Home education

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Frederick Cayley Robinson - Acts of Mercy Orphans I 1915

Under residential care is assistance for education understood in a facility which cares educationally in children and adolescents over day and night in order to promote through a combination of everyday experience with educational and therapeutic services in their development. The origin of today's home education lies in the classic children's home , but it has developed significantly. The pure concern for care was replaced by the participation principle . For a large part of the population, the children's home still represents the classic youth welfare service and often has negative connotations.

history

Caring for orphans was already involved in the 3rd century BC. Ch. The philosopher Plato . In his Athens Laws (Nomoi, Eleventh Book, 926ff.) It is formulated that orphans are to be given protection and care. Similar approaches can also be found in the Halacha , the Jewish legislation. The Christian churches provided initial community care for orphans.

In the Middle Ages, there were orphanages for children whose parents had died, for example, from hunger and disease, and foundling homes for infants, especially illegitimate children, who were no longer cared for by their mothers.

Reforms in the area of ​​home education came among others through Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg . Children from the lower classes, from discriminated groups ( e.g. Yenish , foreign workers ) and children of addicts were also accommodated in the rescue facilities and educational institutions for the poor .

Situation by country

Germany

Freudenstadt, orphanage

Home education in Germany emerged from poor relief in the Middle Ages. Residential groups are now preferred to large homes. In 2010 the round table on home education in the 50s and 60s (RTH) to deal with violence and forced labor in home education in the old federal states led to the establishment of a fund.

In Germany, the number of children and young people in homes and assisted living groups has been increasing for years. At the end of 2011 around 65,000 young people were living in assisted living. The number has increased by 11% since 2008. In 2016, according to the Federal Statistical Office, 95,582 children and young people were cared for in inpatient facilities, an increase of 63% compared to 2008.

German Democratic Republic

Reasons for the admission to a home of the system of special homes on the part of the youth welfare service came not only from serious upbringing problems and behavioral disorders but also from political and ideological misconduct (see Education for a Socialist Personality ). It is known from the system of special homes (e.g. youth work centers , especially the closed youth work center Torgau) that educational abuse was used with the aim of re-education . People who have been in a special or special home can therefore apply for rehabilitation and receive compensation payments.

From 1949 to 1990 495,000 minors passed through the GDR home system:

  • 135,000 of them were housed in a special home and
  • around 3500 in the collective house of special homes.

There were a total of 662 homes:

  • including 456 normal homes with 21,259 places,
  • 168 special homes with 9364 places and
  • 38 youth workshops with 3,031 places.

On July 1, 2012, the Fund for Home Education in the GDR was set up between 1949 and 1990 . Due to the high number of former children in care, the fund was exhausted at the beginning of 2014. The fund was topped up with funds from the federal and state governments. The fund is scheduled to run until the end of June 2017. A deadline regulation is new. Only applications submitted by September 30, 2014 were considered. The acceptance of the application was ensured via the contact and advice centers for former children in the GDR.

Great Britain and Commonwealth countries

Chaim Weizmann Home, Instow, Devon, October 1942

In February 2010, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown publicly apologized to former children in care for injustice they had suffered. The focus here was particularly on the sending of children from Great Britain to the British colonial areas, which was carried out until the 1960s.

In Australia and Canada , truth commissions have been formed to study the operated by the authorities operations in which children were withdrawn from Canadian Indians and Australian aborigines families their parents and placed in homes in recent years. It was only after Gough Whitlams was elected Prime Minister of Australia that this practice, now known as stolen generations , ended in 1972.

Incidents of abuse in homes and the abuse of childcare fees in the facilities led to the closure of childcare facilities in Australia in the 1980s and 1990s. As a result of this development, many children in care fell into the SAAP (Supported Accommodation Assistance Program) homeless program and the juvenile justice system.

A crime and misconduct commission published a report in 2004 entitled "Protecting Children: An Inquiry into Child Abuse in Care (CMC Report)". In response to the findings of this report, the government decided to re-establish childcare facilities for children. A special focus was placed on the quality standards of the facilities. The placement of children and young people in homes is a. in the state of Queensland , considered a necessity.

Between 1944 and 1959, the government of Maurice Duplessis in the province of Quebec in Canada separated thousands of children, often born out of wedlock, from their parents and placed them in the care of church and state orphanages. It was important to hide these children as “social missteps”. The homes were largely funded by the provincial government. There they were used as cheap labor, sexually abused or physically abused for many years. Some of them were declared insane and deported to mental hospitals, or the homes themselves were turned into mental hospitals and the orphans in them were declared mentally ill. This was due to the higher rate of care paid by the government for mentally disabled children. They were used as guinea pigs for drugs - sometimes with fatal results.

Ireland

Home care in Ireland has been known there and around the world since the 1990s for the systematic abuse and abuse of thousands of children in homes. In 2000, a commission was set up which submitted an investigation report that was anonymized after legal intervention. In 2009, she noted, "A climate of fear, created by extensive, excessive and arbitrary punitive measures, pervaded most of these institutions." In schools that were only attended by boys, sexual abuse of students was common, according to the report. Girls were routinely sexually abused. Former Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern and Cardinal Seán Brady , Primate of Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh, both publicly apologized several times for decades of abuse. The victims were awarded compensation totaling 1.28 billion euros, the costs are borne jointly by the state and the Catholic Church.

The scandal also became known through the film The Merciless Sisters , which received various awards. He describes the abuse in the main Magdalene homes ( Magdalene Laundries "Magdalene laundries"). Another case was portrayed in the film Philomena .

Historian Catherine Corless brought to light the cases of almost 800 children whose bodies were found in a mass grave in Tuam that was discovered in the 1970s . The historian had access to the files of the home St. Mary's Mother and Baby Home and the data kept there on the identity, dates of birth and age of death of the children. In the home run from 1925 to 1961 by the Congregation of the Sisters of Bon Secours , women gave birth to illegitimate children.

Austria

The current regulations for child welfare and welfare education in Austria have their origins in the General Civil Code of 1811 and the Non- Disputes Act of 1854. Even in the 20th century, children and young people were sometimes subjected to severe assaults and abuse. The Youth Welfare Act of 1989 broke with the closed housing system. Until the 2000s, the last large homes were closed and smaller care units were set up across the board.

Romania

The topic of home education also attracted international attention after the political change in Romania in 1989 and the poor conditions in the children's and disabled homes there. Numerous foreign and domestic initiatives started their work to enable a new future for the children of the Romanian homes, who had been excluded from society (see also Cighid , History of Romania ).

Switzerland

The world-famous Swiss pioneers in the field of home education include Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg . Today, various initiatives are working to deal with the consequences of home care, including violence and forced labor, and to enforce compensation for damage suffered.

South Korea

The South Korean ruler Park Chung-hee calls in 1975 to cleanse the country of "drifters". Homeless people , dissidents and children are locked away, abused and killed - especially many in the years before the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. Nationwide there were 36 facilities in all of South Korea in which unwanted people were accommodated. Some homes, u. a. the former orphanage called Brüderheim not far from Busan was more like a forced camp than a home. This home alone housed 4,000 inmates who performed forced labor in 20 factories and who also feared abuse , rape, or death. Ninety percent of them shouldn't even have been there because they didn't fall under the government's definition of “loitering”. The documents show that the number of inmates rose to more than 16,000 in 1986. The AP news agency learned from interviews with victims, witnesses, investigators and from available government documents of hundreds of deaths and rapes for which no one was held responsible two years before the 2018 Olympic Games in South Korea in Pyeongchang .

United States

1900 Kurn Hattin Residential

The first childcare facilities in the United States were poor houses and orphanages. These houses were established by Dutch and British churches with the beginning of emigration due to the increasing poverty. The first houses were founded in the area of ​​what is now New York State from 1650.

At the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 150,000 American children were placed in 1,150 childcare facilities. With the beginning of industrialization, reform approaches in the placement of children were developed and implemented. The child was considered a "little adult". Education is recognized as the key to social change. A policy for the good of all Americans should be established that should also find its way into home care. In 1909, under President Theodore Roosevelt, the first White House conference on "Caring for Dependent Children" was held, at which the government made offers to set up a care and adoption program and to create a federal child bureau.

These offers led to a noticeably positive development in home care in the following decades. In cooperation with the care and adoption system, home care is now seen as a high quality extra-family care and child care offer, although abuses in homes cannot be ruled out. One means of determining the quality in the homes is a form of certification by a Council of Accreditation.

criticism

American scientists, u. a. Charles A. Nelson of Harvard University , studied in Romanian orphanages from 2000 and in the following years how the placement in an institution affects child development. The children in the homes had serious developmental disorders such as reduced IQ and clearly visible weaknesses in attachment . Magnetic resonance imaging examinations revealed a visibly weaker brain activity. Children in homes who got enough to eat were significantly smaller than their peers. No home child examined showed normal language development. The ends of the chromosomes of children who spent long periods of time in orphanages, called telomeres , were shortened. Your cells age faster, and the shortened telomeres could be a first indicator of future mental problems.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

One of the points of criticism of traditional home education is that the behavior of the child or adolescent does not change permanently compared to their original environment. Young people are more likely to be “adapted to their homes”, so learn to assert themselves in the educational environment, as strong structures and consistent implementation of educational principles force them to do so, according to the criticism. When returning to a family - if this happens at all - there is no longer any reason to implement what has been learned - or there are good reasons not to do so.

Another point of criticism is that the problem is only seen in the child or young person. It is made into a "symptom carrier", as family therapists call it, for example . Instead of considering the whole family situation in which the problems may have arisen, the young person concerned becomes a kind of “scapegoat”, the “guilty party”.

In recent times, quality management is increasingly being relied on in home education , for example through regular state controls by the responsible authorities, which, however, depends heavily on the qualifications of the people who carry out such checks. In the course of fiscal reforms and the shortage of money in the public sector, home care is in some cases taking a back seat compared to other forms of help for education. Some children have already completed the whole range of youth welfare services before the care home that was considered from the start takes place. Alternative forms of living are rarely considered as an option.

Processing and compensation in an international comparison

Germany

The history of homes for babies, children and young people was and is still partly a taboo subject, which social historiography has long evaded. It was predominantly the group of insiders such as members of the authorities, heads of institutions, social pedagogues, child psychiatrists who expressed themselves from their own point of view in anniversary publications and specialist articles. In some countries, compensation was paid to former children in care and other victims of compulsory welfare measures.

In Germany, due to the high number of former home children, the fund was already exhausted at the beginning of 2014 and was subsequently topped up again with funds from the federal government and the federal states. The applications submitted up to September 30, 2014 could be considered. Projects for the individual processing of home experience can be requested from the contact and advice centers and must be fully billed by the end of the fund term by December 31, 2018. In the period July 2012 and the end of September 2014, around 27,500 affected people reported.

Criticism of the form of dealing with the injustice and the implementation of the home fund for the affected former home children in Germany was expressed by Prof. Dr. Manfred Kappeler . He dealt scientifically and journalistically with the fate of the former home children.

The Torgau closed youth work center memorial was established in 1998 . A permanent exhibition in the lower rooms of the memorial shows everyday life in the GJWH using documents and contemporary witness reports. Can be visited u. a. the dark detention cells as well as the original inner courtyard and remains of the outer walls.

The final report of the Home Education Fund and the Federal Government's position paper will be published in August 2019. The goals of those who set up the funds were ambitious and in the conclusion of the Federal Government's statement it says: "The funds have not fully met these high requirements in every single case. But the broad satisfaction of those affected as a whole impressively shows that the financial The decisive factor for the success of the funds was, not least, the willingness of the constructors to break new ground with the representatives of those affected when implementing the funds, to try out possible solutions and to correct the decisions made if there were any In the sense of an affected-friendly practice was necessary. Thus it was possible to achieve the overarching goals of the funds and to make a contribution to social reappraisal and reconciliation with a dark chapter of recent German history. "

Switzerland

In Switzerland, former children in care received a so-called from 1988 to 1993 by two fund commissions that were systematically torn from their culture of origin by taking away children, placing them outside of homes, as contract children or as adopted children and some of them were also subjected to forced sterilization "Reparation" in the form of a payment of between 2,000 and 20,000 francs. Compensation payments were also made to those affected in Ireland, Sweden, Iceland and Canada.

In 2013, the Mümliswil Memorial was established as Switzerland's first national memorial for home and contract children in a former children's home in Mümliswil .

Personalities who lived in children's homes

Africa

Asia

Australia and Oceania

Europe

Nina Ruge 2013

North America

Malcolm X 1964

South America

Reception in art and literature

The German rapper CashMo processed his own home story in the song Heimkind . At the age of eleven, he was admitted to a youth home after several behavioral problems and crimes such as theft. There he came into contact with rap. The journalist Nina Ruge describes her experiences in some of her books.

See also

literature

Germany

  • Wolfgang Gabel : Places outside. Youth novel. Anrich, Mülheim an der Ruhr 1972, ISBN 3-920110-13-7 .
  • Harry Graeber : Abused Future. Autobiographical narrative. Mainz 2001, ISBN 3-927223-57-3 . (Graeber's descriptions of the peculiar homeland of the post-war years and their questionable upbringing methods should not be understood as an accusation, but merely reflect the autobiographical situation. New edition in 2006 under the title Battered Future - Shattering Report of a Home Child in Post-War Germany ).
  • Mirijam Günter: Home. not autobiographical. Youth novel . 2004, ISBN 3-920110-27-7 . (describes the unsuccessful escape of some children in the home. Günter drastically criticizes the home education in Germany)
  • Peter Wensierski: Beatings in the name of the Lord. DVA, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-421-05892-X . (This book deals with the hitherto infrequent public living conditions of home children in Germany from 1950 to 1970. According to the book, systematic child labor as well as beatings and humiliation on the smallest of occasions seem to have been the rule rather than the exception to a large extent from reports from former children in the home who are now 40 to 60 years old).
  • Alexander Markus Homes : home education. Help in life or joint detention? 2006, ISBN 3-8334-4780-X . (In a new edition with the subtitle Violence and Lust in the Name of God , in which he also describes current cases of grievances in church institutions).
  • Katrin Zimmermann-Kogel, Norbert Kühne : Aspects of home education. In: Praxisbuch Sozialpädagogik. Volume 4, Bildungsverlag EINS, Troisdorf 2007, ISBN 978-3-427-75412-1 .
  • Moritz Wulf Lange : Little Aster. Detective novel. Bloomsbury, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-8270-0793-3 . (Inspired by a review of Wensierski's book and takes up, among others, also the motive of abuse in children's homes).
  • Volker Rhein (Ed.): Modern home education today - examples from practice. 3 volumes. Fresh texts, Herne 2009/11, ISBN 978-3-933059-40-6 and ISBN 978-3-933059-42-0 .
  • Andreas Völker: Stromzeit - memories of the Schloss Beuggen children's home. 2011, ISBN 978-3-942066-03-7 .
  • Working group for child and youth welfare - AGJ (Ed.): Processing of home education in the GDR - Expertise . Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-922975-98-4 .
  • Anke Dreier, Karsten Laudien: Introduction. Home education in the GDR . Verlag Conference of the State Commissioners for the Documents of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic and for dealing with the consequences of the communist dictatorship, 2012, ISBN 978-3-933255-40-2 .
  • Johann Lambert Beckers: Protocol of a home child. Edition Beckers, Verlag epubli, 2015, ISBN 978-3-7347-6199-7 .
  • Christian Sachse: The final touch. Youth welfare of the GDR in the service of disciplining children and young people (1949–1989). Ed .: The State Commissioner for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania for the documents of the State Security Service of the former GDR, Schwerin 2011, ISBN 978-3-933255-35-8 .
  • SB Gahleitner: What helps former home children to cope with their complex trauma? (rundertisch-heimerendung.de)
  • SB Gahleitner, I. Oestreich: I'm sick of that today. (rundertisch-heimerendung.de)
  • When former home children come to us today for counseling - what do we need or should we know? (rundertisch-heimerendung.de)
  • Founding initiative of the Königsheide Foundation (ed.): A home - and yet a home? (GDR), Beggerow Buchverlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-936103-38-0 .
  • Sylvia Wagner: Drug trials on children in homes between 1949 and 1975. Mabuse-Verlag, Frankfurt / M. 2020, ISBN 978-3-86321-532-3 .

Austria

  • Dagmar Wortham : The unloved children. End of the line home? Goldegg Verlag, Vienna, 2010, ISBN 978-3-902729-03-3 . (tells of the conditions in Austrian homes, it describes the fate of children in the home, the emotional effects of experienced trauma and the helplessness of the carers due to lack of training and lack of resources to be able to specifically counteract this and the resulting resignation on both sides.)

Switzerland

  • Urs Hafner: Home children: a story of growing up in the institution. Hier + JetztVerlag für Kultur und Geschichte, Baden 2011, ISBN 978-3-03919-218-2 .

Web links

Commons : Orphanages  - collection of images, videos and audio files
International
Germany
German Democratic Republic

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Laws (De legibus) Laws. According to the translation by Dr. Franz Susemihl in: Platon's works, fourth group, ninth to fifteenth volumes, Stuttgart 1862, 1963, edited.
  2. ↑ Press release from the Federal Statistical Office: At the end of 2011, 65,000 young people were living in a home
  3. ^ Children's homes in Germany. SOS in the children's village, SPIEGEL ONLINE, May 16, 2018
  4. ↑ www.fonds-heimerendung.de: 'Working on home education in the GDR', 2012, PDF, 203 pages
  5. ^ Processing of home education in the GDR - report. Working group for child and youth welfare - AGJ (Ed.) Berlin 2012
  6. ↑ Information on services provided by the Home Education Fund in the GDR from 1949 to 1990
  7. ↑ Review of: S. Swain u. a .: Child, Nation, Race and Empire. In: hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de. Retrieved December 30, 2016 .
  8. ↑ M. Mann: The dark side of democracy. A theory of ethnic cleansing. Publishing house HIS, 2007.
  9. ^ F. Ainsworth, P. Hansen: A dream come true - no more residential care. A corrective note. In: International Journal of Social Welfare. Volume 14, No. 3, 2005, pp. 195-199.
  10. ^ Department of Communities: A Contemporary Model of Residential Care for Children and Young People in Care. Queensland 2010.
  11. ↑ A day with consequences: The betrayed orphans of Maurice Duplessis. French TV documentary by Marc Petitjean, Arte 2003
  12. ↑ Martin Alioth : Scandal in Ireland's Church: Beaten, Humiliated, Raped. In: Spiegel Online . May 20, 2009, accessed December 30, 2016 .
  13. ↑ Investigation Report : Thousands of Children Abused in Churches of Ireland Homes. In: Spiegel Online. May 20, 2009, accessed December 30, 2016 .
  14. ^ Brady calls for a change of culture. In: RTÉ News . October 20, 2007.
  15. ^ Primate urged Cardinal Connell to drop action. In: The Irish Times . February 12, 2008.
  16. ↑ Dark past: Children's mass grave stirs up Irish people. T-Online, June 7, 2014, accessed June 12, 2014 .
  17. ^ Orphanages in South Korea, Decades of brutal child abuse covered up, Nord West Zeitung, April 22, 2016
  18. ↑ Hundreds Had to Die for a Shiny Olympia, Welt, Geschichte May 4, 2016
  19. ^ PR Huey: International Journal of Historical Archeology. 2001.
  20. ^ AL Yarrow: History of US Children's Policy. 1900-present. 2009.
  21. ^ M. Little, A. Kohm, R. Thompson: The impact of residential placement on child development: Research and policy implications. In: International Journal of Social Welfare. 2005.
  22. ↑ The Consequences of Isolation. In: Zeit Online. 2012. (zeit.de)
  23. ↑ Projects for the individual processing of the home experience
  24. ↑ More money for children in the GDR. The Federal Government, February 24, 2015.
  25. ↑ Increase in the "Home Education in the GDR" fund. Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth, February 25, 2015.
  26. ^ Victims of home education: Interview with Prof. Kappeler. The first in 2018
  27. ^ Final report of the Fund for Home Education and a statement by the Federal Government
  28. ↑ Nina Ruge: The invincible summer in us. A guide to our very own place of power (= Goldmann. 22109). Complete paperback edition, 1st edition. Goldmann, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-442-22109-7