MIVEA
MIVEA stands for the method of the ideal-typical comparative individual case analysis , a process for creating crime prognoses . The application of the method does not require any medical or psychological expertise. It can be used in all phases of criminal proceedings by judges, public prosecutors, lawyers, juvenile court assistants and prison staff as well as probation officers and police officers. It can also be used in schools, youth welfare, educational counseling and in family court assistance.
Scientific basis
The MIVEA was created under the leadership of Hans Göppinger and with the collaboration of Michael Bock and others as part of a qualitative second evaluation of the Tübingen Young Offender Comparative Investigation (TJVU), the most complex German criminological comparative investigation to date. The TJVU was started in 1965, the last follow-up examinations took place in 1995. In addition, Wolfgang Stelly and Jürgen Thomas presented a comparison of the TJVU with Anglo-American long-term studies in 2001 , whereby no relevant deviations were found.
At the TJVU, a sample of 200 male prisoners was compared with an equally large comparison group of non-prisoners in order to record and systematize differences in social behavior and life style. In the second qualitative evaluation, ideal-typical behaviors and forms of behavior for criminovalent and criminoresistant behavior were distilled from the extensive material of the 400 individual case reports. Working with ideal types is methodologically based on Max Weber .
The term method of ideal-typical comparative individual case analysis was first used by Hans Göppinger in 1985 in his book Angewandte Kriminologie , the abbreviation MIVEA was invented by Michael Bock, who carefully updated the method over the years without deviating from its core structure.
MIVEA is expressly a method for investigating individual cases and does not see itself as a theory to explain the causes of crime. In terms of content, there is closest agreement with developmental criminology .
Image of man
In contrast to some theories of crime , MIVEA assumes that people are responsible and capable of self-determination. It is not (like a reaction machine ) helplessly exposed to natural or cultural circumstances. He must and can always decide how to react to (even very unfavorable) conditions of existence. The representatives of MIVEA dispute automatic criminal behavior caused by plants or the environment . If it were different, according to Bock, all people who, for example, were exposed to agonizing upbringing conditions would inevitably have to show deviant behavior. But that is demonstrably not the case.
Multi-dimensional approach
The multi-dimensional diagnostic method consists of three elements: lifelong analysis, cross-sectional analysis and an interpretation of relevance references and value orientation . This is followed by an examination of particular opportunities and risks for interventions (or their failure to do so), for example according to special talents and skills (resources) or handicaps.
Longitudinal analysis
For the lifelong analysis, whole series of behaviors (in the fields: behavior towards parental upbringing , living area , performance area , leisure area , contact area as well as delinquency area ) were formulated in which the behavior (on the one hand criminovalent and on the other hand crime resistant) is described. The ideal-typical behaviors are always to be viewed as insurmountable outer points of a space of possibility. The behavior of the test person in the individual areas is then located within this imaginary space of possibility . A proximity to the criminal-friendly outer poles (in MIVEA terminology: K-ideal-typical behavior ), which is recognizable in many areas over longer periods of time, indicates an increased risk of crime or a high probability of relapse.
Cross-sectional analysis
In order to check whether the development in the longitudinal section continues uninterrupted or whether there are developments or inward developments in relation to criminal behavior, the life longitudinal analysis is supplemented by (one or, if several "turning points" appear conceivable, two or more) cross-sectional analyzes. A cross-sectional analysis for the period of the last offense is mandatory. If the arrest is very late (because of lengthy or late court hearings), a second cross-sectional analysis is recommended. Ideal-typical behavior is checked using a list of criteria, whereby (in contrast to simple checklists) the existence or non-existence of the respective criteria must be explained in detail.
Values and relevance references
In the third step, the values and relevance of the respective test person are determined. Relevance references describe what a person likes to do most, what drives him the most, or what he would not do at any price or, if something contrary happens, creates great aversions in him . Value notions are relatively easy to identify because they are present often situational in consciousness. They may not be emotionally anchored and really guide actions (as in everyday life: someone makes "sayings"). The mostly unconscious but ultimately decisive value orientation is more difficult to grasp .
analysis
In the subsequent analysis step, it is checked how relevance references and values fit with the findings from the longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis .
The position of the deed in the longitudinal section
From the longitudinal analysis, an assignment to (also ideal-typical) course forms is obtained as part of a criminological assessment. Six forms of progression are used as a basis, which are fanned out into a space of possibilities. No longitudinal profile of life is identical to one of these ideal typical course forms, there are only approximations or positions that lie exactly (or somewhere) in between.
- 1. The continuous development towards crime with an early start
- 2. The continuous development towards crime with a late start
- 3. Crime in the context of personality maturation
- 4. Crime in crises
- 5. The crime with other social inconspicuousness
- 6. The continuous development towards crime resistance
In the next diagnostic step it is checked whether the cross-sectional analysis confirms the longitudinal analysis or whether there are turning points (i.e. also deviations from the determined position within the possible space of the ideal-typical course shapes). And finally, it is checked whether relevance references and value orientation fit or differ. It is generally assumed that in the continuous development , relevance references and value orientations are conspicuous (like social behavior), that in criminality in the context of personality maturation the social behavior is conspicuous in some areas (but not in all or most), relevance references and value orientations however not. In the case of crime in the context of other social inconspicuousness as well as crime in crises , there are mostly abnormalities in the value orientations and / or relevance references.
forecast
Basic forecast
The basic prognosis is a prognosis derived from ideal types , whereby a negative prognosis is to be made for the continuous development towards crime with an early start and the continuous development towards crime with a late start (at a late start, however, existing socialization elements can be linked with interventions). In the case of crime in the context of personality maturation , the ideal-typical prognosis is favorable because it is only a phase of criminal suspicion. In the case of crime with other social inconspicuousness , the prognosis is open; in the case of crime in crises , it is generally not unfavorable. If the trend towards crime resistance continues , it is clearly cheap.
However, since hardly any course is identical to the ideal-type descriptions, the basic prognosis discusses how approximations and intermediate forms are to be interpreted.
Individual basic forecast
All knowledge gained from the assessment of the test person is incorporated into the individual basic prognosis. The proximity to ideal-typical forms of progression is always taken into account - but since no person is an ideal type and every individual case is different, strengths and deficits, talents and peculiarities of the appraised are recognized and related to delinquency and the legal prognosis .
Intervention prognosis
Finally, in the intervention prognosis, treatment proposals are made, which requires in-depth knowledge of the legal and socio-educational intervention options. Even if the legal prognosis is negative, detailed treatment proposals are drawn up, because:
- “The latest research shows (...) impressively that the vast majority of criminal careers end at some point. So there is no reason for defeatism or for seeing hopeless cases in so-called 'chronic' or 'career offenders' and stopping efforts to change. You only know at the end of your life and not beforehand whether someone was a hopeless case. "
Criminal Exposure Syndromes
Another result of the qualitative evaluation of the Tübingen comparative study of young offenders was - in addition to the MIVEA - the syndromes of criminal risk: They arose from the fact that the criteria of social conspicuousness were sharpened to such an extent that they hardly appeared in the non-delinquent comparison group. If one of these five syndromes is present, there is a high probability that criminal offenses will be imminent. However, the reverse is not permitted. Delinquency can occur even if the syndromes are not present.
The syndromes of criminal risk are an early warning system for parents, teachers, educators and social workers, but do not replace a differentiated MIVEA analysis.
Socioscolares Syndrome
The socioscolare syndrome is related to childhood and school time. It is deemed to exist if the following symptoms commonly occur: Persistent truancy connected to acts of deception and straying associated with tort actions (actions so that would be prosecuted to the age of criminal responsibility age).
Syndrome of insufficient professional adaptation (performance syndrome)
The performance syndrome can only show up from the beginning of vocational training. It is considered to be given if the following symptoms occur together : Rapid change of job and irregularities in employment and poor or changing work behavior.
Cyclical or structural unemployment or job changes resulting from it do not create a performance syndrome. If the syndrome is present, however, it is particularly severe in a difficult labor market situation.
Leisure Syndrome
The leisure sector, in particular, is extremely important for the early detection of criminal risk. The leisure time syndrome is considered to be given if the following symptoms occur together : Expansion of leisure time at the expense of the performance area combined with leisure activities with completely open processes (this means: constant leisure activities without any content, time or spatial structure).
Contact syndrome
The contact syndrome usually appears parallel to abnormalities in the leisure area, because corresponding contact behavior results from unstructured leisure activities. It is considered to be given if the following symptoms occur together : predominant loose contacts or milieu contacts and early age during the first sexual intercourse and frequent change of sexual partner.
Overall, this syndrome can be described as complete and permanent non-commitment towards other people (with simultaneous functionalization).
Familial stress syndrome
This fifth syndrome falls outside the scope of the usual MIVEA logic because it does not assess the behavior of the test person in terms of their social relationships. It is based on the question of whether a family was even available to him as a socialization authority. The syndrome of familial distress is considered to be given if the following symptoms occur together : Long-term accommodation in inadequate living conditions and / or for a long period of time self-inflictedly dependent on state support and social and / or criminal suspicion of a parent or child and insufficient control of the test person or active withdrawal of control ( this can also come from the child - for the early detection of a risk of crime it is not decisive whether a lack of control is the responsibility of the withdrawing child or parents who are not interested in bringing up them).
Training and textbooks
The Chair of Criminology at the University of Mainz - Hauke Brettel , formerly Michael Bock , offers MIVEA training as part of the course. In addition, Bock trains practitioners in two stages at irregular intervals: user and certification courses.
At the Institute for Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law and Criminology at the University of Graz , Gabriele Schmölzer offers relevant seminars under the title Applied Criminology .
The current version of MIVEA with detailed descriptions of all ideal types can only be found in the 5th edition of Michael Bock's criminology textbook. The first version can be found in Göppinger's Applied Criminology from 1985.
Reception of the method
Although Göppinger and Bock described the method of the ideal-type comparative individual case analysis as originally criminological and its presentation is dominant in their criminology textbooks, it was hardly received or sharply criticized by German-language mainstream criminology and was particularly rejected by representatives of critical criminology . Stephan Quensel , one of the leading representatives of critical criminology, criticized that MIVEA the view of the common-sense stereotype fix the criminal and the stigma -Risk Increase. He also complains that, to his knowledge, the method "has never been evaluated in the last 20 years." Bock defends himself against such criticism with the assumption that the method was not understood. He accuses all critics of discourse failure .
The marginal role of MIVEA in German-language criminology can be understood in the context of specialist history. Jürgen Oetting outlined this in a lecture at the 6th Thuringian Juvenile Court Conference 2009 in Jena . The time when MIVEA was developed was the great time of critical criminology . This completely and expressly turned away from dealing with individual cases and engaged in social criticism. The mainstream criminology influenced by this is no longer socially critical, but never returned to dealing with individual cases and left this to psychology and psychiatry. As a result, MIVEA was already "overwhelmed" by the development of the specialist discipline in its early years.
literature
- Hans Göppinger: The perpetrator in his social relations. Results from the Tübingen young offender comparison study. With the collaboration of Michael Bock, Jörg-Martin Jehle , Werner Maschke , Berlin - Heidelberg - New York - Tokyo: Springer, 1983, ISBN 3-540-12518-3
- Hans Göppinger: Applied Criminology, A Guide for Practice. With the collaboration of Werner Maschke , Berlin - Heidelberg - New York - Tokyo: Springer, 1985, ISBN 3-540-13821-8
- Michael Bock: Criminology as Reality Science , Duncker & Humblot, 1984, ISBN 3-428-05535-7
- Michael Bock: Kriminologie , 5th edition, Munich: Vahlen, 2019, ISBN 978-3-8006-5916-6
- Michael Bock (ed.): Göppinger criminology. 6th edition. Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-55509-1
- Michael Bock: Applied criminology for social workers , in: Karin Sanders / ders. (Ed.): Customer orientation - participation - respect. New approaches in social work , Wiesbaden 2009, pp. 101-133, ISBN 978-3-531-16867-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wolfgang Stelly, Jürgen Thomas: Once a criminal - always a criminal? Wiesbaden 2001, ISBN 978-3-531-13665-3 .
- ↑ Michael Bock : Kriminologie , 5th edition, Vahlen, Munich 2019, ISBN 978-3-8006-5916-6 , p. 122 f.
- ↑ In its basic features, the method was already in Hans Göppinger: The perpetrator in his social relations. Results from the Tübingen young offender comparison study . With the collaboration of Michael Bock, Jörg-Martin Jehle , Werner Maschke, Berlin - Heidelberg - New York - Tokyo: Springer-Verlag, 1983, pp. 177–247 presented.
- ↑ Michael Bock: Kriminologie , 5th edition, Vahlen, Munich 2019, p. 132 f.
- ↑ Michael Bock: Kriminologie , 5th edition, Vahlen, Munich 2019, p. 120 f.
- ↑ The presentation of MIVEA case processing is based on: Michael Bock, Kriminologie , 5th edition, Vahlen, Munich 2019, pp. 157–277.
- ↑ Michael Bock: Kriminologie , 5th edition, Vahlen, Munich 2019, p. 129.
- ↑ The presentation of the syndromes of criminal risk is based on: Michael Bock, Kriminologie , 5th edition, Vahlen, Munich 2019, pp. 277–286.
- ↑ MIVEA advanced training courses from the Institute for Applied Criminology in cooperation with the Center for Interdisciplinary Forensics and the Chair for Criminology, Criminal Law and Medical Law at the University of Mainz.
- ↑ Course Applied Criminology , University of Graz, summer semester 2020.
- ↑ Most recently by Christine Graebsch and Sven U. Burkhardt, MIVEA - Young Care? Forecasting methods for all age groups, or just cosmetics? In: Journal for Juvenile Criminal Law and Youth Welfare , Vol. 17, 2006, Issue 2, pp. 140–147.
- ↑ Stephan Quensel : Review of October 12, 2008 to: Hans Göppinger, Michael Bock (Ed.): Kriminologie . CHBeck Verlag (Munich) 2008. 6th, completely revised and expanded edition. ISBN 978-3-406-55509-1 . In: socialnet reviews, online , accessed on March 18, 2017.
- ↑ Michael Bock : MIVEA as an aid for intervention planning in juvenile criminal proceedings At the same time a reply to Graebsch / Burkhardt under the motto: better young care than old spice! With an addendum on discourse failure from May 2009 , accessed on March 18, 2017.
- ↑ Online documentation of Jürgen Oetting's lecture on November 4, 2009 in Jena by Felicia Widenhorn, Janet Bischof and Julia Henschel , p. 21 f., Accessed on July 4, 2020.