Orestes guangxiensis
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Orestes guangxiensis , adult female |
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| ( Bi & Li , 1994) |
_-_Orestes_guangxiensis_(right)_-_females.jpg)
Orestes guangxiensis ( Syn .: Pylaemenes guangxiensis ) is a member of thegenus Orestes, which belongs to the ghosts . The species can be found in large parts of East Asia .
features
Both sexes are wingless and have noticeably short legs for ghosts. The females are 40 to almost 50 millimeters long and compact in shape. Their basic color is usually a light beige or brown, which is complemented by almost white, brown and black patterns. The surface of the body is covered with small, mostly black tubercles . The keel typical of the genus is only weak in the middle of the otherwise flat upper side of the thorax and clearly developed on its side edges. On the forehead, which becomes narrower towards the top, the four elevations form two edges that converge towards the tip of the forehead and form a triangle when viewed from the front. The abdomen becomes significantly wider up to the middle and is also strongly raised to the side in egg-laying females.
The males are 38 to 40 millimeters long. They are almost monochrome, medium to dark brown in color, and in some localities they show small dark spots at the base of the abdomen and a larger pair of spots on the metanotum that look like wing stubs . In front of and behind the eyes are paired, blunt spines. On the tip of the forehead are two distinct elevations that almost touch each other at the back and move away from each other towards the bottom. A pair of particularly large tubercles sit at the rear edge of the mesonotum . The abdomen is round in cross section. At the rear edge of the eighth abdominal segment there is a central elevation. The drawing of both sexes fades with increasing age and the animals then become increasingly uniformly light brown.
Occurrence and way of life
The distribution area extends over the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Hainan and the Guangxi Autonomous Region .
Like all members of the genus, the nocturnal animals are capable of almost perfect phytomimesis by aligning their legs and antennae lengthways to the body and so can hardly be distinguished from a short, broken branch. Orestes guangxiensis is capable of parthenogenesis . So far, only females have been found at many sites. About six weeks after molting into the imago , the females start laying one to three eggs per week. These have a length and width of about three millimeters and a height of almost two millimeters. They are more arched on the dorsal side and have short, barbed hairs. The micropylar plate has three legs, one of which points towards the lid, while the other two run circularly around the egg (see also construction of the phasmid egg ). The eggs are laid on the ground or near the ground. Often eggs are clamped in bark or attached to mosses. After an average of four months, the nymphs hatch , which have clear keels along the middle and edges of the body and already have the high and pointed forehead typical of the species. It takes a good year for them to grow into adults. Older nymphs are often more contrasting and colorful than adult females. Red-brown tones can often be found with them.
Taxonomy and systematics
Li Tianshan collected seven animals of this species in the Chinese region of Guǎngxī in 1991 . In 1994 D. Bi and T. Li described the species as Datames guangxiensis on the basis of these animals . The specific epithet refers to the place of discovery. A female was deposited as a holotype at the Entomological Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai . Specimens of the species collected by T. Shiraki as early as 1935 and by Masaya Okada in Taiwan and Japan in 1999 were incorrectly identified as Datames mouhotii (today's name Orestes mouhotii ). In 1998 Frank H. Hennemann introduced the genus Datames as a synonym for the genus Pylaemenes . As a result, Datames guangxiensis was assigned to the genus Pylaemenes . Paul D. Brock and Francis Seow-Choen described Pylaemenes hongkongensis from Hong Kong in 2000 , which a little later proved to be synonymous with Pylaemenes guangxiensis . Oliver Zompro placed the species in the genus Dares in 2004 and the Dares ziegleri described by him and Ingo Fritzsche in 1999 as a synonym for the species he referred to as Dares guangxiensis . Brock and Okada described males of Pylaemenes guangxiensis in 2005 and were able to use these to prove that the Species does not belong to the genus Dares and is not identical to Dares ziegleri , which has been validated again. As part of the description of six new species from Vietnam , Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant finally placed the species in the genus Orestes .
Accordingly, there are the following synonyms:
- Datames guangxiensis Bi & Li , 1994
- Pylaemenes guangxiensis ( Bi & Li , 1994)
- Pylaemenes hongkongensis Brock & Seow-Choen , 2000
Terrariums
The first and so far only breeding strain used in terrariums goes back to females that Francis Seow-Choen and Paul D. Brock collected in Hong Kong in 1996 and which they described as Pylaemenes hongkongensis in 2000 . Another parthenogenetic breeding line, which was introduced from northern Taiwan in 2008 , was initially referred to as Pylaemenes guangxiensis "Taiwan". According to current knowledge, these animals are the species Orestes shirakii described in 2013 . A sexual strain from Japan has been in breeding in Europe since 2013 . This was collected by Kazuhisa Kuribayashi on Okinawa and was initially also referred to as Pylaemenes guangxiensis by him. These animals were identified as Orestes japonicus by Breseell and Constant in 2018 .
Orestes guangxiensis is easy to keep and breed. A high level of humidity is preferred , which can be achieved by a layer of soil covered with damp moss . The leaves of blackberries or other rose plants are eaten , as well as Shallon peach berries (Salal), oaks , beeches , as well as efeutute and other arum plants .
From the phasmid Study Group is Orestes guangxiensis under the PSG number 248 out.
photos
adult female
Eggs in dorsal, 2 × lateral and ventral view
subadult female
brightly colored female nymph
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c d Paul D. Brock & Masaya Okada: Taxonomic notes on Pylaemenes Stål 1875 (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae), including of the description of the male of P. guanxiensis (Bi & Li, 1994) . Journal of Orthopthera Research 2005, 14 (1), pp. 23-26
- ↑ a b c d e Holger Dräger: Specters of the family Heteropterygidae Kirby , 1896 (Phasmatodea) - an overview of previously kept species, part 2: The subfamily Dataminae Rehn & Rehn , 1839 , ZAG Phoenix, No. 5 June 2012 Volume 3 ( 1), pp. 22-45, ISSN 2190-3476
- ^ A b Paul D. Brock: Phasmida Species File Online . Version 5.0 / 5.0 (accessed February 21, 2018)
- ↑ a b c Breeding instructions and information about Pylaemenes guangxiensis "Taiwan" and Pylaemenes shirakii by Bruno Kneubühler on [1]
- ^ Frank H. Hennemann : A contribution to the knowledge of the phasmid fauna of Sulawesi . Messages from the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin 1998, Zoologische Reihe 74, pp. 95–128
- ↑ Oliver Zompro : Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea) , Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler 2004, pp. 218–226, ISBN 978-3931374396
- ↑ a b Joachim Bresseel & Jérôme Constant : The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 58: 1–62, Brussels 2018, ISSN 1374-5514 , Full article (PDF).
- ↑ George Ho Wai-Chun : Zootaxa 3669 (3) : Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea II: Review of the Dataminae Rehn & Rehn, 1939 (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae) of China, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species , Magnolia Press, 2013, pp. 201-222, ISSN 1175-5326
- ↑ Phasmatodea page by Oskar V. Conle and Frank H. Hennemann ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Phasmid Study Group Culture List ( Memento from December 5, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) (English)
