European Research Association for Environment and Health in the Transport Sector

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The European Research Association for Environment and Health in the Transport Sector eV (EUGT) was a research institution founded by the companies Volkswagen , Daimler , BMW and Bosch from 2007 to 2017 with the aim of evaluating and documenting the effects of traffic on health Focus on air pollution from fine dust, nitrogen oxides and diesel exhaust.

The institution was accused of having acted as a "lobby association for diesel cars".

history

The EUGT was founded on May 7, 2007 by Volkswagen, Daimler, BMW and Bosch in Berlin. The founding is associated with the "Clean Diesel Campaign" that started at the same time. The Research Association for Automotive Technology (FAT) was involved as a so-called sponsoring member with no net cash flow as part of a cooperation agreement. In 2010 the research topics were the "20-City Study" on the effectiveness of environmental zones, a study on fine dust pollution in flowing traffic, a planned nitrogen oxide exposure study and two studies on the subject of traffic noise. Originally, the EUGT side identified the Federal Environment Agency and the German Environmental Foundation as cooperation partners, although there was no cooperation. The research association was initially to be called the “European Institute for Environmental and Health Research in the Transport Sector”, but the Charlottenburg District Court refused to use the name because it saw the use of the word “institute” as a risk of deception. In 2013 the EUGT sponsored a study at RWTH Aachen University in which 25 volunteer test subjects inhaled small amounts of nitric oxide. In the same year, Bosch left the EUGT because its focus “did not meet the expectations of scientific support for questions relevant to transport policy.” Fraport joined the EUGT in 2014 and left the association in the same year because the desired research project on health effects was Traffic noise in a comparison of different modes of transport was not initiated. In May 2015, scientists commissioned by the EUGT conducted diesel emissions tests on monkeys at the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, a private biomedical research organization in Albuquerque. After it became known that VW had manipulated measurement results on diesel vehicles for years, three of the seven members of the research advisory board resigned in 2015. In 2016, VW ended its membership in the association and applied to dissolve it, which was decided by the general meeting on November 25, 2016.

financing

According to Volkswagen AG, their contribution to the EUGT was 125,000 euros in 2007 and 2008, 50,000 euros per year from 2009 to 2015 and 25,000 euros in 2016. As far as Volkswagen AG is aware, the other companies paid the standard rate of 125,000 Euros per year. According to the state government of Lower Saxony, the estimated annual budget of the EUGT from 2009 to 2013 was 425,000 euros, from 2014 with the accession of FraPort AG to 550,000 euros and in 2016 to 400,000 euros. Volkswagen bore the wages of the managing director Spallek.

Managing director and board member

The managing director was Michael Spallek , formerly Head of Health Protection at VW Commercial Vehicles in Hanover. EUGT managing director Michael Spallek introduced himself on the website as a specialist in occupational and environmental medicine without any indication that he was an employee of Volkswagen. The five-person executive board consisted of a representative each from VW, Daimler and BMW and a Fraport manager. The chairman of the association was Gunter Zimmermeyer , previously technical director of the Association of the Automotive Industry and lobbyist for the supplier Bosch. Hans-Georg Kusznir represented Volkswagen. He worked in the foreign and government relations department of the VW Group and was an employee of Thomas Steg. Udo Hartmann came from Daimler AG; he was environmental officer there. Frank Hansen represented BMW as head of the “Urban Mobility” department. Max Conrady came from Fraport; he was ex-department head for environmental impacts.

Research Advisory Board

The EUGT's scientific advisory board met three to four times a year.

The toxicologist Helmut Greim headed the scientific advisory board. The professor emeritus of the Technical University of Munich also testified before the Federal Government's exhaust gas investigation committee and reported on animal experiments in exhaust gas tests in September 2016. The professor emeritus of the Technical University of Munich has the reputation of an industry-friendly expert. As a result of the monkey experiments, the Ministry of the Environment checked the withdrawal of his Federal Cross of Merit. However, it did not take place.

David Groneberg is director of the Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine. He already pointed out the dangers of fine dust in 2005 ("Similar to radioactivity, there doesn't seem to be a lower limit value for fine dust either."), But considers the effect of environmental zones in the first stage on fine dust pollution to be negligible. Instead, he calls for a city center ban for old diesel vehicles and more research in this area.

Peter Morfeld is a graduate mathematician and epidemiologist. He heads the Institute for Epidemiology and Risk Assessment in the Working Environment of the Essen company Evonik and left the EUGT in 2016.

Stephan Letzel was President of the German Society for Occupational Medicine and Environmental Medicine eV in 2010 and in 2015 the EUGT organized a satellite symposium at the annual conference of the DGAUM. He left the research advisory board after the emissions scandal became known.

Ulrich Keil , epidemiologist at the University of Münster, stepped down from the research advisory board in 2015 after the emissions scandal became known.

Other members of the research advisory board were Rolf Merget, Paul Borm and Hermann Bolt .

Funded projects

Environmental zones

After the first environmental zones were introduced in 2008, Helmut Greim emphasized a year and a half after their introduction that the effectiveness of environmental zones had not been proven.

The EUGT as the project sponsor carried out an analysis of the effectiveness of environmental zones together with the Institute for Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Evonik Industries (project management). The topic was the estimation of the influence of driving bans for vehicles of pollutant group 1 (without sticker) on the pollutant concentration in selected environmental zones. The project was also funded by the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association. The project lasted from February 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014. The study design was published in 2011 in the Central Gazette for Occupational Medicine. In the EUGT press release of March 20, 2013, the head of the study, Peter Morfeld, announced the results of the pilot analysis for Munich: “The result is sobering. […] Contrary to previous public statements, no convincing effects can be seen. ”The ADAC took up the press release of the EUGT as evidence for the“ almost complete ineffectiveness of environmental zones ”. In 2014, the result for Peter Morfeld was clear: "The introduction of environmental zones is not an efficient measure to reduce the target values ​​PM10 and NO2 in city centers." The results of the environmental zones on fine dust pollution and nitrogen oxides were published in specialist journals. Peter Morfeld presented the results of the study at congresses in Germany and abroad. The EUGT study in Graz, Austria, had a very concrete impact. The regional administrative court of Styria rejected a complaint against the rejection in 2014 - and explicitly referred to the EUGT. Together with Jan Balbach, who did his doctorate on the “illegality of environmental zones”, Morfeld published a legal assessment of environmental zones supported by the EUGT.

Representativeness of air quality measuring stations

Jan Duyzer published the results of an EUGT-funded study on the representativeness of air quality measuring stations in 2014 and presented them at the DGAUM EUGT satellite symposium in 2015. According to the EUGT activity report, measuring stations for diesel exhaust gases are often located on roads with heavy traffic and therefore provide distorted results. "However, there are hardly any people there - even if only for a short time." With "measured values ​​close to the street [is] no statement about the actual pollution of city dwellers by NO2". The main finding of the study is "that the actual exposure of city dwellers can be better recorded by so-called" background measuring stations ". The choice of location of the measuring stations would thus be of major importance for assessing the air quality in cities. "

Diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer

In 2010 Joe Mauderly, Senior Vice President of the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, reported on diesel exhaust fumes on the initiative of the EUGT in the Working Group on Fibers / Dusts of the Federal Ministry of Labor. According to an EUGT report from 2010, Mauderly made it clear “that the currently available knowledge does not allow a derivation of an [exposure-risk relationship] with a view to carcinogenic effects. He also pointed out that none of the epidemiological studies on lung cancer have specific measured values ​​for actual [diesel engine emissions] exposure. ”The EUGT sponsored the German translation of a Health Effects Institute report, which did not provide sufficient evidence for a traffic-related cancer risk Saw air pollution. In 2012 the IARC of the WHO classified diesel exhaust gases as carcinogenic. The EUGT tried to influence WHO staff, claiming that there was no new scientific evidence on the issue of diesel exhaust. The WHO should therefore refrain from their research project. According to the EUGT report, all epidemiological studies used by the IARC would show relevant methodological weaknesses. Michael Spallek and Peter Morfeld published their view that the IARC rating only applies to old diesel gensets. This view also prevailed in the MAK Commission in 2012 with the simultaneous MAK Commission and EUGT members Bolt, Greim, Letzel and Merget.

Pollution with platinum metals from catalysts

From 2010 to 2011, the EUGT sponsored a study to identify the sources of exposure to platinum metals relevant to humans at the Institute for Occupational Medicine at the University of Erlangen. According to EUGT, platinum exposure in humans comes mainly from dentures and hardly from catalysts.

Air pollutant measurements in open and closed vehicles

In order to “measure air quality where people experience it realistically”, the EUGT sponsored its Research Advisory Board member Groneberg for mobile particulate matter measurements inside and outside the Berlin environmental zone.

Nitric oxide inhalation experiments at RWTH Aachen University

In order to examine the health effects of nitrogen oxides in the workplace, the Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine at RWTH Aachen University carried out inhalation experiments with nitrogen dioxide on 25 healthy young test subjects in 2013. During the test, the test persons were exposed to three different nitrogen dioxide concentrations for several hours: 180 µg / m³, 940 µg / m³ and 2,800 µg / m³. The subjects' blood, lung function and sputum were examined. As a result, the body functions of the healthy test subjects were not significantly impaired. The study had been approved by the ethics committee. The EUGT paid EUR 220,000 to conduct the study. The epidemiologist Alexandra Schneider from Helmholtz Zentrum München rated the inhalation study as harmless. The EUGT later used the study for its own publications, without, however, pointing out that the study was about occupational exposure limits and not about long-term exposure to traffic.

Diesel exhaust inhalation tests on monkeys

In 2013, the EUGT commissioned the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (LRRI) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to carry out diesel emission experiments on monkeys. The experiment was supposed to prove that diesel exhaust fumes from modern diesels are harmless. VW did not want to take responsibility for this. In an email from 2013, the head VW company doctor Michael Spallek, who is also the managing director of EUGT, wrote to a manager of the group: “We want to know that the text [for the allocation of studies] is formulated in such a way that it is legally safe It is contract research for which we are responsible. ”However, VW was involved in the study planning. Originally, the researchers wanted to compare old VW diesel vehicles with a new VW model. An employee of the EUGT interrupted his vacation because of this and wrote in an email on October 31, 2013: “We cannot compare old VW diesel vehicles with new VW diesel vehicles! That will be a no-go, and I think VW would stop its support immediately because neither the EUGT nor VW have any interest in comparing old and new technology from just one manufacturer. ”There was concern about the image. "I think you can imagine the public discussion emerging with a study like this."

For the study, which began in October 2014, ten crab monkeys were exposed to diesel exhaust fumes for four hours in a glass cage. The monkeys were fed successively diluted exhaust gases from a new VW Beetle from 2013 and an old pick-up truck Ford F 150 from 1997. To calm down, the monkeys watched cartoon films during the experiment. An endoscope was then inserted into the bronchi through the mouth or nose to collect bronchial secretions. Blood tests were also carried out. The head of the study, McDonald, reported that the monkey experiment was monitored "in real time" by the VW engineer James Liang, who has meanwhile been convicted of fraud. That was "very unusual", according to McDonald, especially since VW was not even a contracting party.

Only after the diesel tampering became known did the study directors suspect that the test VW was driving in test bench mode with low nitrogen oxide emissions and that VW manager Liang wanted to make sure through his checks that the defeat device was working properly.

Contrary to expectations, the monkeys showed more signs of ignition on the exhaust fumes of the new diesel car (although it used a defeat device and emitted significantly less nitrogen oxides on the roller test bench than on the road) than on the exhaust fumes of the Ford F 150. The researchers tried the representation to weaken and reformulate their results in such a way that the EUGT would agree to publication. However, there was no publication. The EUGT paid for the study fee of $ 649,000. The dispute with the LRRI over the last installment of almost 72,000 dollars lasted until August 2017. Everyone in the EUGT knew about the monkey test with a VW Beetle. In a report on the work from 2012 to 2015, "inhalation experiments with monkeys lasting several hours" are openly described by the EUGT.

In October 2015, part of the research advisory board wanted to publicly distance itself from the monkey experiments on the EUGT homepage. Michael Spallek and Helmut Greim prevented a statement.

In January 2018, the New York Times first reported on the monkey experiments with wide media coverage. The government spokesman Steffen Seibert said, "these tests on monkeys or even humans are ethically in no way justifiable". Axel Bauer spoke of a case of science fraud. VW, Daimler and BMW distanced themselves from the monkey study. VW put its general representative Thomas Steg on leave. Daimler put Udo Hartmann on leave. There was a current hour in the German Bundestag for the exhaust gas tests.

criticism

Critics accuse the EUGT of running a diesel greenwashing campaign, sowing doubts with paid contract research and playing down and relativizing the health risks of diesel exhaust gases.

In 2009 Stefan Lieb pointed out conflicts of interest of the EUGT. In 2010 Max Angermaier criticized under the title “Propaganda for Industry” that the scientific DGAUM “offered an industry-financed association a platform to present its interests”.

For Axel Friedrich, co-founder of the International Council on Clean Transportation, the EUGT was founded in 2007 with the clear goal: "Playing down problems makes them very successful." In the magazine "The Australian", the pollutant expert James Tate warned: " If the auto industry tries to influence the health hazard debate in this way, it is potentially threatening. Given the potential impact of diesel exhaust on health and the historically unique discrepancy between laboratory data and real emissions, it is crucial that scientists work independently. ”The British“ The Times ”also made similar allegations. According to King's College London, nearly 9,500 people die prematurely each year in England's capital city as a result of air pollution, mainly from diesel engine emissions. However, the EUGT suggests "that the scientific data are not sufficient to prove an impact of nitrogen oxides on the population and that only the health of previously injured people, such as asthmatics, is influenced by diesel exhaust gases". The Süddeutsche Zeitung described the EUGT as “a lobbyist group with a scientific facade.” This became clear in a newsletter from June 2013, in which the diesel engine was celebrated as the “engine of progress”. In the newsletter, a representative of the Association of the Automotive Industry was able to claim, without being contradicted, that the diesel engine is unproblematic from an environmental point of view. Fine dust particles and nitrogen dioxide were reduced to an "almost homeopathic level" due to modern exhaust gas cleaning. You could almost say, added the VDA representative, “that a modern diesel, so to speak, cleans the air in many situations”. The organization LobbyControl accuses the EUGT of industry-related research and science lobbyism. Erik Conway, co-author of the book Merchants of Doubt, traced in his book how corporations in the cloak of science successfully diluted knowledge about their products . He commented on the EUGT: “If all of this is correct, as it is in the New York Times , then the EUGT has worked in the same way. It served as a financier and clearing center for misleading research. "

Publications of the EUGT

Newsletter:

Others:

Publications funded by the EUGT

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Spallek: Association goals of the EUGT. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 17, 2013 ; accessed on February 10, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eugt.org
  2. ↑ animal experiments. VW tested diesel emissions on monkeys . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , January 26, 2018. Accessed February 2, 2018.
  3. ↑ a b Dr. Bernd Althusmann: Small inquiry about exhaust gas tests with animals and humans by VW, Daimler and BMW. Retrieved June 17, 2018 .
  4. ↑ a b c d NDR: VW finances "independent" emissions research. Retrieved February 14, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Michael Spallek: Cooperation of the EUGT. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 19, 2014 ; accessed on February 10, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eugt.org
  6. ↑ a b Markus Grill, Max Hägler, Antonius Kempmann, Klaus Ott: Research until it fits . In: sueddeutsche.de . 2018, ISSN  0174-4917 ( online [accessed February 10, 2018]).
  7. ^ The Bought Science . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , February 24, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  8. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung: Car manufacturers used scientists to downplay the dangers of diesel , January 29, 2018, accessed on February 3, 2018.
  9. ↑ Frankfurter Rundschau: Frankfurt Airport Fraport distances itself from emissions tests. Retrieved February 9, 2018 .
  10. ↑ zeit.de research for the supposedly clean diesel (accessed on February 3, 2018)
  11. ^ Carsten Germis, Wolfsburg: After the animal experimentation affair: VW: No more research with the competition . In: FAZ.NET . February 21, 2018, ISSN  0174-4909 ( online [accessed on February 22, 2018]).
  12. ↑ [1] How Researchers Helped For Years To Cover Up The Diesel Fraud (accessed February 3, 2018)
  13. ↑ Monkey experiments: chief researcher of the EUGT threatens to lose the Cross of Merit - WELT. Retrieved February 5, 2018 .
  14. ^ Adrian Arab: Controversial toxicologist keeps his Federal Cross of Merit . In: THE WORLD . March 15, 2018 ( online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  15. ↑ Dt. Ärzteblatt, Vol. 102, Issue 14, Apr. 2005 .
  16. ↑ Der Spiegel 11/2017: In the death zone .
  17. ↑ welt.de . March 11, 2005.
  18. ↑ [2] Thick air in the Frankfurt environmental zone (accessed on February 3, 2018)
  19. ↑ Report Mainz: DasErste, Source: ARDReport Mainz, Source: Das Erste How the automotive industry controls science. Retrieved February 28, 2018 .
  20. ^ WFB Wirtschaftsförderung Bremen GmbH - Messe Bremen division: Bremen to know. Retrieved February 8, 2018 .
  21. ↑ [3] Exhaust gas, monkeys and premature death (accessed on February 3, 2018)
  22. ↑ Univ.-Prof. (em.) Dr. med. Barbara Griefahn apl. Prof. Dr. med. Klaus Golka Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Jan G. Hengstler Univ.-Prof. (em.) Dr. Dr. Hermann M. Bolt: Proceedings of the German Society for Occupational Medicine and Environmental Medicine eV 50th Annual Scientific Conference 16.-19. June 2010 in Dortmund . ( Online [PDF]). Conference proceedings of the German Society for Occupational Medicine and Environmental Medicine eV 50th Annual Scientific Conference 16.-19. June 2010 in Dortmund ( Memento of the original dated February 7, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dgaum.de
  23. ↑ Max Angermaier: Example 3: Propaganda for the industry. Retrieved February 7, 2018 .
  24. ↑ Research Advisory Board 2014
  25. ↑ Research Advisory Board 2016. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 24, 2016 ; accessed on February 10, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eugt.org
  26. ↑ Environment. Effect of so-called environmental zones not proven. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
  27. ↑ Peter Morfeld, Michael Spallek, David Groneberg: On the effectiveness of environmental zones: Design of a study to determine the pollutant concentration change for dust particles (PM10) and other variables through the introduction of environmental zones in 20 German cities . In: Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie . tape 61 , no. 5 , May 1, 2011, ISSN  0944-2502 , p. 148-165 , doi : 10.1007 / BF03344991 .
  28. ↑ EUGT press release on environmental zones. (PDF) (No longer available online.) August 30, 2013, archived from the original on August 30, 2013 ; accessed on February 7, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eugt.org
  29. ↑ Morfeld publication. (PDF) (No longer available online.) August 21, 2016, archived from the original on August 21, 2016 ; accessed on February 7, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eugt.org
  30. ^ ADAC: Useless environmental zones. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
  31. ↑ P. Morfeld, D. Gronenberg, M. Spallek: efficacy of environmental zones in the first stage: Analysis of the concentration of particulate matter changes (PM10) in 19 German cities . In: Pneumology . tape 68 , no. 03 , 2014, ISSN  0934-8387 , p. 173-186 , doi : 10.1055 / s-0033-1359180 ( online [accessed February 7, 2018]).
  32. ↑ Peter Morfeld, David A. Groneberg, Michael F. Spallek: Effectiveness of Low Emission Zones: Large Scale Analysis of Changes in Environmental NO2, NO and NOx Concentrations in 17 German Cities . In: PLOS ONE . tape 9 , no. 8 , August 12, 2014, ISSN  1932-6203 , p. e102999 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0102999 ( plos.org [accessed February 7, 2018]).
  33. ↑ P. Morfeld, D. Groneberg, M. Spallek: Answer . In: Pneumology . tape 68 , no. 06 , 2014, ISSN  0934-8387 , p. 434-435 , doi : 10.1055 / s-0034-1377127 ( thieme-connect.com [accessed February 7, 2018]).
  34. ↑ a b EUGT satellite symposium DGAUM conference in Munich 2015. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 8, 2018 ; accessed on February 8, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dgaum.de
  35. ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung, Stuttgart, Germany: Auto lobby association EUGT: Dangerous exhaust gas is declared a March . In: stuttgarter-zeitung.de . ( Online [accessed February 5, 2018]).
  36. ↑ Balbach J, Morfeld P: " No alternative" environmental zones? The factual claim to specific plan-dependent air pollution control measures. NVwZ 33: 1499-1501.
  37. ^ Jan Balbach: illegality of environmental zones . Ed .: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. Berlin, ISBN 978-3-8325-4286-3 .
  38. ↑ Jan Duyzer, Dick van den Hout, Peter Zandveld, Sjoerd van Ratingen: Representatives of air quality monitoring networks . In: Atmospheric Environment . tape 104 , p. 88–101 , doi : 10.1016 / j.atmosenv.2014.12.067 .
  39. ↑ EUGT Activity Report 2012-2015. (PDF) (No longer available online.) March 23, 2016, archived from the original on March 23, 2016 ; accessed on February 8, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eugt.org
  40. ↑ Joe L. Mauderly: Current status of the Toxicology of Diesel Engine Exhaust - and the ACES Project . In: Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie . tape 60 , no. 12 , December 1, 2010, ISSN  0944-2502 , p. 412-417 , doi : 10.1007 / BF03346132 .
  41. ↑ Michael F. Spallek: EUGT compact focus 2010 . Ed .: EUGT eV
  42. ^ Health Effects Institute: Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. (PDF) Retrieved February 9, 2018 .
  43. ^ IARC: IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC. (PDF) June 12, 2012, accessed February 8, 2018 .
  44. ↑ Michael F. Spallek, Peter Morfeld: Re: The Problem With Diesel . In: JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute . tape 104 , no. 23 , December 5, 2012, ISSN  0027-8874 , p 1845–1846 , doi : 10.1093 / jnci / djs421 ( online [accessed February 9, 2018]).
  45. ↑ P. Morfeld, U. Keil, M. Spallek: The European “Year of the Air”: fact, fake or vision? In: Archives of Toxicology . tape 87 , no. 12 , December 1, 2013, ISSN  0340-5761 , p. 2051-2055 , doi : 10.1007 / s00204-013-1140-3 .
  46. ↑ Peter Morfeld, Michael Spallek: Diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer risks - evaluation of the meta-analysis by Vermeulen et al. 2014 . In: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology . tape 10 , no. 1 , December 2015, ISSN  1745-6673 , p. 31 , doi : 10.1186 / s12995-015-0073-6 ( online [accessed February 9, 2018]).
  47. ↑ Peter Morfeld: Diesel exhaust in miners study: how to understand the findings? In: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology . tape 7 , no. 1 , December 2012, ISSN  1745-6673 , p. 10 , doi : 10.1186 / 1745-6673-7-10 ( online [accessed February 9, 2018]).
  48. ↑ P. Morfeld, M. Spallek: Diesel engine emissions and lung cancer risks . In: Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie . tape 65 , no. 3 , June 1, 2015, ISSN  0944-2502 , p. 133-148 , doi : 10.1007 / s40664-015-0021-4 .
  49. ↑ List of MAK and BAT Values ​​2012 . In: List of MAK and BAT Values ​​2012 . Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012, ISBN 978-3-527-66602-7 , p. 266 ( online [accessed February 9, 2018]).
  50. ↑ Carcinogenic substances . In: List of MAK and BAT Values ​​2012 . Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012, ISBN 978-3-527-66602-7 , p. 152 , doi : 10.1002 / 9783527666027.ch3 / pdf .
  51. ^ Institute and Polyclinic for Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine: Platinum contamination. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 7, 2016 ; accessed on February 9, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.arbeitsmedizin.uni-erlangen.de
  52. ↑ Sven Munker, Sonja Kilo, Christoph Röß, Peter Jeitner, Rudolf Schierl: Exposure of the German general population to platinum and rhodium - Urinary levels and determining factors . In: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health . tape 219 , no. 8 , p. 801-810 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijheh.2016.07.019 .
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  55. ^ Report for submission to the Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia on the "NO2 Study" by the Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University Hospital. (PDF; 441 kB) (No longer available online.) RWTH Aachen University Hospital, February 2, 2018, archived from the original on May 25, 2018 ; accessed on November 18, 2019 (original website no longer available).
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  61. ↑ Philipp Vetter: Volkswagen: The big mistake from the end of the diesel scandal . In: THE WORLD . January 28, 2018 ( online [accessed February 4, 2018]).
  62. ↑ Why nobody was supposed to learn about the animal testing - Secret lab report on the monkey testing . In: bild.de . ( Online [accessed February 24, 2018]).
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  67. ↑ tagesschau.de: VW gives general representatives on leave because of "monkey tests". Retrieved February 4, 2018 .
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  70. ^ Doing business with health research. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
  71. ↑ Max Angermaier: Example 3: Propaganda for the industry. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
  72. ↑ a b Has VW bought "clean diesel" research? In: stern.de . February 9, 2016 ( online [accessed February 4, 2018]).
  73. ↑ Stefanie Dodt, Max Hägler, Klaus Ott: This lobby association let monkeys inhale diesel exhaust fumes . In: sueddeutsche.de . 2018, ISSN  0174-4917 ( online [accessed February 4, 2018]).
  74. ↑ More than "monkey experiments": commissioned studies, lobbyism and the case of the EUGT | LobbyControl . In: LobbyControl . January 31, 2018 ( online [accessed February 4, 2018]).
  75. ↑ Harro Albrecht, Ulrich Bahnsen, Dietmar H. Lamparter, Katharina Menne, Petra Pinzler: Emissions tests: take a deep breath! In: The time . February 1, 2018, ISSN  0044-2070 ( online [accessed February 9, 2018]).