Parent-child alienation

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Parental alienation syndrome , including parental alienation syndrome (Engl. Parental Alienation Syndrome ( PAS )) describes a by Richard A. Gardner formulated in 1985 concept, in which a child permanently and wrongly a parent reduces and insulted, a mostly as a result Divorce and / or a dispute over custody or access rights. A number of factors are responsible for this behavior, according to Gardner, including indoctrination on the part of the caring parent and the child's desire to devalue the separated parent. By contrast, the rejection of a parent by the child, which is justifiable as a result of child abuse or actual neglect , is not referred to as parent-child alienation.

Gardner's theory and related research have been extensively criticized, and the majority of the scientific community did not recognize the PAS as a disorder. A jury of experts and the Court of Appeal (England and Wales) placed the syndrome under prohibition of evidence . The Canadian Department of Justice has opposed the use of the PAS as evidence, but the syndrome has served as a basis for decision-making in some family law disputes in the United States .

The PAS is currently not yet recorded as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association or in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems of the WHO , but is included in the new edition of ICD-11 under "QE52.1 : Loss of love relationship in Childhood ".

description

Characteristics and symptoms

Parental Alienation Syndrome was first named and described in 1985 by the American child psychiatrist Richard A. Gardner . Gardner described parental alienation syndrome as the child's preoccupation with criticizing and devaluing a parent. According to Gardner, the syndrome occurs when, in the context of a custody dispute, one parent consciously or unconsciously tries to alienate the child from the other parent. According to Gardner, the syndrome manifests itself in the form of eight symptoms that show up in the child's behavior. These symptoms are:

  1. Hatred and devaluation of a parent by the child.
  2. weak, absurd or silly reasons for this hatred and this devaluation,
  3. Lack of the usual ambivalence towards the estranged parent,
  4. strong insistence by the child that it was his or her own decision to reject a parent,
  5. knee-jerk support to the preferred parent during the custody battle,
  6. Lack of guilt about behavior towards the estranged parent,
  7. Use of idioms and scenarios of the preferred parent,
  8. Devaluation not only of the estranged parent, but also of their family and friends.

However, these eight factors have not been researched by experts in the field.

Gardner distinguishes three levels of the PAS, a mild, a medium and a severe. The number and severity of the eight symptoms increase as the levels progress.

Mild alienation is when the child is against the alienated, separated parent, but refuses little or no visits from the separated parent. The middle stage of the syndrome is expressed in a more violent refusal of visits and clearly negative attitudes towards the alienated parent. In such cases, Gardner recommends that the caring parent retain custody in the event that they fail to alienate the child from the separated parent. If the alienation continues, Gardner recommends transferring custody to the alienated parent and therapy to improve the relationship between the child and the alienated parent.

In severe cases, the child will have all eight symptoms and will refuse to visit the estranged parent, even threatening to run away or commit suicide if visits continue. Gardner recommends that the child be removed from the caring preferred parent's home and placed in a home until the child can move in with the estranged parent. Gardner also advocates therapeutic treatment for the child. Gardner's recommended interventions for the intermediate and severe stages of the syndrome, including court-ordered handover of the child to the estranged parent, have been criticized, including as excessive punitive measures against the child and the caring parent. Over time, Gardner revised his views and became less in favor of the most aggressive interventions.

Discussion of the consequences for the child

According to Wilfrid von Boch-Galhau, who advocates recognition of the PAS, the syndrome causes psychological damage, such as a disturbed self-perception and perception of others. An identity of one's own cannot develop to a healthy degree. Eating disorders , addictions , post-traumatic stress disorders and other psychological and psychosomatic illnesses can occur as late effects even in adulthood .

In 2005 and 2007, in qualitative interview studies with 38 and 40 adults, respectively, who say they experienced parent-child alienation as children, Amy Baker found an increased suffering from depression, drug / alcohol abuse, lack of trust, alienation from their own children and high divorce rates. Beth Venzke criticized her research design as a pseudoscience and her conclusions about the consequences of the PAS as premature due to the lack of empirical validity of the syndrome. Benjamin D. Garber also sees the retrospective reports published by Baker as unscientific anecdotal evidence .

reception

The syndrome is not recognized by the American Medical Association or the American Psychiatric Association . The American Psychological Association (APA) did not comment on the syndrome, but raised concerns about the lack of corroborating data and the use of the term. In addition, the APA indicated that custody syndrome is being used as a means to give custody to fathers who have been violent in the past. Other commentators share this concern, others also point out, without fundamentally rejecting the diagnosis if it is based on a broader basis of family dynamics. The United States National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges rejects the syndrome and its use in custody issues. In the case of the PAS allegation, the court must assume that the behavior and attitudes of the children towards the parent who claims to have been alienated have no basis in reality. The PAS, which is scientifically invalid, thus distracts from the behavior of this parent.

Parental Alienation Syndrome was not included in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) , despite the efforts of Gardner and other advocates of the syndrome . Proponents of the scientific recognition of the PAS have submitted it as a Parental Alienation Disorder for inclusion in the fifth edition of the DSM ( DSM-5 ). A 2010 draft of the DSM-5 ruled out the syndrome. In December 2012, the American Psychiatric Association announced that the syndrome would not be included in the fifth edition of the DSM published in May 2013.

Gardner initially believed that mothers were responsible for the alienation 90% of the time. However, he later claimed that mothers and fathers are equally likely to be alienated. Parental Alienation Syndrome, in its original formulation, in which mainly mothers were the alienating parent, was advocated by paternal rights groups because it enabled fathers to explain the child's aversion and to blame their former partners. Parental Alienation Syndrome has been described as sexist because, by citing the syndrome, fathers can discredit legitimate fears and concerns about child abuse. Women's groups argue that parental alienation syndrome makes it easier for abusers to claim that allegations of abuse by mother or child are the result of brainwashing. The syndrome is primarily used in court as a defense strategy against allegations of child sexual abuse . Gardner himself noted that parental alienation syndrome was increasingly being misused as a relieving maneuver in court, but contradicted the allegation of sexism by stating that the revised description of the syndrome assumes that mothers and fathers alienate equally often.

Scientific status

Gardner's description of parental alienation syndrome has received various criticisms. Critics mainly argue that Gardner's theory has no scientific basis and that it is a hypothesis for which insufficient evidence has been presented. The first publications on the topic were self-published and were not assessed as part of a peer review process. Later results were published in peer-reviewed journals, but the majority of these results were anecdotal evidence in the form of case studies . In addition, the limited research on the topic lacks reliability and validity . Gardner's study design also inevitably leads to a confirmation of his hypotheses , since he does not test the null hypothesis in his self-published studies on non- randomized samples . The lack of objective research, replication studies , falsifiability, and independent publications led to the syndrome being characterized as pseudoscience and junk science . Proponents of parental alienation syndrome agree that extensive, systematic control studies are necessary to investigate the validity and reliability of the syndrome.

The theoretical foundation of the syndrome has been described as incomplete, simplistic and flawed, especially because the approach ignores several factors that can contribute to alienation and the dissolution of the bond between a parent and child. Other criticisms are that the syndrome equates the child's normal response to the parents' divorce with psychosis , exaggerates the negative effects of parent-child alienation, and suggests interventions that have not been adequately researched and may be dangerous. In addition, there is not enough empirical data to between alienated children and abused or traumatized children and children with ADHD , ODD or anxiety and mood disorders to differentiate . Gardner is accused of having called a diffuse cluster of behaviors a syndrome , although there is no adequate scientific basis for it. Proponents of the parental alienation syndrome are also of the opinion that the designation as a syndrome is inappropriate because the term “syndrome” suggests more scientific quality than is currently justified. Gunther Klosinski Gardner's statement that children who reject one parent were “brainwashed” by the other parent was viewed as problematic . Gardner used a language used by military doctors in the Korean War and by experts in connection with sects.

According to William Bernet , who advocates the inclusion of the renamed parental alienation disorder in the DSM, the syndrome is a serious mental disorder that affects many children and families. According to William Bernet, MD and professor emeritus at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, the definition of alienation should not be confined to Gardner's concept. "There is almost no disagreement among mental health professionals who work with children of divorced parents that PA shows up in many children whose parents are involved in ongoing violent arguments."

Use of the term in custody and contact litigation

With the strengthening of the father's rights and men's rights movement , the parental alienation syndrome is occasionally discussed in the context of access disputes , especially in the case of refusal of access .

The rejected parent can misinterpret the behavior of the former partner and his relationship with the child and perceive it as pathological. It is often unclear whether the child rejects a parent of his own accord or whether the rejection by the custodial caused parent. According to Jörg M. Fegert is the "Parental Alienation Syndrome" actually the "Parental Accusation Syndrome" (dt. Parental accusation syndrome ), which will used as a tactical weapon in custody issues to charge to the other parent in court. The certified psychologist Jörg Fichtner accuses the father rights movement of confusing the child's welfare with the interests of the separated parent, usually the father, and of attacking motherhood. The social requirement of a lively contact with their own children has increased for fathers and this is then demanded to catch up as a result of a separation, "which then sometimes stands in contradiction to everyday life and the ideas of the mothers".

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c RA Gardner : Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS): Sixteen Years Later . In: Academy Forum . 45, No. 1, 2001, pp. 10-12.
  2. ↑ a b c d e JA Hoult: The Evidentiary Admissibility of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Science, Law, and Policy . (pdf) In: Children's Legal Rights Journal . 26, No. 1, 2006, pp. 1-61.
  3. ^ RA Gardner: Recommendations for Dealing with Parents who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in their Children . In: Journal of Divorce & Remarriage . 28, No. 3/4, 1998, pp. 1-21. doi : 10.1300 / J087v28n03_01 .
  4. ↑ a b KC Faller: The parental alienation syndrome: What is it and what data support it? . (pdf) In: Child Maltreatment . 3, No. 2, 1998, pp. 100-115. doi : 10.1177 / 1077559598003002005 .
  5. ↑ a b c d CS Bruch: Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parental Alienation: Getting It Wrong in Child Custody Cases . (pdf) In: Family Law Quarterly . 35, No. 527, 2001, pp. 527-552. doi : 10.2139 / ssrn.298110 .
  6. ↑ a b CL Wood: The parental alienation syndrome: a dangerous aura of reliability . (pdf) In: Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review . 29, No. 4, 1994, pp. 1367-1415.
  7. ↑ a b Harry Dettenborn: Parental Alienation Syndrome . In: Markus A. Wirtz (ed.): Dorsch: Lexicon of Psychology . 16. completely revised Edition Huber, Bern 2013, ISBN 978-3-456-85234-8 , p. 1154. Can be viewed online in the Hogrefe portal.
  8. ↑ Jane Fortin, Children's Rights and the Developing Law . Cambridge University Press , 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-60648-6 , p.  263 .
  9. ↑ Andrew Bainham: Children: The Modern Law . Jordans, 2005, ISBN 978-0-85308-939-1 , p.  161 .
  10. ↑ ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Retrieved January 12, 2020 .
  11. ^ A b Marc J. Ackerman: Clinician's Guide to Child Custody Evaluations . Wiley-Blackwell , 2002, ISBN 978-0-471-15091-6 , pp. 73-82.
  12. ↑ Peter G. Jaffe, Lemon, Nancy KD, Poisson, Samantha E .: Child Custody & Domestic Violence . SAGE Publications , 2002, ISBN 978-0-7619-1826-4 , pp. 52-54.
  13. ^ A b AJL Baker: Knowledge and Attitudes About the Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Survey of Custody Evaluators . In: American Journal of Family Therapy . 35, No. 1, 2007, pp. 1-19. doi : 10.1080 / 01926180600698368 .
  14. ↑ a b c RA Gardner: Denial of the Parental Alienation Syndrome Also Harms Women . In: American Journal of Family Therapy . 30, No. 3, 2002, pp. 191-202. doi : 10.1080 / 019261802753577520 .
  15. ^ A b LEA Walker, KL Brantley, JA Rigsbee: A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and Its Admissibility in the Family Court . In: Journal of Child Custody . 1, No. 2, 2004, pp. 47-74. doi : 10.1300 / J190v01n02_03 .
  16. ↑ a b JN Bow, JW Gould, JR Flens: Examining Parental Alienation in Child Custody Cases: A Survey of Mental Health and Legal Professionals . In: The American Journal of Family Therapy . 37, No. 2, 2009, pp. 127-145. doi : 10.1080 / 01926180801960658 .
  17. ^ A b Richard A. Gardner: Introduction . In: Gardner, Richard A .; Sauber, S. Richard; Lorandos, Demosthenes (Ed.): The International Handbook of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Conceptual, Clinical And Legal Considerations . Charles C. Thomas, 2006, ISBN 978-0-398-07647-4 , pp. 5-11.
  18. ↑ a b c d e Nicholas Bala, Barbara-Jo Fidler, Dan Goldberg, Claire Houston: Alienated Children and Parental Separation: Legal Responses in Canada's Family Courts . In: Queen's Law Journal . 38, 2007, pp. 79-138.
  19. ↑ JR Johnston, JB Kelly: Rejoinder to Gardner's Commentary on Kelly and Johnston's 'The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome' . In: Family Court Review . 42, No. 4, 2004, pp. 622-628. doi : 10.1111 / j.174-1617.2004.tb01328.x .
  20. ^ Rudolf Sponsel: Parental Alienation Syndrome according to Richard A. Gardner. Parental Alienation Syndrome. Core phenomenon, syndrome and diagnosis, etiology and therapy. Presentation, assessment, evaluation. Erlangen IP-GIPT (archive) .
  21. ↑ Wilfrid von Boch-Galhau: Parental Alienation and Parental Alienation Syndrome / Disorder - A serious form of psychological child abuse . VWB - Verlag for Science and Education, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-86135-178-8 , p. 29 .
  22. ^ AJL Baker: The Long Term Effects of Parental Alienation on Adult Children: A Qualitative Research Study . In: American Journal of Family Therapy . 33, 2005, pp. 289-302.
  23. ^ AJL Baker: Adult children of parental alienation syndrome: breaking the ties that bind . WW Norton & Company , New York 2007.
  24. ^ BA Venzke: PAS: Premature Conclusions? . In: American Psychological Association (Ed.): PsycCRITIQUES . 52, No. 38, 2007. doi : 10.1037 / a0009003 .
  25. ^ A b BD Garber: Developmental psychology for family law professionals: theory, application, and the best interests of the child . Springer Publishing, New York 2010, ISBN 978-0-8261-0525-7 , p. 277.
  26. ^ A b SJ Dallam: The Parental Alienation Syndrome: Is It Scientific? . In: E St. Charles, L Crook (Ed.): Expose: The failure of family courts to protect children from abuse in custody disputes . Our Children Our Children Charitable Foundation, 1999.
  27. ↑ a b c PJ Caplan: What is it that's being called Parental Alienation Syndrome . In: PJ Caplan, L Cosgrove (Ed.): Bias in psychiatric diagnosis . Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7657-0001-8 , p.  62 .
  28. ↑ a b L Comeford: Fatherhood Movements . In: O'Brien J (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Gender and Society , Volume 1. SAGE Publications, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4129-0916-7 , p.  285 .
  29. ↑ APA Statement on Parental Alienation Syndrome . American Psychological Association . 1996. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
  30. ^ American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Violence And The Family . American Psychological Association . 1996. Archived from the original on March 7, 2000. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  31. ↑ PG Jaffea, CV Crooks, N Bala: A Framework for Addressing Allegations of Domestic Violence in Child Custody Disputes . In: Journal of Child Custody . 6, No. 3-4, 2009, pp. 169-188. doi : 10.1080 / 15379410903084517 .
  32. ^ R Berg: Parental Alienation Analysis, Domestic Violence, and Gender Bias in Minnesota Courts . In: Law and Inequality . 29, No. 1, 2011, pp. 5-31.
  33. ↑ a b MS Pignotti: Parental alienation syndrome (PAS): unknown in medical settings, endemic in courts . In: Recenti Progressi in Medicina . 104, No. 2, 2013, pp. 54-58. doi : 10.1701 / 1241.13704 .
  34. ↑ a b c SN Sparta, GP Koocher: Forensic Mental Health Assessment of Children and Adolescents . Oxford University Press , 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-514584-7 , pp.  83 , 219-221 .
  35. ↑ a b A Ottaman, Lee R: Fathers' rights movement . In: Edleson JL; Renzetti, CM (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence . SAGE Publications, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4129-1800-8 , p.  252 .
  36. ↑ C Dalton, L Drozd, F Wong: Navigating Custody and Visitation Evaluations in Cases with Domestic Violence: A Judge's Guide . (Rev. ed.). National Council of Juvenile & Family Court Judges, Reno / NV 2006, p. 24: "Any testimony that a party to a custody case suffers from the syndrome or" parental alienation "should therefore be ruled inadmissible and / or stricken from the evaluation report under both the standard established in Daubert and the earlier Frye standard. The discredited "diagnosis" of "PAS" (or allegation of "parental alienation"), quite apart from its scientific invalidity, inappropriately asks the court to assume that the children's behaviors and attitudes toward the parent who claims to be "alienated" have no grounding in reality. It also diverts attention away from the behaviors of the abusive parent, who may have directly influenced the children's responses by acting in violent, disrespectful, intimidating, humiliating and / or discrediting ways toward the children themselves, or the children's other parent. "
  37. ^ A b Gary Rotstein: Mental health professionals getting update on definitions . In: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , February 15, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2010. 
  38. ↑ a b TM Houchin, J Ranseen, PAK Hash, DJ Bartnicki: The Parental Alienation Debate Belongs in the Courtroom, Not in DSM-5 . In: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law . 40, No. 1, 2012, pp. 127-131.
  39. ↑ a b MB Pepitona et al .: Is Parental Alienation Disorder a Valid Concept? Not According to Scientific Evidence. A Review of Parental Alienation, DSM-5 and ICD-11 by William Bernet . In: Journal of Child Sexual Abuse . 21, No. 12, 2012, pp. 244-253. doi : 10.1080 / 10538712.2011.628272 .
  40. ↑ American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees Approves DSM-5: American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees Approves DSM-5 - Diagnostic manual passes major milestone before May 2013 publication ( Memento of October 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). American Psychiatric Association, December 1, 2012.
  41. ↑ Jörg M. Fegert : Definitive end for the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) in the American classification system DSM-5 . In: ZKJ Child Law and Youth Welfare . Edition 05/2013, p. 190 f.
  42. ↑ a b PG Jaffe, Lemon NKD; Poisson SE: Child Custody & Domestic Violence . SAGE Publications, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7619-1826-4 , pp.  52-54 .
  43. ^ BA Venzke: Parental Alienation Syndrome . In: Irving B. Weiner and W. Edward Craighead (Eds.): The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology . John Wiley, Hoboken 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-17024-3 , pp. 1157-1159 .
  44. ^ A b CL Whitfield: The “False Memory” Defense: Using Disinformation and Junk Science In and Out of Court . In: Journal of Child Sexual Abuse . 9, No. 3-4, 2001, pp. 53-78. doi: 10.1300 / J070v09n03 04
  45. ^ A b Richard Gardner: Commentary on Kelly and Johnston's The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome . (pdf) In: Family Court Review . 42, No. 4, 2004, pp. 611-21. doi : 10.1177 / 1531244504268711 .
  46. ↑ a b c RE Emery: Parental Alienation Syndrome: Proponents bear the burden of proof . (pdf) In: Family Court Review . 43, No. 1, 2005, pp. 8-13.
  47. ^ A b Richard Bond: The Lingering Debate Over the Parental Alienation Syndrome Phenomenon . In: Journal of Child Custody . 4, No. 1, 2008, pp. 37-54.
  48. ↑ a b Martindale, David; Gould, Jonathan W .: The Art and Science of Child Custody Evaluations . The Guilford Press, New York 2007, ISBN 1-59385-488-9 .
  49. ↑ JS Meier: A Historical Perspective on Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parental Alienation . In: Journal of Child Custody . 6, No. 3-4, 2009, pp. 232-257. doi : 10.1080 / 15379410903084681 .
  50. ↑ RJ Williams: Should judges close the gate on PAS and PA? In: Family Court Review . 39, No. 3, 2001, pp. 267-281. doi: 10.1111 / j.174-1617.2001.tb00610.x .
  51. ↑ a b c d RA Warshak: Current controversies regarding parental alienation syndrome Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (pdf) In: American Journal of Forensic Psychology . 19, No. 3, 2001, pp. 29-59. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rhfinc.org.au
  52. ↑ a b Ackerman MJ: Clinician's guide to child custody evaluations . John Wiley & Sons , New York 2001, ISBN 978-0-471-39260-6 , pp.  73-82 .
  53. ↑ ER Ragland, Fields H: Parental Alienation Syndrome: What Professionals Need to Know Part 1 of 2 Update Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Update - American Prosecutors Research Institute Newsletter . 16, No. 6, 2003. Retrieved September 13, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ndaa.org
  54. ↑ a b Richard A. Warshak: Bringing sense to Parental Alienation: A Look at the Disputes and the Evidence . In: Family Law Quarterly . 37, No. 2, August, pp. 273-301.
  55. ^ KH Waldron, Joanis DE: Understanding and Collaboratively Treating Parental Alienation Syndrome . In: American Journal of Family Law . 10, 1996, pp. 121-133.
  56. ↑ JB Rohrbaugh: A Comprehensive Guide to Child Custody Evaluations: Mental Health and Legal Perspectives . Springer, New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-387-71893-4 , p. 413 ff.
  57. ↑ L Drozd: Rejection in cases of abuse or alienation in divorcing families . In: Galatzer-Levy RM; Kraus L & Galatzer-Levy J (Eds.): The Scientific Basis of Child Custody Decisions, 2nd Edition . John Wiley & Sons , 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-03858-1 , pp.  403-416 .
  58. ^ LE Walker, DL Shapiro: Parental Alienation Disorder: Why Label Children with a Mental Diagnosis? In: Journal of Child Custody . 7, No. 4, 2010, pp. 266-286. doi: 10.1080 / 15379418.2010.521041 .
  59. ^ JEB Myers: Expert testimony describing psychological syndromes . In: Pacific Law Journal . 24, No. 3, 1993, pp. 1449-1464.
  60. ↑ Gunther Klosinski : Access rights . Frank Häßler u. a. (Ed.): Practical handbook forensic psychiatry of children, adolescents and adults: Basics, assessment and treatment . Medical Scientific Publishing Company , Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-941468-25-2 , p. 524 f.
  61. ^ W Bernet: Parental Alienation Disorder and DSM-V . In: The American Journal of Family Therapy . 36, No. 5, 2008, pp. 349-366. doi : 10.1080 / 01926180802405513 .
  62. ↑ http://www.jaapl.org/content/41/1/98.full
  63. ↑ Maud Zitelmann: Child welfare and child rights in court proceedings in domestic violence . In: Barbara Kavemann and Ulrike Kreyssig (eds.): Handbook for children and domestic violence . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 978-3-531-15377-3 , pp. 154–155.
  64. ^ MA Adams: Framing Contests in Child Custody Disputes: Parental Alienation Syndrome, Child Abuse, Gender, and Father's Rights . In: Family Law Quarterly . 40, No. 2, 2006, pp. 315-338.
  65. ^ A b Jochen Gehrmann: Assessments in custody and access rights: Current challenges from a child and adolescent psychiatric perspective . In: Law & Psychiatry . 26, No. 2, 2008, pp. 89-101.
  66. ↑ a b Jörg Fichtner: Under a false flag. The completely new fatherliness through denunciation of the mother . In: Andrea Geier and Ursula Kocher (eds.): Against women: on the history and function of misogynist speech . Böhlau, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-412-15304-5 , pp. 207–228.
  67. ↑ Jörg M. Fegert: "Parental Alienation or Parental Accusation Syndrome?" In: Kind-Prax . 4, No. 1, 2001 (Part 1), pp. 3-7.
  68. ↑ Jörg M. Fegert: "Parental Alienation or Parental Accusation Syndrome?" In: Kind-Prax . 4, No. 2, 2001, (Part 2), pp. 39-42.
  69. ↑ When two people quarrel - risk of separation children ( memento of the original from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the German Youth Institute of December 1, 2007, accessed on June 9, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dji.de

68th World Health Organization - International Classification of Disease ICD11 (June 18, 2018) - Classification as a disorder under "parental alienation /" QE52.0 Caregiver-child relationship problem "

literature

  • Walter Andritzky (2002a): Patterns of behavior and personality structure of alienating parents: Psychosocial diagnostics and orientation criteria for interventions . Psychotherapy in psychiatry, psychotherapeutic medicine, and clinical psychology 7 (2): 166–182. ( PDF )
  • Amy JL Baker: Adult Children of Parental Alienation Syndrome. Breaking the ties that bind. WW Norton & Company, New York, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-393-70519-5 .
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  • Richard A. Gardner: Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS): Suggestions for judicial custody and contact arrangements; an empirical study. VWB Verlag for Science and Education, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-86135-117-X .
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Web links