Relatives marriage

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Relatives marriage or relatives marriage refers to the marriage between close blood relatives , whereby the closeness or the degree of kinship results from the common biological descent of the spouses. Cousins 1st and 2nd degree are viewed as closely related , as are uncles and aunts as well as nephews and nieces (see also the article inbreeding in humans and hereditary diseases ). Worldwide, more than a billion people live in countries where relatives marriages are common, a third of them between cousin and cousin (compareParallel cousin and cross cousin marriage ). An estimated 20 percent of the world's population prefer related marriage, and an estimated more than 10 percent are married to a second cousin or close relative or are descendants of such a marriage. In Turkey , the frequency of related marriages is estimated at 20 to 30 percent, in Oman it is two to three times higher.

Proportion of related marriages including 2nd cousins ​​( US National Center for Biotechnology Information 2012)

Legal position

German marriage law

The German Civil Code (BGB) allows marriages between cousins ​​of all degrees of relationship - only marriages between blood relatives in a straight line ( parent → child, grandparent → grandchild ) and between siblings (see sibling marriage) are prohibited . The § 1307 relationship states: "A marriage may not be concluded between lineal relatives and between vollbürtigen and halbbürtigen siblings. This also applies if the relationship has lapsed through adoption as a child ”( adoption ). The § 1589 kinship explains the line: “Persons whose one descends from the other are related in a straight line. Individuals who are not directly related but are descended from the same third person are related in the sideline. The degree of kinship is determined by the number of the mediating births. "

Marriage practice

A marriage that was entered into against the prohibition is effective, but contestable ( Section 1314 reasons for annulment ).

Catholic marriage law

For close blood relatives up to cousins ​​and 1st degree cousins ​​marriage is forbidden by the Catholic Church ( can. 1091 CIC Codex Iuris Canonici ). For certain degrees of kinship between cousins ​​and cousins, the prohibition can be lifted by a special permit from the Church (see Marriage impediment in canon law ). Until 1917 the Catholic Church banned marriages up to and including cousins ​​in the 3rd degree (compare parallel cousin and cross cousin marriage ).

The Spanish Bourbons , who, like their predecessors , allowed themselves to be called “ Catholic Kings ” by the Pope , from 1765, with the blessing of the Church, entered into marriages between first cousins ​​and between uncles and nieces , several times and over several generations (see Bourbon Cousin and niece marriages ).

Islamic marriage law

As in other religions, incest taboos and marriage bans apply in Islam . A peculiarity of Islam is the expansion of incest from blood relationship to milk relationship (people who are not physically related who were breastfed by the same woman or wet nurse ). In the Qur'an , in the 4th sura an-Nisā „(" The women ") in verse  23, several prohibitions are listed, for example for uncle-niece marriages:

"You are forbidden (to marry) your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your aunts on your father's side or on your mother's side, your nieces, your nursing mothers, your nursing sisters, the mothers of your wives, your step-daughters who are in your family's bosom (and) from (those from) your wives, to whom you have (already) entered - if you have not yet entered into them, it is not a sin for you (to marry such stepdaughters) - and (you are forbidden) them Wives of your biological sons. Also (you are forbidden) to have two sisters together (as a wife), apart from what has already happened (in this regard). Allah is Merciful and ready to forgive. "

- Translation: Rudi Paret (1966)

Marriage practice

According to a study by the Australian Center for Comparative Genomics , in some Islamic countries more than half of marriages are concluded between close relatives. In Germany in 2010 around every fourth woman of Turkish origin was married to a relative, although the degree of relationship was not asked.

A study by the British journal Reproductive Health Journal of 2009 on consanguineous marriages in the Arab world all marriages between 25 to 30 percent are cousins 1st degree closed, a total of 20 to 50 percent between blood relatives. The willingness to do this is increasing in countries like Yemen , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates , but declining in Yemen, Jordan and Tunisia as the educational level of women increases (not so among men). To date, there are no studies on the different divorce rates between blood-related marriages and unrelated couples.

In 2008, British Environment Secretary Phil Woolas (later Minister of State for Borders and Immigration under Prime Minister Gordon Brown ) pointed out that 55 percent of all cousin marriages in the Pakistani community in the UK were still 55 percent, but did not name any degrees of kinship . According to a medical study, their offspring had 30 percent of all genetic malformations in British newborns. Three percent of all newborns have Pakistani parents, so their risk is ten times higher (see Hereditary Disease Risks ). Woolas warned against “inbreeding in the Islamic community”. In May 2011, Professor Steve Jones, one of Britain's most famous geneticists and scientists, also pointed this out. According to Jones , the problem is particularly acute in Bradford City , where many Pakistani people live.

See also

literature

Newest first:

  • Hanan A. Hamamy: Consanguineous Marriages. Preconception Consultation in Primary Health Care Settings. In: Journal of Community Genetics. Issue 3, July 2012, pp. 185–192 (English; PMC 3419292 (free full text); Professor of Human Genetics at the Foundation for Medical Education and Research in Geneva).
  • Hanan A. Hamamy et al. a .: Consanguineous Marriages, Pearls and Perils: Geneva International Consanguinity Workshop Report. In: Genetics in Medicine. Volume 13, No. 9, Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva September 2011, pp. 841-847 (English; online at nature.com ).
  • Alan H. Bittles, ML Black: Consanguineous Marriage and Human Evolution. In: Annual Review of Anthropology. Year 39, 2010, pp. 193–207 (English; online at annualreviews.org; professors at the Center for Comparative Genomics at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia).
  • Ghazi O. Tadmouri et al. a .: Consanguinity and Reproductive Health among Arabs. In: Reproductive Health Journal. Volume 6, No. 17, BioMed Central , London 2009 (English; PMC 2765422 (free full text); population geneticist and Assistant Director of the Center for Arab Genomic Studies in Dubai).
  • Alan H. Bittles: When Cousins ​​Marry. In: Annals of Human Biology. Volume 22, No. 4, Proceedings of the Australasian Society for Human Biology, 1995, pp. 359-376 (English; restricted access: doi: 10.1080 / 03014469500004042 ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hanan A. Hamamy et al. a .: Consanguineous Marriages, Pearls and Perils: Geneva International Consanguinity Workshop Report. In: Genetics in Medicine. Volume 13, No. 9, Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva September 2011, pp. 841–847, here p. 841 (English; online on nature.com): “Approximately 1.1 billion people currently live in countries where consanguineous marriages are customary, and among them one in every three marriages is between cousins. "
  2. ↑ Hansjakob Müller u. a .: Medical genetics. Family planning and genetics. In: Swiss Medicine Forum. Volume 5, No. 24, Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences , Basel 2005, p. 639–641, here p. 640 ( PDF file; 123 kB, 3 pages on medicalforum.ch): “Outside Central Europe, marriages are among relatives relatively widespread, with around 20% of the world's population they are even the preferred form of marriage. ”Table 2: Genetic risks in related marriages :“ First-degree relatives (father-daughter, brother-sister): 50% | 1st cousin – cousin: 6% | 2nd cousin – cousin: 4% […] Studies have shown that the common offspring of relatives carry higher genetic risks than those of non-relatives. In the case of first-degree cousins, the risk of physical and mental disabilities is twice as great as the risk in the normal population. [...] The severe degenerative nervous disease Tay-Sachs occurs more frequently in the Ashkenazim Jewish population than elsewhere. The risk of this disease with autosomal recessive inheritance is correspondingly high in couples of this origin. "
  3. ↑ Alan H. Bittles: Commentary: The background and outcomes of the first-cousin marriage controversy in Great Britain. In: International Journal of Epidemiology. Volume 38, No. 6, November 2009, pp. 1453-1458 ( online at oxfordjournals.org): “As detailed on the Global Consanguinity website http: //www.consang.net,/ consanguineous marriage remains popular in many parts of Asia and Africa and it has been estimated that currently> 10% of the global population are either married to a partner related as second cousin or closer (F ≥ 0.0156) or are the progeny of such a union. "
  4. ↑ Antje Schmelcher: Relatives marriages: One does not talk about (and research) about it. In: FAZ.net . June 6, 2011, accessed on May 25, 2014 : “The more traditionally an Islamic community lives, the more relatives there seem to be. In Turkey, their frequency is estimated at 20 to 30 percent, in Oman it is two to three times higher, as the director of the Institute for Medical Genetics at the Berlin Charité, Stefan Mundlos, says. This means an immense problem for the small country, since the risk of having children with congenital diseases for related parents is twice as high as for parents who are not blood related. "
  5. ↑ H. Hamamy: consanguineous marriages: Preconception consultation in primary healthcare settings. In: Journal of community genetics. Volume 3, number 3, July 2012, pp. 185-192, doi: 10.1007 / s12687-011-0072-y , PMID 22109912 , PMC 3419292 (free full text).
  6. ↑ Rudi Paret : Koran Sura 4: Women. (No longer available online.) In: koransuren.de. German Koran translation, archived from the original on February 19, 2014 ; Retrieved on May 25, 2014 (Paret, 1901–1983, was a German philologist and scholar of Islam; he was responsible for the translation of the Koran into German, which is authoritative in scientific circles; the website offers a comparison between 4 translations). See also: Kurt Rudolph : The Koran - Chapter 4 - Fourth Surah: Women. In: Project Gutenberg-DE . Retrieved July 25, 2020 (Source: Reclam Verlag 1970).
  7. ↑ Cigdem Akyol: Incest: Cousin and cousin as parents. In: Zeit Online . July 23, 2012, accessed May 25, 2014 : “Relationship marriages are most widespread in countries where Islam is practiced. More than half of the marriages there are within one family. This is the result of a study by the Australian Center for Comparative Genomics. There is no general overview for Germany. But around every fourth woman of Turkish origin in this country is married to a relative, according to a study by the Federal Center for Health Education in 2010. "
  8. ↑ Ghazi O. Tadmouri u. a .: Consanguinity and Reproductive Health among Arabs. In: Reproductive Health Journal. Volume 6, No. 17, BioMed Central , London 2009 (English; PMC 2765422 (free full text)): “Arab populations have a long tradition of consanguinity due to socio-cultural factors. […] In some countries like Qatar, Yemen, and UAE, consanguinity rates are increasing in the current generation. [...] At present, about 20% of world populations live in communities with a preference for consanguineous marriage [...] Noticeably, many Arab countries display some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world ranging around 20–50% of all marriages, and specifically favoring first cousin marriages with average rates of about 20–30% […] Consanguineous marriages are generally thought to be more stable than marriages between non-relatives, though there are no studies to compare divorce rates of consanguineous and non -consanguineous marriages among Arabs. [...] In Jordan, it was evident that the higher the level of education of the female partner, the lower the consanguinity rate. Only 12% of university educated females would marry their first cousins, whereas 25% of university educated males tend to marry first cousins. Similar trends of lower consanguinity rates among educated women, but not educated men, were noticed in Yemen and Tunisia. "
  9. ↑ Serap Çileli : Your honor - our sorrow. New edition. Books on Demand , Norderstedt 2013, p. 96.
  10. ↑ Jonathan Wynne-Jones: Hay Festival 2011: Professor risks political storm over Muslim “inbreeding”. In: The Telegraph . May 29, 2011, accessed May 25, 2014 .