK $ 20 | HK $ 20 |
| 6th | heavy trucks over 24 t | HK $ 15 | HK $ 30 | HK $ 30 |
| 7th |
public & private omnibus (single deck bus ) |
HK $ 10 | HK $ 10 | HK $ 10 |
| 8th |
public & private omnibus (double decker bus) |
HK $ 15 | HK $ 15 | HK $ 15 |
| 9 | per vehicle axle - for vehicles with two axles |
HK $ 5 | HK $ 10 | HK $ 10 |
Toll comparison for all 3 port tunnels
| Type | Vehicle category | Cross-Harbor Tunnel (CHT) |
Eastern Harbor Crossing (EHC) |
Western Harbor Crossing (WHC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | motorized two-wheeler / tricycle | HK $ 8 | HK $ 13 | HK $ 25 |
| 2 | Car | HK $ 20 | HK $ 25 | HK $ 75 |
| taxi | HK $ 10 | HK $ 25 | HK $ 70 | |
| 3 | public & private Leichtbus 1 (Public & Private Light Bus, PLB) |
HK $ 10 | HK $ 38 | HK $ 85 |
| 4th | light trucks up to 5.5 t | HK $ 15 | HK $ 38 | HK $ 85 |
| 5 | medium-sized trucks between 5.5 and 24 t | HK $ 20 | HK $ 50 | HK $ 110 |
| 6th | heavy trucks over 24 t | HK $ 30 | HK $ 75 | HK $ 140 |
| 7th |
public & private omnibus (single deck bus ) |
HK $ 10 | HK $ 50 | HK $ 140 |
| 8th |
public & private omnibus (double decker bus) |
HK $ 15 | HK $ 75 | HK $ 200 |
| 9 | per vehicle axle - for vehicles with two axles |
HK $ 10 | HK $ 25 | HK $ 30 |
Source for tables: HKTD
as of June 2019
- annotation
maintenance
The daily routine maintenance and repair work on the tunnel tube takes place in the low-traffic period around midnight. One of the two tunnels will be closed to normal traffic. Until the early hours of the morning, the only tunnel tube approved for normal motor vehicle traffic is used in two lanes in both directions between the island of Hong Kong and the Kowloon peninsula . In the meantime, various maintenance or repair work on the roadway and tunnel system takes place in the other tunnel tube released for maintenance. On the morning of November 27, 2001, a delayed clearance of the tunnel pipe, which was closed for maintenance work, led to traffic collapse between the island and the mainland during the morning rush hour in Hong Kong. A mile-long traffic jam on both the island and the peninsula side formed a “cross of blocked vehicles” and paralyzed the feeder roads around the CHT for hours.
Trivia
In the Hong Kong action flick Shock Wave , a film about the Hong Kong Police Bomb Disposal , played and co-produced by Andy Lau , released in April 2017, the “ CHT ” is one of the main locations of the story.
Web links
- Hong Kong Transportation Authority Official Website (Chinese, English)
- Official website of the Eastern Harbor Tunnel (EHT / EHC) (Chinese, English)
- Official website of the Western Harbor Tunnel (WHT / WHC) (Chinese, English)
- Official website for traffic information and traffic monitoring camaras from HKTD - e-Transport - Cross Harbor Tunnel (CHT) (Chinese, English)
- Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online - Cross-Harbor Tunnel By-Laws (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ HK Transport Department - Annual Transport Digest 2017 , Section 4: (Chinese, English) [1] In: www.td.gov.hk, accessed on June 17, 2018
- ↑ HK Fact Sheets Gov Transport Page 2: (English) (PDF; 216 kB) In: www.gov.hk, accessed on November 4, 2017
- ↑ a b c Hong Kong Transport Department: " Representative Projects ": (Chinese, English) [2] In: www.td.gov.hk, accessed on May 28, 2018
- ^ Wilbur Smith Associates Limited: Consultancy Study on Rationalizing the Utilization of Road Harbor Crossings . November 2010 ( gov.hk [PDF; accessed July 4, 2013]).
- ↑ Hong Kong Transport Department: " Tunnels & Bridges ": (Chinese, English) [3] In: www.td.gov.hk, accessed on September 11, 2017
- ↑ a b c CM Tam: Build-operate-transfer model for infrastructure developments in Asia: reasons for successes and failures . In: International Journal of Project Management . tape 17 , no. 6 , 1999, p. 377-382 .
- ↑ The Cross-Harbor (Holdings) Limited - History : (English) [4] In: www.crossharbour.com.hk, accessed on November 5, 2017
- ^ J. Grant Robertson: The Western Harbor Crossing - Planning for Maintenance . In: Charles R. Ford (Ed.): Immersed Tunnel Techniques 2 . 1997, ISBN 0-7277-2604-8 , pp. 96-107 .
- ↑ Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners - Brochure on the Cross-Harbor Tunnel Hong Kong 1972 project : (PDF; 8.5 MB) In: scottwilsonscotlandhistory.co.uk, accessed on September 11, 2017
- ^ CK Mak, S. Mo: Some aspects of the PPP approach to transport infrastructure development in Hong Kong . 2005 ( hku.hk [PDF; accessed April 23, 2019]). Some aspects of the PPP approach to transport infrastructure development in Hong Kong ( Memento from May 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Hong Kong Yearbook, Chapter 13: Transport, (PDF; 231 kB), 2007. Page 245 In: www.yearbook.gov.hk, accessed on July 4, 2013
- ↑ HKSAR Info Point at the end of the 30-year concession on September 1, 1999 - " 政府 回收 紅 磡 海底 隧道 專營 權 - The government regains operating rights to the Hong Hom Cross-Harbor Tunnel ": (Chinese) [5] In: www.info.gov.hk, accessed September 11, 2017
- ↑ Chun Wo Development Holdings Limited - " Chun Wo wins 6 year contract of cross-harbor tunnel management ": (English) (PDF; 248 kB) In: www.chunwo.com, accessed on September 11, 2017
- ↑ Hong Kong Transport Department - " Cross-Harbor Tunnel Operator - Chun Wo Tunnel Management Limited ": (Chinese, English) [6] In: www.td.gov.hk, accessed on September 11, 2017
- ↑ Hong Kong Transport Department - " Toll Rates of Road Tunnels and Lantau Link ": (Chinese, English) [7] In: www.td.gov.hk, accessed on June 3, 2019
- ↑ Western Harbor Crossing - “ WHC Toll Schedule ”: (Chinese, English) [8] In: www.westernharbourtunnel.com, accessed on June 3, 2019
- ↑ Zhang, Chunping (张春平) - 2001.11.27: 铺路 漏油 惹麻烦 - 红 隧 交通 大 瘫痪 - Leaked oil during road renewal work - Breakdown causes traffic collapse in the Cross-Harbor Tunnel ( Memento from April 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) . In: www.ycwb.com, accessed December 10, 2019. (Chinese [Cantonese])