Parenting

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Parenting role called a parent for his child , gender distinction in Mother economy and Father economy (see also parent and child ); it is divided into three areas:

  • biological parenthood results from the joint procreation of a child: the so-called consanguinity ( see below )
  • Legal parenthood includes parental rights and obligations for a child, including an adopted egg or one carried from an egg cell ( see below )
  • Social parenting consists in the long-term assumption of responsibility and care for a child ( see below )

In a general sense, parenthood refers to the totality of those parents whose children attend a kindergarten or school together, for example , or who are organized in a parents' association: it connects their mutual interests in their children. Parenthood acts through parents' groups with in educational institutions, for them there are also parent-teacher interview .

Concept history

Parents ” and “parenthood” are central terms within the terminology of kinship . In contrast to the terminology used in other relationships , both terms have not yet been well researched.

parents

The German word “Eltern” (from Indo-European al “nathan, grow”) was created in the early Middle Ages by equating the terms father and mother ( Old High German eltiron around 765 AD).

Parent designations emerged in European languages as a result of the transformation process of the social and kinship systems in Europe , which has been observed since ancient times . During the rulership of the Middle Ages, the 'house' became the central institution and service unit, in which the householder and housemother assumed the central position as a working couple and indispensable dual leadership. The social and kinship systems became parent-centered. In his role as male guardianship , the house father had priority within the top management of the house parents. The Christian principle of 'spiritual kinship' and the social orientation towards the manorial labor organization led to a loosening of kinship and descent relationships . 'Spiritual fathers' and 'spiritual mothers' became, so to speak, 'co-parents' (for example as fathers and godparents ) or took the place of the biological or previous parents. In the 'house' of the Middle Ages, house parents, children and servants did not have to be related. The term house parents still stands for the central management position, for example in youth hostels , children's homes or SOS Children's Villages.

In the Middle Ages , the term " parent " was also used in the singular form as a masculine or neuter . Since the 1990s, the social sciences have begun to use the singular form again because of the increase in single-parent families and because the term ' parent ' is viewed as unsuitable because it conveys the idea of ​​a whole and therefore assumes incompleteness.

Parenting

The German word “ Elternschaft ” (from Old High German eltiron and scaftorder , quality, status , rank , dignity , activity ”) is a personal collective term that emerged at the end of the Middle Ages.

It describes the social order in relation to the position of parents as well as the respective position-related assignments of status, rank, dignity, activities, rights , duties and opportunities for power . As a personal collective term, it indicates that standards of behavior and perception with regard to parenthood are socially shaped and change with social change. The respective standards of parenting determine the scope of behavior and feelings for people in the parenting position as well as for people who are directly or indirectly related to parents (children, relatives , neighbors , friends , educators , teachers , politicians , therapists , Judges , youth welfare office employees, work colleagues, employers, etc.).

It is noticeable that although parenting is a key term in science and professional practice, it remained vague for a long time and was little reflected on. As a substitute, one implicitly refers often to habitus characteristics such as professionalism or gender , through which rights and duties in relationships with children are complementarily assigned: for example, by parents as laypeople and experts as professionals , from traditional gender roles in parenting to personal collective concepts of motherhood and fatherhood . A reflection and disclosure of the concept of parenthood is therefore indispensable in accordance with the standards for scientific work and professionalization , so that implicit or subjective ideas do not flow covertly into science and professional practice .

Biological parenting

Under biological parenthood sums to those parents roll of mother and father , who from them by the common conception and giving birth to a child to be executed; their child is related to them by blood .

With a natural conception and birth there is exactly one biological mother and one biological father, both are "producers", genitors in technical terms . In children who were conceived, carried to term or born with the help of modern reproductive medicine, the biological parenthood cannot necessarily be clearly determined (see female egg donation , male sperm donation ). So one can woman a strange egg unsubscribe and bring the child into the world (see surrogate mother ); in this case there is no biological relationship with the child, but a legal one ( see below ). Breastfeeding is also considered as a part of biological motherhood that can also be passed on to other people.

The genetic relationship coefficient of parents and their biological children is 0.5: an estimated 50% of their hereditary information matches (also between full siblings , see also the inherited disease risks ). The genetic match between parents and children increases if both parents are already blood relatives, because more matching genetic information is inherited (see also cousin marriage , relatives marriage ).

See also: cuckoo child , false father (cuckoo father ), parenting effort (sociobiology)

Legal parenting

The biological relationship and the relationship in the legal sense are determined differently: the legal relationship, which includes maternity and paternity count is exclusively from the legislation determines concerning the parentage especially in child law . A special case is the adoption of a person as adoption “with a child”, in which legal motherhood is transferred to the adoptive mother and / or paternity to the adoptive father (and expires on the part of the parents of origin).

Legal parenting is associated with certain parental rights and obligations, such as custody . The legal maternity or paternity established at the same time the maintenance obligation and beyond the moral duty for the maintenance pay of the child, pending the outcome of his inclination corresponding training.

As a rule, the mother's husband or registered partner are the parents of the child in the legal sense. Notwithstanding this, a man can become the legal or legal father of a child through the acknowledgment of paternity , even if it is not his biological child . Depending on the legal provisions of the respective country, legal parenting can also be exercised by two mothers, two fathers, or more than two parents .

Legal parents and their legal children are considered in Germany , Austria , Switzerland and many other countries to be related to each other in a straight line and in the first degree (mediated by 1 birth).

Germany

In the Civil Code , section 1591 maternity stipulates: “The mother of a child is the woman who gave birth”; this also applies to the carrying to term of another egg cell (see egg donation , surrogate mother ). According to § 1592 paternity , the father of a child is basically the man who is married to the mother, or the man who has recognized his paternity, as long as this has not been successfully challenged (see paternity in German law and illegitimacy ).

The obligation to support children does not exist for a purely biological father; his possibility of becoming a legal father was made possible in 2001 by a ruling by the Federal Constitutional Court .

See also: Descent: Belonging to a family , parental custody (Germany) , parenting order , legal guardian (Germany) , declaration of custody , determination of paternity in Germany , child law (Germany) , adoption (Germany)

Austria

Main articles: Childhood law (Austria) , adoption (Austria) , maintenance in Austria

Switzerland

Main articles: Parental care (Switzerland) , acknowledgment of paternity (Switzerland) , relative support (parental maintenance)

Social parenting

Social parenting describes the parenting roles of mothers and fathers , which they assume by caring for the child and by taking on long-term responsibility for the child. A distinction can be made between three roles of social parenthood:

  • the care ( nurturance ) and upbringing of the child, which is mainly expressed in everyday life and concerns areas such as nutrition and care
  • The education ( training ) describes those activities with children in which they learn something
  • The sponsorship concerns the assumption of financial responsibility (e.g. for school education).

The distinction between social parenting is necessary because those people who act as loving and long-term reliable caregivers for a child in their private environment and who are often also called “mom” or “dad” are not always parents in a biological or legal sense.

People often take on social parenting when they enter into a partnership with a biological or legal parent, for example after a separation, after a death or with a single mother / father from the start (see stepparents ).

See also: Avunkulat (mother brother as social father), foster parents , foster child , godfather, godmother , milk relationship , tasks in the family , co-parenting

Religious Meaning of Parenthood

In Christianity , parenting with the resulting Christian family is understood as a house church . The Catholic Church sees a reservation against parenthood as a lack of will in the marriage consensus , which leads to the invalidity of the marriage.

In Islam , the principle of piety ( respect , awe) towards one's own parents (al-birr bi-l-wālidain) plays an important role. In the Qur'an , in sura 31 Luqmān in verse 14, people are recommended to be thankful to their parents.

In Confucianism , " filial piety " is a basic concept and occupies a central place in the ethics of Confucius .

Parenting Sociology

At the School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research at the University of Kent , there has been a Center for Parenting Culture Studies since 2007 , which has set itself the task of promoting interdisciplinary research on the current culture of parenting . One of the topics that are currently being discussed in this subject is parental determinism : a way of thinking that accuses parents of causing social problems through massive individual educational failure. Since the 1980s, research in many countries in Western Europe, including the United States, has observed an increase in the average age of departure of children, which led to the extension of actual parenthood and is characterized by the catchphrase Hotel Mama .

See also

literature

  • 2013: Erdmute Alber : Social parenting in transition. Childhood, Kinship and Belonging in West Africa. Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-496-02868-0 .
  • 2008: Michael Borchard et al: Parents under pressure. Parents' self-image, sensitivities and needs in different living environments. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, February 2008, ISBN 978-3-8282-0424-9 (extensive social science Sinus-Sociovision study; reading samples on kas.de).
  • 2004: Federal Center for Health Education (ed.): Family and work. In: FORUM Sexual Education and Family Planning. No. 3, October 2004 (8 articles by various authors; PDF download possible at sexualaufklaerung.de).
  • 2002: Norbert F. Schneider (Ed.): Parenthood today. Social framework and individual design tasks. Opladen 2002.
  • 2015: Norbert F. Schneider, Sabine Diabaté, Kerstin Ruckdeschel (eds.): Family models in Germany. Cultural ideas about partnership, parenthood and family life . Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8474-0663-1 .
  • 2015: Désirée Waterstradt: Process Sociology of Parenthood. Nation-building, figurative ideals and generative power architecture in Germany. Doctoral thesis at the Karlsruhe University of Education. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2015, ISBN 978-3-95645-530-8 .
  • 2019: Andreas Langfeld: Parenthood in young families between living environment and institution. A qualitative study of parenting experiences and family biographical processes. Bad Heilbrunn, Klinkhardt, ISBN 978-3-7815-2346-3

Web links

Commons : parents (parents)  - Images and media files
Wiktionary: Parenthood  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  • ( 2015:) Désirée Waterstradt: Process Sociology of Parenthood. Nation-building, figurative ideals and generative power architecture in Germany. Doctoral thesis at the Karlsruhe University of Education. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2015, ISBN 978-3-95645-530-8 (full text: PDF: 5.3 MB, 543 pages on phka.bsz-bw.de).
  1. a b p. 93 ff.
  2. p. 85.
  3. p. 87 ff.
  • Other documents
  1. Michael Mitterauer : Middle Ages. In: Andreas Gestrich , Jens-Uwe Krause , Michael Mitterauer: History of the Family (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 376). Kröner, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-520-37601-6 , p. 177 ff.
  2. Michael Mitterauer: Why Europe? Medieval foundations of a special route. 2nd Edition. Munich 2003, pp. 70-108, here p. ??.
  3. Jacob Grimm, Wilhelm Grimm: Elter. In: German dictionary on the Internet. University of Trier 1852/2001.
  4. Christa Hoffmann-Riem: Parenthood without relatives: adoption, step-relationship and heterologous insemination. In: Rosemarie Nave-Herz, Manfred Markefka (Hrsg.): Handbook of family and youth research. Neuwied 1989, pp. 389-411, here pp. ??.
  5. ^ Sharon L. Ramey: The Science and Art of Parenting ,. In: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation / National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Ed.): Parenting and the child's world. Influences on academic, intellectual, and social-emotional development. Mahwah NJ 2002, p. 56.
  6. ^ Norbert F. Schneider: Parenthood today. Social framework and individual design tasks. Introductory considerations. In: Norbert F. Schneider (Ed.): Parenthood today. Social framework and individual design tasks. Opladen 2002, p. 10.
  7. Werner Sacher: Parents work. Design options and basics for all types of schools. Bad Heilbrunn 2008, p. 68.
  8. Heike Schulze: Child welfare orientation in the family court. The divergence of habit and field. In: Michaela Pfadenhauer (Ed.): Profession, habitus and change. Frankfurt am Main 2009, p. 142 ff.
  9. ^ A b Esther N. Goody: Parenthood and social reproduction. Fostering and occupational roles in West Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1982, pp. ??.
  10. Erdmute Alber : Social parenthood in transition. Childhood, Kinship and Belonging in West Africa. Reimer, Berlin 2014, pp. 59/60.
  11. Unknown: Two mothers and a baby. In: Frankfurter Rundschau. January 6, 2007, p. 14.
  12. ^ German Civil Code (BGB): § 1591 Maternity ; Quote: "Mother of a child is the woman who gave birth to it."
  13. ^ German Civil Code (BGB): § 1592 Paternity ; Quote: "The father of a child is the man 1. who is married to the child's mother at the time of birth, 2. who has recognized paternity or 3. whose paternity [...] has been established by a court." As well as the following paragraphs.
  14. Erdmute Alber: Social parenthood in transition. Childhood, Kinship and Belonging in West Africa. Reimer, Berlin 2014, pp. 62/63.
  15. Rudi Paret : Koran Sura 31: Luqmán. In: koransuren.de: German Koran translation. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015 ; Retrieved on January 2, 2019 : “And we have commanded man with regard to his parents - his mother carried him (but before his birth) with great difficulty (under the heart), and until he was weaned there were (another) two Years -: »Be grateful to me and your parents! For me it will (after all) end. ”“ See also: Kurt Rudolph : The Koran - Chapter 31 - Thirty-first sura: Loqman. In: Project Gutenberg-DE . Retrieved January 2, 2019 (source: Reclam Verlag 1970).
  16. Homepage: Center for Parenting Culture Studies. University of Kent, accessed January 2, 2019 . Center for Parenting Culture Studies: Successful start for parenting research center. (PDF: 349 kB, 2 pages) Accessed January 2, 2019 (English).
  17. "I know the staff at the Hotel Mama" ( Memento from November 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Christiane Papastefanou in The Family Handbook of the State Institute for Early Education , created on January 9, 2003, accessed on March 9, 2020