Dares (genus)

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Dares
Dares verrucosus, couple

Dares verrucosus ,
couple

Systematics
Order : Ghost horror (Phasmatodea)
Partial order : Areolatae
Superfamily : Bacilloidea
Family : Heteropterygidae
Subfamily : Dataminae
Genre : Dares
Scientific name
Dares
Stål , 1875
Dares philippinensis , pair
Dares ulula , couple
Dares validispinus , pair
Pair of Dares murudensis , which were initially called Dares sp. "Crocker Range" was introduced into the terrarium hobby

The genus Dares , which is mainly native to Borneo, combines relatively small and mostly dark-colored ghost species.

features

The representatives of this genus are very small with 25 to 45 millimeters in the male and 30 to 55 millimeters in the female sex. Both sexes are always wingless and colored in different beige, yellow and brown tones. In males, these colors usually form more or less species-typical patterns. The arrangement of the long and pointed spines of the males, which can be found on the head, the thorax and more or less pronounced on the abdomen , is also characteristic of the respective species . The females, which are often not so rich in contrast, are not prickly but covered with tubercles all over their bodies. In habit they appear much wider than the rather slender males. In adult , egg-laying females, the abdomen is significantly thickened. With them, too, the middle abdomen area is flattened on the sides and greatly broadened. As is typical for the Dataminae , they do not have a laying spine to lay eggs.

Way of life and reproduction

The nocturnal animals hide during the day in the leafy layer of the ground or on or behind bark. They are very lazy during the day and pretend to be dead when they are discovered. When touched, they let themselves fall to the ground with their front legs and antennae stretched out, as well as angled middle and rear legs, where they remain in a state of fright . The females lay only one to three eggs per week during their average life of two years. These are 2.5 to 4.0 millimeters long and 2.5 to 3.1 millimeters wide and more or less hairy depending on the species. The 7 to 15 millimeter long nymphs hatch after three to six months and need more than half a year to become adult.

Systematics

In 1875, Carl Stål established the genus Dares in the first description of Dares validispinus . He also transferred a species already described by John Obadiah Westwood in 1859 as Acanthoderus ulula to this genus . William Forsell Kirby established Dares validispinus as a type species in 1904 . In 1906 Josef Redtenbacher described two other species that are still valid today, as well as two species that were later recognized as synonyms for Dares ulula . Only Philip Bragg found in his extensive work on the population living on Borneo Phasmiden five other Dares species, which he described all the 1,998th In the same work, he also described a species found 20 years earlier on the Philippine island of Palawan as Dares philippinensis . The following year Oliver Zompro and Ingo Fritzsche published the description of the last new species of this genus Dares ziegleri . The status of this species was at times controversial. It is unusual that it was not found on Borneo or in the immediate vicinity of Borneo, but relatively far away in Thailand . Already in 2004, Zompro withdrew the name and synonymized it with Datames guangxiensis (today's valid name Pylaemenes guangxiensis ), which he also placed in the genus Dares . Paul D. Brock and M. Okada canceled both this synonymization and the assignment of Pylaemenes guangxiensis to Dares .

Valid types are therefore:

( Syn. = Dares calamita Redtenbacher , 1906)
(Syn. = Dares corticinus Redtenbacher , 1906)

Terrariums

So far (mid-2015) five species can be found in the terrariums of lovers. Dares validispinus was first introduced in 1979 and received PSG number 38 from the Phasmid Study Group . Dares verrucosus has been introduced several times since 1984 and received PSG number 69. Since 1991, Dares ulula , which is listed under PSG number 117, has been imported several times . It is considered the most delicate of the species in breeding. In addition, under the PSG is number 332 of a Bragg and Paul Jenning 2006 collected kind in breeding, which make their initial location in the Crocker Range National Park as Dares sp. "Crocker Range" was designated. It was identified by Thies Büscher in 2014 as Dares murudensis , which was described by Bragg in 1998 using a female . Dares philippinensis has been kept and bred as the fifth species since around 2010/2011 . She received the PSG number 331.

Dares species only need small terrariums with high humidity and a substrate to lay their eggs. Almost all of them can be fed on leaves of blackberries or oaks .

credentials

  1. ^ A b Paul D. Brock : Phasmida Species File Online . Version 5.0 / 5.0. (accessed on September 18, 2016)
  2. ^ A b c Philip E. Bragg : Phasmids of Borneo , Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, ISBN 983-812-027-8
  3. ↑ a b Christoph Seiler, Sven Bradler , Rainer Koch: Phasmids - care and breeding of ghosts, stick insects and walking leaves in the terrarium , bede, Ruhmannsfelden 2000, p. 61 u. 136, ISBN 3-933646-89-8
  4. ^ Eugène Bruins: Illustrated Terrarium Encyclopedia - Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim 2006, pp. 72–73, ISBN 978-3-89555-423-0
  5. ↑ a b c Phasmid page from Frank H. Hennemann & Oskar V. Conle ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phasmatodea.com
  6. ↑ a b stabschrecken.com: Posture reports -Streeching, ghost horror, walking leaves , iter novellum Verlag, Saarbrücken 2010, p. 71, ISBN 978-3-00-031913-6
  7. ↑ Oliver Zompro : Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea) , Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler 2004, pp. 218–226, ISBN 978-3931374396
  8. ↑ Paul D. Brock & Masaya Okada: Taxonomic notes on Pylaemenes Stål 1875 (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae), including of the description of the male of P. guanxiensis (Bi & Li, 1994) . Journal of Orthopthera Research 2005, 14 (1), pp. 23-26
  9. ↑ Thies Büscher: Identificatie van PSG 323 (Dares sp., Crocker Range ') , Phasma Werkgroep, No. 95, 2014, Volume 24, pp. 6-9, ISSN  1381-3420
  10. ↑ Phasmid Study Group Culture List (Eng.)
  11. ↑ Holger Dräger: Specters of the family Heteropterygidae Kirby , 1896 (Phasmatodea) - an overview of previously kept species, Part 2: The subfamily Dataminae Rehn & Rehn , 1839 , ZAG Phoenix, No. 5 June 2012 Volume 3 (1), p. 22-45, ISSN  2190-3476

Web links

Commons : Dares  - collection of images, videos and audio files