Substitution
In many team sports which is substituted one or more active players via Substitutes substitute score possible. The substitution can be made in the event of injury or for tactical reasons. The decision is made by the trainer . Depending on the sport , different rules apply to the number and implementation of changes, from which exceptions are made upon consultation in friendly matches .
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sports
Soccer
In football , one injured player per team has been able to be replaced since 1967 (following changes to FIFA Rule III). However, there was such a possibility as early as 1953/54: In the qualifying games for the 1954 World Cup , each team was allowed to replace an injured player, but only in the first half. Since 1995 three players can be substituted - without restrictions such as injuries - and players who have been substituted can no longer be substituted on. Very rarely here to exchange errors by a fourth or ineligible player is tagged; in this case, the game is usually subsequently rated as 0: 3 lost by a sports court judgment.
Before 1967, substitutions in competitive games were not possible. However, England was an exception: on May 29, 1965, the English Football League decided in its annual general meeting with 39:10 votes that in future one injured player in each team could be replaced in all point games. In Italy, goalkeepers were allowed to be exchanged at any time from 1965/66 (even if they were not injured).
It was reported that 14 players were switched in the 1st round and 22 players in 41 league games on August 28.
In the 1967/68 season, according to the newly issued FIFA regulations, a coach was allowed to replace once in a match, and twice from 1968 to 1994. In the 1994/95 season there was a regulation similar to that used at the 1994 World Cup in the USA: two field players and the goalkeeper were allowed to be changed. Since the 1995/96 season, basically three players can be swapped.
In the regional associations, in the lowest amateur classes (up to the district league) and in the youth sector, more substitutions and returns are allowed.
The German Football Association started a pilot project for the round of 16 of the DFB Cup 2016/17 , which allows a fourth substitution in this competition in the event of an extension . The rule initially applies up to and including the 2017/18 season in the men's and women's DFB Cup and was also adopted for the 2018 World Cup.
The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic resulted in tighter game schedules and shorter recovery times for players. In order to counteract this, the change quota has been temporarily increased by the IFAB to five changes in three interruptions of the game. In the 1st and 2nd Bundesliga, this change was adopted on May 16, 2020.
baseball
In baseball , each team has nine players who actively participate in the game and perform both defensive ( pitching, catching, fielding ) and offensive tasks ( batting, running ). Here, as in football, it is allowed to replace players at any break in the game. As in football, players who have been substituted may not be substituted on again, but each team can change an unlimited number of players in the course of the game (there is no limit such as three substitutions per game). In baseball, this enables substitutions very early in the game, as the teams do not have to pay attention to any limit. Of course, nine players must still participate in the game after each substitution.
Defensive substitutions are particularly common among pitchers . Due to the physical exertion a pitcher has to endure, most teams have more than ten pitchers in the squad, which complement each other. The pitcher on the field at the start of the game is known as the starting pitcher , while substituted pitchers are known as the relief pitcher or the closing pitcher . Most pitchers specialize in one of these roles.
On the offensive, teams often substitute in order to bring players into play with a higher batting average ( hit rate ), the substituted player is then called a pinch hitter . Players who hit the ball and have reached base are sometimes swapped out to be replaced by a faster player, known as the pinch runner .
After the end of an inning (when a team has to go from offensive back to defensive or vice versa), players who have only been brought into play for one of these tasks are often substituted. For example, a purely defensive pitcher can be replaced by a pinch hitter especially for the offensive, which is then removed for another relief pitcher.
basketball
In basketball, there are up to seven other bench players in addition to the five starting points , who can be swapped in and out again at any time, provided the game is interrupted.
hockey
In hockey the so-called interchanging applies . That is, it can be replaced and replaced at any time. A total of 16 players may be used in the field, 11 of which are each on the field. In the hall there are six players out of a total of twelve on the field. No substitutions are allowed during a penalty corner. Change errors are punished with a time penalty.
Reservists, substitute bench and "second suit"
In order to be able to participate successfully in championships and tournaments, teams need a squad that is considerably larger than the number of players starting the game. In order to give substitute players who are rarely used the necessary fitness and game practice, reserve teams are set up to play games among themselves. These teams used to have the name of their club with the addition of reserve ; today one speaks of a "second team" or sometimes of amateurs in professional clubs , although this is no longer always correct.
With increasing performance in modern team sport, the quality of the substitute players is of great importance. As a team has to be changed in the course of a season or tournament due to injuries and form fluctuations, the so-called “second suit” can be decisive for the final result. Ideally, there is an equivalent substitute for every position on the field on the substitute bench. At clubs in professional sports that have the necessary financial resources, national players often sit on the reserve bench, who would have a regular place on the starting line-up in weaker teams. Such players are therefore also called "high-class reservists".
Specialists
In sports that allow any number of substitutions, the use of specialized players and parts of the team has become commonplace. In ice hockey, for example, three or four rows of storms are completely interchanged; In handball, individual players are only used in attack or only in defense. The most advanced is the specialization in American football , where almost the entire team is changed depending on the possession of the ball.
joker
Offensive players in particular can specialize in this or be selected by the coach to be used regularly only towards the end of the game and especially when the score is unfavorable. They should be able to bring their physical freshness into the current game immediately. If these players are often successful after being substituted on, they are referred to as jokers .
Figuratively
Since closed active groups are also referred to as "teams" outside of sport, for example the federal government as "government team", all terms related to the substitution have found their way into the general usage. One speaks of ministers or managers who are “ripe for a substitution”, or of a weak “substitute bank” of parties and companies that are struggling to adequately replace leaders.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Christian Jessen / Volker Stahl / Erik Eggers / Johann-G. Schlüper: Football World Cup 1954 Switzerland. AGON, Kassel 2003, ISBN 3-89784-218-1 , p. 28; Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling (ed.): The history of the national soccer team. Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-89533-443-X , p. 136
- ↑ Column 5 above: "Sensation in England: Player swaps allowed" . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna May 30, 1965, p. 15 ( berufer-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
- ↑ "Injured player may be exchanged" in "People's newspaper Kärnten" No. 123 of May 30, 1965, page 9, columns 2 and 3
- ↑ Column 5, middle: «Goalkeeper exchange» . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna August 7, 1965, p. 11 ( berufer-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
- ↑ “Lively change of players in England” in “People's newspaper Kärnten” No. 198 of August 29, 1965, page 9, center right
- ↑ Rule change: four substitutions allowed in the DFB-Pokal. In: sueddeutsche.de , December 2, 2016. Accessed February 7, 2017.
- ↑ Match operation 2019/20: Up to five changes per match. In: bundesliga.com. Bundesliga , May 16, 2020, accessed on July 15, 2020 .
- ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ↑ Rules for field hockey 2012/13. (PDF; 517 kB) Accessed April 14, 2013 .
- ↑ Rules for indoor hockey 2011/12. (PDF; 555 kB) Retrieved April 14, 2013 .