Dicondylia
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Harvester ant with typical dicondyl mandible |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||
| Dicondylia | ||||||||||
| Hennig , 1953 |
Dicondylia are insects . The Dicondylia are a group ( taxon ) in which all insect groups are classified with the exception of the rock jumpers (Archaeognatha). In contrast to these, the dicondylia have a mandible that is attached to the head capsule with two joints (dicondyl) compared to the original mandible with a single ball joint (monocondyl).
Dicondyle mandible and other features
The taxon is characterized above all by having a modified mandible with an additional joint hump , which also changes the muscle attachments of the mouthparts and enables a different mandible movement compared to other mandibular animals ( crustaceans , millipedes , rock jumpers ). Via this so-called dicondyle mandible it has two joints with which it is attached to the head capsule , while more primitive taxa only have a single ball joint.
In addition to this main feature, all members of the Dicondylia have a number of other group-specific features in their blueprint. They have a continuous occipital suture and an additional joint hump between the upper and lower leg. At the base of the egg-laying tube ( ovipositor ) there is an additional sclerite , the gonangulum , on both sides , which enables improved coordination of the movement of the pairs of gonapophyses . In addition, all of these insects have a five-part tarsus and styli are present in them at most on the last two abdominal segments . Another feature relates to embryonic development; all dicondylia form a closed amniotic cavity around the embryos , which creates two complete embryonic envelopes (amnion and serosa ).
Systematics
The Dicondylia include all flying insects (Pterygota) as well as the little fish (Zygentoma), which were formerly classified with the rock jumpers in a common group of shaggy tails (Thysanura). Accordingly, the taxon Dicondylia contains the following groups of insects:
Classic system
- Fish (zygentoma)
- Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
- Dragonflies (Odonata)
- Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
- Embioptera (Embioptera)
- Cricket cockroaches (Notoptera)
- Earwigs (Dermaptera)
- Mantis (Mantodea)
- Cockroaches (Blattodea)
- Termites (Isoptera)
- Ghost horror (Phasmatodea)
- Gladiators (Mantophasmatodea)
- Long- probe horror (Ensifera)
- Short-antennae terrors (Caelifera)
- Ground lice (Zoraptera)
- Dust lice (Psocoptera)
- Animal lice (Phthiraptera)
- Fringed winged winged wing (Thysanoptera)
- Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera)
- Camel neck flies (Raphidioptera)
- Large winged (Megaloptera)
- Reticulated winged (Neuroptera)
- Beetle (Coleoptera)
- Fan winged (Strepsiptera)
- Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera) with bees, wasps and ants
- Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
- Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
- Beak fly (Mecoptera)
- Fly (Diptera)
- Fleas (Siphonaptera)
Phylogenetic systematics
Below is an overview based on the phylogenetic system . More detailed descriptions can be found in the phylogenitic description of the insects .
supporting documents
- ↑ a b characteristics according to Klausnitzer 1997.
- ^ A b c d e Ward C. Wheeler, Michael Whiting, Quentin D. Wheeler, James M. Carpenter: The Phylogeny of the Extant Hexapod Orders. Cladistics 17, 2001; Pp. 113-169. ( PDF ).
- ^ Systematics according to Klausnitzer 1997.
literature
- Bernhard Klausnitzer : Insecta (Hexapoda), insects in Westheide, Rieger (Hrsg.): Special zoology part 1: unicellular and invertebrate animals. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena 1997; P. 626f.