CrossFit

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
CrossFit (2016)

CrossFit is a competitive sport and fitness training method that is sold by the US company of the same name and combines weightlifting , sprinting , self-weight exercises and gymnastics, among other things . The aim is to develop the trainees in ten different fitness disciplines in a balanced way: stamina ( cardiovascular or respiratory stamina and stamina ), strength ( performance and strength ), flexibility , speed , dexterity , balance , coordination and accuracy . CrossFit defines fitness as higher performance in all of these areas. Among other things, it is criticized that you can work as a trainer after a weekend course for 1000 US dollars.

The main sponsor Reebok has terminated the cooperation due to an alleged racist statement by the CEO of CrossFit, Greg Glassman, in connection with the killing of George Floyd by US police officers . Some providers, such as CrossFit Magnus or Invictus, also announced that they had ended their affiliation with the fitness company. As a result of the June 6, 2020 incident, over 100 gyms in the United States spontaneously changed their names.

Methods and users

CrossFit exercisers run, row, jump rope , swim, climb ropes, and carry unusual objects. They quickly move large loads over long distances and employ powerlifting and weightlifting techniques . They also use dumbbells , gymnastics rings , pull-up bars , kettlebells and many self-weight exercises. In 2009, CrossFit was offered in almost 2,000 training facilities around the world; this number has now risen to over 14,000 in 2018. It is used by various police, fire brigade and military organizations as part of their fitness program, including the Canadian Armed Forces and the Danish Bodyguard Regiment .

CrossFit was adopted by US and Canadian high school physical education teachers, high school college teams, and a Major League Baseball team .

Training process

CrossFit workouts last around an hour and consist of

  • Warming up ( warm-up )
  • Skill Training ( skill development ) might be associated with strength exercises,
  • a ten to twenty minute high intensity training ( conditioning ) and
  • Stretching exercises ( stretching ).

The core of each unit is the very high intensity execution of the training exercises ( Conditioning or MetCon for "Metabolic Conditioning" ). Each unit, also called Workout of the Day (WOD), usually consists of a series of different exercises that are performed in several rounds. Either a predetermined number of rounds is to be carried out in the shortest possible time, or the highest possible number of rounds or repetitions in a predetermined time. This gives the training a competitive character and is the basis of competitive CrossFit. The training can be intensified through a rhythm of work and rest breaks set before the training. From the principle "constantly varied functional movements performed at a high intensity" it becomes clear that the training varies constantly. This means that every user can adapt the degree of steepness of the exercises to their own fitness level. This type of circuit training is an integral part of any CrossFit workout. Training units are put together by CrossFit-certified trainers of the respective so-called CrossFit boxes, i.e. the sports facilities in which the training takes place, or published on the CrossFit website. This also includes a number of standardized training units that are used as a benchmark for measuring training progress, for example:

  • Cindy: 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups, 15 squats; as many laps as possible in 20 minutes
  • Fran: Thrusters (squats and 95-pound dumbbells above your head) and chin-ups; 21/15/9 repetitions in the shortest possible time

There are also much more demanding, standardized workouts. So-called hero workouts , named after soldiers or police officers who died in action in the USA, are significantly more strenuous and are usually carried out by advanced athletes, for example:

  • Murph: run 1 mile, 100 pull-ups, 200 pushups, 300 squats, 1 mile run; in the shortest possible time
  • JT: handstand push-up (similar to push-ups, but leaning against a wall in a handstand), ring dips (parallel bars in gymnastics rings), push-ups; 21/15/9 repetitions in the shortest possible time

Competitions

As part of the annual CrossFit Games , CrossFit has also been operated competitively since 2007. In this context, the CrossFit Games are something like the World Championships in CrossFit, whose aim is to determine the “fittest people in the world”. In 2010, the prize money for the winner and the winner was $ 25,000 each. That cash prize was sponsored by nutritional supplement maker Progenex in 2010 before Reebok became the main sponsor in 2011, setting the prize money at $ 250,000 in both 2011 and 2012. In 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 Rich Froning dominated the men's field, 2011 and 2012 Anníe Mist Þórisdóttir and 2013 Samantha Briggs the women's field of CrossFit athletes at the CrossFit Games. The 2014 winner was Camille Leblanc-Bazinet, and in 2015 Ben Smith and Katrín Tanja Davíðsdóttir won the title. From 2016 to 2019 Matthew Fraser won the men's title. There have also been doping cases in the scene in recent years. In 2018, for example, 14 participants were excluded from the competitions.

Companies

offer

CrossFit does not offer any training itself; Instead, the company is financed through course fees and license fees from the trainers ( affiliates ), who are also independent of CrossFit. According to its own statements, the company is not a franchising system , but sees its affiliates as "a union of legitimate fitness practitioners who have united around [...] exercises and resources under the CrossFit name".

CrossFit offers three courses for trainers: a two-day “Level 1 Trainer's Certificate Course”, which is completed with a written multiple-choice test, a two-day “Coach's Prep Course” and a “Level 2 Coach's Course”, which consists of a written exam and a performance test.

Those with a “Level 1” certificate can apply to become an affiliate for an annual fee of $ 3,000 and open their own CrossFit box.

These certifications and the affiliate fee are also the primary sources of income for CrossFit. Total sales of all CrossFit associated companies are estimated to be $ 4 billion per year.

CrossFit certifies CrossFit trainers based on successfully passed exams and licenses the name CrossFit for the CrossFit boxes. Partners are free to offer their own training program with individual pricing and teaching methods. Many CrossFit athletes and coaches see themselves as part of a contrary insurgency that challenges conventional fitness wisdom. The virtual community in the form of z. B. Exchange in forums is remarkable at CrossFit. The company says this decentralized approach shares some similar characteristics in common with open source software projects, and it enables the best execution that comes from a variety of different approaches. However, this is denied by some subject matter experts and partners who have separated from CrossFit. CrossFit offers programs for children, pregnant women, seniors, soccer players, candidates for military special forces, and endurance athletes such as triathletes, runners, swimmers, and rowers. This is made possible primarily by adapting and scaling the exercises used to the individual performance of each individual trainee.

history

CrossFit was developed by former high school gymnast Greg Glassman and ex-wife Lauren Glassman in 1980. The first CrossFit gym opened in Santa Cruz in 1995, the same year that Glassman was hired to train the Santa Cruz police force. In a seven-week test conducted in Gagetown , New Brunswick at the Canadian Infantry School in 2005 , CrossFit performed better in most fitness categories compared to the previous exercise program. However, in the vertical jump category, one CrossFit group achieved a 0.7 cm reduction in average height, while the control group achieved a slight increase in average jump height. In addition, there was no increase in pull-ups in another CrossFit group, while the control group saw a slight increase. The number of partners ( Affilitates ) grew from 18 in 2005 to nearly 1,700 in 2010. Trainer for the weightlifting , which are associated with CrossFit, among other Louie Simmons , Bill Starr and Mike Burgener. Former NFL player John Welbourn developed the CrossFit football program. Other subject matter experts at CrossFit are Nicholas Romanov , inventor of the pose method of running and Barry Sears , founder of the zone diet. Past fitness experts include Mark Twight, Dan John, Mark Rippetoe, Robb Wolf, Garrett Smith, and Greg Everett. CrossFit also offers special seminars for, for example, gymnastics, Olympic weightlifting, powerlifting, running and endurance, kettlebells, mobility and relaxation, CrossFit children and CrossFit football, which are completed with a certificate. Jump rope certification has also been offered in the past .

reception

CrossFit has been "variously referred to as a fitness company, a popular health movement, an emerging sport, a fad, a publishing company, and sometimes, disparagingly, a cult."

CrossFit in Germany

Based on a sample of around 3,000 CrossFit athletes and a survey of 100 CrossFit boxes, Fitogram took a closer look at the German CrossFit landscape for the first time in 2015. In Germany, a total of 23,000 people were training in around 190 CrossFit boxes on October 2015. Since its introduction in Germany in 2012, the number of athletes has increased more than sixfold. As of March 2020 there are 274 CrossFit boxes in Germany. Around 60 percent of CrossFit athletes are male. Regardless of gender, CrossFit athletes train an average of almost twice a week.

criticism

A United States Navy sailor who sustained injuries while performing a CrossFit workout alleged that CrossFit posed an increased risk of developing rhabdomyolysis . He successfully sued his coach and received $ 300,000 in damages.

According to Stuart McGill, a professor of spinal biomechanics at the University of Waterloo, the risk of injury with some CrossFit exercises outweighs the health benefits when done with poor embodiment in time-limited workouts. He added that there are similar risks in other exercise programs, but the CrossFit online community allows athletes to do the program without proper exercise, which increases the risk.

Other critics of CrossFit point to the lack of periodization, illogical or arbitrary exercise sequences and the problem of the accreditation of a standard for trainers and partners.

Greg Glassman, CEO of CrossFit, sparked outrage on June 6, 2020 when the 63-year-old founder of the branded training program posted a racist tweet mocking the murder of George Floyd and the current coronavirus pandemic. In response to a tweet from the Institute of Health Metrics and Assessment that identified racism as a public health issue, Glassman replied, "It's FLOYD-19." Because of this racist statement in connection with the killing of George Floyd by US police officers, the main sponsor Reebok has terminated the cooperation. Some, like CrossFit Magnus and Petworth Fitness, also announced that they would end their affiliations with the fitness company. Since the incident on June 6, 2020, over 50 fitness studios in the US have spontaneously changed their names. On June 10, 2020, Glassman announced on the CrossFit website that he was stepping down as CEO. Eric Roza will be appointed as the new CEO.

Web links

Commons : CrossFit  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jill Barker: Crossfit is fast and furious , Montreal Gazette. February 14, 2006. Retrieved November 21, 2007. 
  2. ^ CrossFit Inc .: General Physical Skills. Retrieved March 17, 2019 .
  3. ^ Greg Glassman: CrossFit's New Three-Dimensional Definition of Fitness and Health - 1 . CrossFit. February 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  4. ^ A Concept for Functional Fitness . United States Marine Corps. November 9, 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.quantico.usmc.mil
  5. ^ Army Fitness Manual Supplement: Combat Fitness Program . Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defense. January 1, 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.scribd.com
  6. ^ A b James Wagner: Fitness as a Full-Time Pursuit , Wall Street Journal. February 2, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2013. 
  7. ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine: Fitness trend Crossfit - experts warn. Retrieved September 21, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Really tough business. Retrieved September 21, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Burt Helm: Protect the Brand. Destroy the enemy. July 2, 2013, accessed September 21, 2019 .
  10. ↑ Invictus . Accessed on 8th uni 2020.
  11. ↑ Boxed Out? CrossFit Founder Greg Glassman's George Floyd Tweet Sparks Outrage , Forbes, June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  12. ↑ The Community Speaks Out, 100+ Gyms Disaffiliate Following CrossFit . Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  13. ↑ a b Paul Scott: A no-nonsense look at the often nonsensical world of fitness clubs . In: Best Life , October 23, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 67.192.124.28 
  14. ^ Roy M. Wallack: Run For Life: The Anti-Aging, Anti-Injury, Super Fitness Plan . Skyhorse Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-60239-344-8 , p. 65.
  15. ↑ Michael Hoffman: More want combat element in fitness test . AirForce Times. March 7, 2010. Accessed on January 16, 2013.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.airforcetimes.com  
  16. ↑ 2Lt Andrew Hennessey: A new approach to physical training . LFWA-JTFW, Canadian Forces, National Defense (Canada). June 9, 2009. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  17. ^ Grant Martin: Do you Worship at the "Church" of Crossfit? . Kansas City Star Midwest Voices. 2009. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / voices.kansascity.com
  18. ↑ Josh LeCappelain: CrossFit conquers physical complacency . Task Force Mountain. January 26, 2009. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  19. ↑ Jennifer H. Svan: CrossFit Workouts are Rarely Routine . Military Advantage. January 13, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  20. ^ Welcome to The Royal Life Guards Sports Association . Royal Danish Life Guards Sports Association. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / forsvaret.dk
  21. ↑ Bryan Mitchell: CrossFit workout craze sweeps the Corps . Marine Corps Times. June 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.marinecorpstimes.com
  22. ↑ Juan C. Rodriguez: Florida Marlins: Cameron Maybin's improved swing / miss numbers encouraging . South Florida Sun Sentinel. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / blogs.sun-sentinel.com
  23. ^ IA Stewart: UCSC Notebook: Men's rugby getting fit for the season . In: Santa Cruz Sentinel , December 14, 2007. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013. 
  24. ^ Al King: Ashland's Tinney tops the D-II nation field in 400 . Norwalk Reflector. February 10, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  25. ↑ a b Rebekah Sanderlin: Commando-create workout has cult following , Fayetteville Observer. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dcpaleo.org 
  26. ↑ CrossFit: Adjusting the intensity. Retrieved July 17, 2019 .
  27. ↑ CrossFit circuit training form. Retrieved June 26, 2019 .
  28. ↑ Sally Wadyka: CrossFit: The Fast, Furious Workout Craze . MSN Health and Fitness. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  29. ↑ CrossFit FAQ
  30. ^ Caitlin Gibson: The evolution of exercise in 10 iconic fitness trends. In: Washington Post. July 5, 2016, accessed April 20, 2020 (American English).
  31. ↑ CrossFit FAQ
  32. ↑ Murray Carpenter: Mr. CrossFit vs. Big Soda: A profane fitness guru's wonky war with the soda industry. In: Washington Post. June 4, 2018, accessed April 20, 2020 .
  33. ^ About the Games. Retrieved March 17, 2019 .
  34. ^ Doing the grunt work . Los Angeles Daily News. March 14, 2010. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dailynews.com
  35. ↑ Crossfit - The toughest workout in the world . sofimo.de - Social Fitness Motivation. May 24, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  36. ↑ 'I disagree with unfair decision': Athlete hits out as CrossFit bans 14 for drugs. Retrieved September 21, 2019 .
  37. ↑ "Our affiliates constitute a confederation of legitimate fitness practitioners united around constantly varied, intense, functional exercise and pooling reliable resources under the CrossFit name." CrossFit, " Affiliation "
  38. ↑ How CrossFit Became A $ 4 Billion Brand . forbes.com. February 25, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  39. ^ Bob Walsh: How People Blogging Are Changing The World and How You Can Join Them . Apress, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59059-691-3 .
  40. ↑ Seth Godin: Tribes . Piatkus Books, 2009, ISBN 0-7499-3975-3 , p. 160.
  41. ↑ Eric Velazquez: Sweatstorm . Muscle & Fitness. May 2008. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  42. ↑ a b Chris Shugart: The Truth About CrossFit . Testosterone Muscle. November 4, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  43. ^ Stephanie Cooperman: Getting Fit, Even if it Kills You , New York Times. December 22, 2005. Retrieved January 16, 2013. 
  44. ^ Roy M. Wallack: Run For Life: The Anti-Aging, Anti-Injury, Super Fitness Plan . Skyhorse Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-60239-344-8 , p. 68.
  45. ^ Army Fitness Manual Supplement: Combat Fitness Program . Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defense. January 1, 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.scribd.com
  46. ^ Mark C. Anderson: Fit for Change - Much of CrossFit's exploding global movement was first flexed locally. . Monterey County Weekly. January 21, 2010. Accessed on January 16, 2013.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.montereycountyweekly.com  
  47. ↑ Certifications . CrossFit. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.crossfit.com
  48. ↑ "... variously portrayed as a fitness company, a grassroots health movement, a nascent sport, a fad, a publishing business and sometimes, disparagingly, a cult." Marty Cej: The Business of CrossFit . CrossFit. October 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  49. ^ Scott: A Day At The CrossFit Games . Fight Gone Bad. July 13, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fgb4.org
  50. ^ CrossFit.com: Affiliates . crossfit.com. March 1, 2020. Accessed March 1, 2020.
  51. ↑ CrossFit in Germany 2015 . fitogram.de. October 10, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
  52. ↑ Bryan Mitchell: Lawsuit alleges CrossFit workout damaging . In: Marine Corps Times , August 16, 2006. Archived from the original on August 24, 2008 Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved August 16, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.marinecorpstimes.com 
  53. ↑ Rebecca Dube: No puke, no pain - no gain . In: Globe and Mail . January 11, 2008. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  54. ↑ Boxed Out? CrossFit Founder Greg Glassman's George Floyd Tweet Sparks Outrage , Forbes, June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  55. ^ Greg Glassman Retires. Retrieved June 10, 2020 .