Lebensborn

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Lebensborn e. During the National Socialist era, V. was a state-sponsored association supported by the SS , the aim of which was to increase the birth rate of " Aryan " children on the basis of the National Socialist racial hygiene and health ideology. This was to be achieved by preventing unmarried women and girls from abortion, by offering anonymous childbirths and then placing illegitimate children for adoption - preferably to families of SS members.

The Lebensborn was also partly responsible for the abduction of children from the areas occupied by Germany. If these were considered "Aryan" in the sense of the National Socialist racial ideology , which was meticulously examined, they were brought to Lebensborn homes in the Reich or in the occupied territories while concealing their identity. Ultimately, the goal was adoption by party-loyal German families. 13 of the 98 children affected by the Lidice massacre were selected for the Lebensborn, while the others were deported to the Kulmhof extermination camp , where they were murdered by gas .

Ideological foundations

The name is derived from the old German word "Born" for "fountain, source", which is only preserved in place names and in poetry or in various German dialects; it therefore means something like "fountain of life" or "source of life".

Operating theater in a Lebensborn home in 1936

The Lebensborn was a project by Heinrich Himmler , which was primarily based on the two most important demographic principles of National Socialism :

The Lebensborn stated that the concern was maternal care and set up homes for the anonymous delivery of mothers in need. However, this was not the result of any humane morality , but was intended to increase the birth rate in the sense of the “new morality” of an active, racist National Socialist population policy. In accordance with National Socialist racial hygiene, at least initially only single mothers were admitted to the homes who met the “racial hygienic” criteria for SS applicants themselves and “with regard to their offspring” .

History and organization

Birth rate and Nazi measures

Sister in a Lebensborn home, raised SS and swastika flags, from SS Leitheft , 9/3 p. 33 f., 1943

After the First World War , due to a lower proportion of young men in the population, the birth rate in Germany fell so much below the maintenance level as it is today. There was no comparable drop in the birth statistics in any other industrialized country.

Heinrich Himmler, the " Reichsführer SS " and chief of the German police , disregarded these data and presented other figures after surveys by the "Hauptamt für Volksgesundheit" (Main Office for Public Health) and mainly referred to the abortions , which were forbidden as punishment at the time , which led to a decline in the birth rate. In a letter to Wilhelm Keitel from 1940, he estimated the number of annual abortions at up to 600,000, which the German Reich lost as offspring. Likewise, “hundreds of thousands of valuable girls and women are victims of secret, often sterile abortion every year. ... The goal, however, to protect German blood, is absolutely obligatory. "

In order to offer incentives for more births, the National Socialist People's Welfare initially founded the “ Aid Organization Mother and Child ” in March 1934 , which received more than half of the total donation from the winter welfare organization . The "German Institute for Youth Welfare e. V. “looked after illegitimate children whose fathers refused to receive alimony . Marriages were promoted with loans in the form of requirement coverage certificates for furniture and household goods up to 1,000 Reichsmarks .

The establishment of the Lebensborn as a competing SS-owned organization directly subordinate to Himmler was also intended to increase the birth rate and encourage unmarried mothers to have children. In his letter to Keitel, Himmler justified the existence of Lebensborn and demanded financial support from the Wehrmacht . For example, "through this demographic measure alone, 18 to 20 more regiments would march in 18 to 20 years ."

Founding of the association and statutes

The Lebensborn association was founded in Berlin on December 12, 1935 at the instigation of Himmler, who was advised by Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer . The organization was legally independent as a registered association in order to be able to acquire property rights to homes etc. as a legal person and to enable non-SS members to join. Organizationally, however, the association remained subordinate to the SS. Himmler was president. The organization was financed through compulsory contributions from members of the SS. Childless people had to pay the highest tax, with four children or more, regardless of whether they were born in or out of wedlock, the obligation to contribute ended. This measure was intended to encourage members of the SS to fulfill their “ethnic obligations” regarding the promotion of young people.

According to the statutes at the time of its establishment, the association had the following tasks:

“1.) To support racially and genetically valuable families with many children.
2.) To accommodate and care for unmarried mothers who are racially and hereditary and who, after careful examination of their own family and the family of the producer by the R. u. S.-Hauptamt-SS can be assumed that valuable children will be born immediately,
3.) to care for these children,
4.) to care for the mothers of the children. "
Lebensborn-Heim Steinhöring, south view from the park (1938)

On August 15, 1936, Lebensborn opened its first home, "Hochland" in Steinhöring near Ebersberg in Upper Bavaria. The home initially had 30 beds for mothers and 55 for children. The number of beds doubled by 1940.

The managing director of the Lebensborn was initially SS-Sturmbannführer Guntram Pflaum and from May 15, 1940 until the end of the war SS-Standartenführer Max Sollmann ; SS Oberführer Gregor Ebner was the medical director from the start .

Conditions for registration

Women who applied for admission should, according to the Lebensborn's statutes, “meet all the conditions in terms of race and hereditary biology that are generally applicable in the Schutzstaffel”. Accordingly, the women had to meet the same requirements as any SS applicant for admission to the SS and for marriage:

  • The "Great Descent Certificate", colloquially " Aryan Certificate", was to be submitted with the evidence of the ancestors up to January 1, 1800, as was the case for the NSDAP and its subdivisions.
  • A “hereditary health questionnaire” with information about possible hereditary problems in the family had to be completed.
  • A “medical examination sheet” for proof of health and for “racial assessment” summarized the examinations by SS doctors, later also by other licensed doctors due to a lack of doctors.
  • The applicant had to fill out a questionnaire on the person, with questions about occupation, health insurance, party affiliation, intention to marry, etc., and submit a handwritten résumé with photographs.
  • Unmarried expectant mothers also had to submit an affidavit that the specified man was the child's father.

The father-to-be also had to submit all documents. Members of the SS were only exempted if the marriage permit for the mother had already been granted by the Race and Settlement Main Office.

In the course of the war, the admission criteria were reduced, so that finally around 75 percent of the applications were approved.

Care in the homes

Delivery room in a Lebensborn home in 1936

As an SS-owned organization, Lebensborn was able to keep deliveries secret. Own registry offices and police registration offices in the Lebensborn homes were not allowed to report a birth to the unmarried mother's home community.

National Socialist Lebensborn "baptism" 1936

If the admission was approved, the woman could spend the period of pregnancy, if desired also far away from her home town, until a few weeks after the birth of the child in a home of the Lebensborn. The Lebensborn took over the guardianship of unmarried mothers . The newborns were "baptized" in their own ceremony with a mixture of pseudo-Christian, National Socialist and pseudo-Germanic rites with a silver SS dagger under the swastika flag . As a gift, they received a candlestick made in the Dachau concentration camp .

Kidnapping

As a result of the war, the “Aryan elite” grew only moderately. Therefore, as Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Volkstum , Himmler ordered on February 19, 1942 in Halensee with the order 67/1 , to kidnap “Aryan”-looking, blonde and blue-eyed children from occupied areas such as Poland for the purpose of “Germanization”. Accordingly, stolen Polish children had to be reported to the SS RuSHA , Litzmannstadt branch , which determined that they were “suitable” for Germanization. Dorothy Macardle's statement that Posen was this clearing house is incorrect.

More children were robbed in other occupied countries such as France and Yugoslavia ; Litzmannstadt also formed the clearing house for the annexed Czech territories, the Nazi doctor there was called Dongus. The children were taken in by Lebensborn and, depending on their age, moved to private foster homes with SS families, for adoption or in Lebensborn homes. Smaller children, up to about 6 years of age, received fake new birth certificates. They got a new name and were only allowed to speak German in order to forget their mother tongue. If they did not meet the criteria according to the "Aryan tables", they were deported to an extermination camp . It is known from an action in the Czech Republic that 9 children were selected for Germanization, but 82 were brought to the Sobibor extermination camp in Chelm to be killed.

During the occupation of Yugoslavia, children of Slovenian resistance fighters were abducted to Saldenburg , Kastl and Neustift near Vilshofen (municipality of Ortenburg ), among others . These children were forcibly separated from their families and distributed from Slovenia via Franconia . This measure served not only as retaliation, but also to fill the Lebensborn homes with "aryanizable" children.

Lebensborn homes

Many Lebensborn homes were set up in expropriated Jewish properties. Some also came to the club as gifts. By December 31, 1939, about 770 illegitimate children were born in the homes, of which 354 were still in Lebensborn homes.

Homes in the area of ​​what was then the German Empire

“Mothers' houses” in Lebensborn, from an SS advertising calendar from 1938

General Government of Poland

Belgium

According to the head of the military administration for Belgium / Northern France, "expectant mothers of so-called Germanic blood ... who were born by Reich German members of the Wehrmacht or foreign members of German aid organizations ( Waffen-SS , Walloon (SS) Legion , Flemish SS , NSKK and the like) were accepted. , the so-called Germanic blood are “expecting a child. In Belgium , Lebensborn apparently tacitly switched to looking after purely foreign children whose mothers and fathers were not German nationals.

France

Netherlands

  • "Gelderland" in Nijmegen - 60 M / 100 K (home no longer in operation)

Norway

  • "Heim Geilo " (1942) - 60 M / 20 K
  • Children's home "Godthaab" near Oslo (1942) - 165 K (in October 1943 occupied with 250 children between 3 months and 4 years)
  • "Heim Hurdalsverk" (1942) - 40 M / 80 K
  • "Heim Klekken" (1942)
  • "Heim Bergen" in Hop near Bergen (1943) - 20 M / 6 K
  • Children's home “Stalheim” (1943) - 100 K
  • "City Home Oslo " (1943) - 20 M / 6 K
  • "Stadtheim Trondheim " (1943) - 30 M / 10 K
  • "Heim Os" near Bergen - 80 K (Heim no longer in operation)

During the war, a total of 200 to 250 Norwegian children were transported in five air transports to the homes in Kohren-Sahlis, Hohehorst and Bad Polzin. They were either taken in by their fathers or were fostered with the aim of later adoption.

By September 30, 1944, 6584 Norwegian women - some sources speak of around 8000 Norwegian women - were admitted to the completely overcrowded Lebensborn maternity homes there. By the end of the German occupation , around 12,000 children were born in the homes. After the end of the war, the women were first interned on the official grounds that they wanted to contain possible sexually transmitted diseases . The Norwegian Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik apologized in 1998 for the later discrimination of these tyskerbarna ("German children ") and their mothers, who were pejoratively referred to as tyskertøser , for example: "German bitch " .

Birth statistics (except Norway)

  • December 31, 1939: 1,571 (total live births) - including approximately 770 children born out of wedlock
  • December 31, 1940: 2400
  • April 1, 1942: 3477
  • September 30, 1943: 5000
  • May 11, 1945: a total of 7,000–8,000 - including almost 5,000 children born out of wedlock
  • May 11, 1945: Home “Hochland” altogether 1438

Trial against the SS Race and Settlement Main Office

The Lebensborn project also ended in Steinhöring, the first Lebensborn home. When the US troops approached, the staff burned the original papers and left the children evacuated here from all the homes. For many children, the identity could not be clarified.

In the Nuremberg justice building, 14 suspects from various main SS offices were tried before a US military court as part of the so-called RuSHA trial from July 1, 1947 to March 10, 1948, including four former leading functionaries of the Lebensborn. All of the defendants were acquitted in the counts based on their activities in the Lebensborn.

Her active role in the abduction and forced adoption of around 250 Eastern European children, as well as her involvement in the killing of disabled children, was not known until later.

In 1948 in the Lebensborn homes of the National Socialists a purely social network for orphans and illegitimate children was seen.

Among other things, the verdict stated:

“It is clear from the evidence that the Lebensborn association, which existed long before the war, was a welfare institution and primarily a maternity hospital. From the beginning he cared for mothers, married and unmarried, as well as children born in and out of wedlock. The prosecution did not succeed in proving with the necessary certainty that Lebensborn and the accused associated with him participated in the kidnapping program carried out by the National Socialists [...] In general, Lebensborn did not select and examine any foreign children. In all cases in which foreign children were transferred to the Lebensborn by other organizations after a selection and examination, the children were well cared for and never treated badly in any way. It is clear from the evidence that, among the numerous organizations in Germany that dealt with foreign children brought to Germany, the Lebensborn was the only body that did everything in its power to provide the children with adequate care and to protect the legal interests of the children placed under his care. "

- Volker Koop: "Giving the Führer a child": the SS organization Lebensborn eV

Public perception

Since the German Lebensborn homes were strictly sealed off, rumors arose during the Nazi era about Lebensborn as a place of vice, about compulsory mating and pornography. After the fall of the National Socialist dictatorship, rumors of the "breeding farms of the SS" were passed on in books and some films (including Lebensborn , FRG 1961, Pramen Života / Der Lebensborn , Czech Republic 2000) that "fanatical BDM girls" came from " pure-bred SS breeding bulls "had mated in order to produce" pure-bred "offspring.

The rumors that the Lebensborn homes were SS brothels turned out to be unfounded, but not the fact that unmarried mothers who “met the breeding criteria of the SS” and were mostly expecting a child from an SS man were accepted there. Married members of the SS were asked to fulfill their “national obligation” and to maintain extra-marital contact with tall, blond “Aryan” women in order to father “genetically healthy” children, in the sense of breeding a “ master race ”. As soon as they had known themselves as the father and had four children, either legitimate or illegitimate, they were released from the financial contribution to Lebensborn. The pregnant women had privileges in these homes, were able to give birth anonymously and then have the child adopted. The women who often stayed in a Lebensborn children's home as caregivers continued to be cared for. However, this did not apply if they had given birth to a disabled child. These children were murdered as "unworthy of life" in the course of child euthanasia , and the mothers lost all privileges. Because of course handicapped children were born in the Lebensborn homes, most of whom were not mentioned in the birth statistics. Often a cleft lip and palate was enough for them to be removed from the homes. The only known document on this was provided by the director of the Wienerwald home, Norbert Schwab. He writes of a transfer of a disabled girl to the children's department at Am Spiegelgrund , which is "active in the sense of an extermination".

Depth psychological examination of former Lebensborn children

The Munich pediatrician Theodor Hellbrügge met six Lebensborn children in 1946. They looked "remarkably pretty" to him. At that time they were one and a half to two years old. “On closer inspection,” reported the pediatrician, “it turned out that none of these children could walk, some could barely sit. They couldn't speak, and most importantly they couldn't laugh. ”Years later, Hellbrügge and the psychologist Rosemarie Brendel looked for addresses of Lebensborn children. Between 1962 and 1966, 69 Lebensborn children were found. 40 of them were examined medically, psychologically and in depth psychologically, and all available documents on the young people were studied. In the former Lebensborn children, psychological tests repeatedly showed signs of unrealistic attitudes, disturbances in environmental relationships, fear, lack of stability, lack of emotion, and inhibitions of contact. Several young people stuttered. Five wet and faeced when they were more than 17 years old. In many cases there were great educational difficulties. 12 of the 69 young people had been in welfare education. As a result of anti-sociality and criminality - according to Hellbrügge - "a large number of people were noticed". The children with selected genes, who were to grow up in homes to become “Nordic splendid people”, developed completely differently than their spiritual fathers at their desk had imagined.

Self-help groups for the Krieg and Lebensborn children

Many children of German soldiers ( occupation children ; called Tyskerbarn in Norway ) and children from Lebensborn homes were avoided in the liberated states after the Second World War or left in the dark about their origins. In Germany, too, such information about Lebensborn children was concealed; the registry office documents kept by “Lebensborn” were lost at the end of the war. The generation of children has therefore formed self-help groups to clarify their fate. In November 2006, several Lebensborn children met publicly in Wernigerode to exchange ideas and to draw attention to their fate (psychological stress, e.g. feeling of being uprooted).

Preserved files and documents from the Lebensborn are administered by the International Tracing Service and the Federal Archives . The association kriegskind.de also publishes search requests from Lebensborn children.

exhibition

  • Documentation and learning location Baracke Wilhelmine in Schwanewede- Neuenkirchen with a special exhibition on the subject of "Lebensborn" and the Lebensborn home in Schwanewede-Löhnhorst.
  • Ge (h) haben is a “mobile exhibition” on the history of Lebensborn in Munich. The application, designed as a web app for smartphones and tablets, offers topographical access that recalls the history of Lebensborn and those affected.

See also

literature

Technical literature or documentary reports

Germany

  • Jörg Albrecht : Raw material for superman. Article in: Zeit-Punkt, 3/2001, on the subject of biomedicine, pp. 16-18.
  • Angelika Baumann, Andreas Heusler (ed.): Children for the "Führer", Der Lebensborn in Munich . Schiermeier, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-943866-19-3 .
  • Wolfgang Benz , Hermann Graml , H. White: Encyclopedia of National Socialism. Digital library, CD-ROM, volume 25, Directmedia, Berlin 1997.
  • Thomas Bryant: Himmler's Children. On the history of the SS organization "Lebensborn eV" 1935–1945. Marix, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-86539-265-7 .
  • Gisela Heidenreich : The endless year. The slow discovery of one's own biography. A life born fate. 4th edition, Scherz, Bern 2002, ISBN 3-502-18315-5 ; Fischer-TB, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-596-16028-6 (the search for traces of a “Lebensborn child” in a historical context).
  • Marc Hillel: Lebensborn eV: In the name of the breed. Paul Zsolnay Verlag, Vienna / Hamburg 1975, ISBN 3-552-02736-X (transferred from the French - Au nom de la race ).
  • Volker Koop : Giving the Führer a child. The SS organization “Lebensborn” e. V. Böhlau, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-21606-1 .
  • Annegret Lamey: Child of unknown origin: The story of the Lebensborn child Hannes Dollinger. Wißner, Augsburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-89639-644-0 .
  • Georg Lilienthal : The "Lebensborn eV" An instrument of National Socialist racial policy. New edition, Fischer-TB, Frankfurt 2003, ISBN 3-596-15711-0 (standard work, first 1985).
  • Georg Lilienthal: Lebensborn. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 830 f.
  • Dorothee Schmitz-Köster : "German mother, are you ready ..." Everyday life in Lebensborn. Berlin 1997; 5th edition, Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-7466-8094-8 (interviews with contemporary witnesses with former life-born mothers and children, sisters, midwives and home managers).
    • this .: Child L 364. A Lebensborn family story. 2nd ed., Rowohlt, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-87134-564-7 (family history about silence, political wrong turns, about profiteers and their victims, about mass murderers who can be loving fathers at the same time).
    • this .: German mother, are you ready ... The Lebensborn and his children. Adult new edition Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-7466-7085-0 (expanded with Lebensbornkinder biographies, names and facts about “Heim Friesland”).
  • Dorothee Schmitz-Köster, Tristan Vankann: Lifetime Lebensborn. The desired children of the SS and what became of them. Piper, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-492-05533-8 (20 portraits with photos by Tristan Vankann).
  • Frank W. Steidler: Lebenssborn eV of the SS. From rumor to legend. In: Uwe Backes , Eckhard Jesse , Rainer Zitelmann (eds.): The shadows of the past. Impulses for the historicization of National Socialism . Propylaeen, Frankfurt am Main 1990, pp. 291-318.

France

  • Marc Hillel: Au nom de la race. Fayard, Paris 1975, ISBN 2-253-01592-X .
  • Katherine Maroger: Les racines du silence. Éditions Anne Carrière, 2008, ISBN 978-2-84337-505-7 .
  • Boris Thiolay: Lebensborn. La fabrique des enfants parfaits. Enqête sur ces Francais nés dans les maternités SS (title translated from French: Lebensborn. The factory of the perfect children). Éditions Flammarion, Paris 2012.

England / USA

  • Catrine Clay, Michael Leapman: Master race: the Lebensborn experiment in Nazi Germany. Hodder & Stoughton, 1995, ISBN 0-340-58978-7 .
    • German: Herrenmenschen. The Nazis' Lebensborn experiment. Heyne-TB, 1997.
  • Larry V. Thompson: Lebensborn and the Eugenics Policy of the Reichsführer-SS. In: Central European History, 4 (1971), pp. 54-77.
  • Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10. Vol. 5: United States v. Ulrich Greifelt, et al. (Case 8: 'RuSHA Case') . United States Government Printing Office , District of Columbia, 1950.
  • Dieter Wältmann: The Functions and Activities of the Lebensborn Organization Within the SS, the Nazi Regime, and Nazi Ideology. In: The Honors Journal, II (1985: pp. 5-23).
  • Kjersti Ericsson, Eva Simonsen (Eds.): Children of World War II: the hidden enemy legacy. Berg, Oxford et al. a. 2005, ISBN 1-84520-207-4 (English; collection of articles; several contributions on the subject of "Lebensborn").

Norway

  • Kåre Olsen: Krigens barn. The norske krigsbarna and their mødre. Oslo 1998.
  • Kåre Olsen: “Father: German.” The fate of the Norwegian Lebensborn children and their mothers from 1940 until today. Campus, Frankfurt 2002, ISBN 3-593-37002-6 .
  • Andreas Jüttemann: The Norwegian maternity and children's homes of the National Socialist Lebensborn Organization, 1940–1945. In: Der Gynäkologe, 12/2014: pp. 182-184.

Fiction

Movies

Games

  • My Child: Lebensborn . Norway 2018. Multiple award-winning everyday and parenting simulation by the Norwegian software development companies Teknopilot and Sarepta Studio. The players accompany an adopted child from the Lebensborn program after the end of the war through his everyday life in a Norwegian village.

Web links

Commons : Lebensborn  - collection of images
Self-help associations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lilienthal (2005), p. 830.
  2. ↑ Andreas Fasel: Abducted children: Robbed of identity and childhood by Nazis . March 7, 2016 ( welt.de [accessed June 17, 2019]).
  3. ↑ Volker Koop: Giving the Führer a child. The SS organization “Lebensborn” e. V. Böhlau, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-21606-1 , pp. 155-159.
  4. ↑ Lilienthal 2003, page 47; Statutes of the Lebensborn e. V., preamble
  5. ↑ a b Volker Koop: Giving the Führer a child. The SS organization “Lebensborn” e. V. Böhlau, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-21606-1 , p. 28.
  6. ↑ Isabel Heinemann: Race, settlement, German blood. The Race and Settlement Main Office of the SS and the racial reorganization of Europe. Göttingen 2003, p. 102 / BA NS 19/329.
  7. ↑ a b c d Rebecca Abe: Der Lebensborn e. V. on Shoa.de .
  8. ↑ Document, page 3 ( Memento of the original from June 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.its-arolsen.org
  9. ↑ a b Dorothy Macardle: Children of Europe. Victor Gollancz, London 1949, pp. 235f.
  10. ↑ Brez staršev, večino so Nemci pobili, in brez doma ("Without parents, most of them were killed by the Germans, and without a home"). In: Dolenjski list weekly newspaper , Novo mesto, Slovenia, January 24, 2008.
  11. ↑ European-Hungarian Gymnasium Kastl, Klosterburg Details ( Memento of the original from July 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fw.hu
  12. ↑ a b Eva Simonsen: Into the open - or hidden away? - The construction of war children as a social category in post-war Norway and Germany . In: Nordeuropaforum (2006: 2), pp. 25–49 at edoc.hu-berlin.de (PDF file; 323 kB)
  13. ↑ Deutschlandradio website: dradio.de, calendar sheet
  14. ↑ a b c Irene Bazinger: Review, Children production after the German purity law. nadir.org ( Memento of October 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ^ The children of the master race - Organization Lebensborn, ZDF info, April 13, 2013 (video)
  16. ↑ dradio.de, calendar sheet
  17. ^ Eva-Maria Götz, in: dradio.de, calendar sheet from August 15, 2006
  18. ↑ E. Lausch: Don't laugh, don't cry, just scream. Episode III. Home children suffer from incurable behavioral disorders. Zeit online , October 26, 1973
  19. ^ KH Brisch: Children without attachment. Deprivation, Adoption, and Psychotherapy. Ed. Theodor Hellbrügge, 3rd edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2006.
  20. ^ Theodor Hellbrügge: Handbook of Pediatrics. Volume Social Pediatrics. Springer, 1966, p. 391.
  21. ↑ What the "Lebensborn" was in reality
  22. ↑ Note: for example "Lebensspuren eV" ( homepage ), see also FASZ of May 18, 2014 (p. 44): A letter from a stranger, dead father
  23. ↑ Nazi 'master race' children meet , BBC News, November 4, 2006 (English)
  24. ↑ Archive Repertories of the International Tracing Service, NS 1 - Lebensborn eV, 1935–1945 its-arolsen.org, accessed on March 29, 2017.
  25. ↑ Search requests from Lebensborn children at kriegskind.de ( Memento of the original from June 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kriegskind.de
  26. ↑ Special exhibition in Lebensborn
  27. ↑ Internet access to the web app "Ge (h) haben"
  28. ↑ Lebensborn Feichtenbach, review of the film  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.cultfilm.at