Red eucalyptus

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Red eucalyptus
Main trunk of a 700 year old red eucalyptus in the Wonga Wetlands NSW

Main trunk of a 700 year old red eucalyptus in the Wonga Wetlands NSW

Systematics
Order : Myrtle-like (Myrtales)
Family : Myrtle family (Myrtaceae)
Subfamily : Myrtoideae
Tribe : Eucalypteae
Genre : Eucalyptus ( eucalyptus )
Type : Red eucalyptus
Scientific name
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Stretch

The red eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis ) is a species of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). It occurs in almost all of Australia and is called "River Red Gum" there.

description

bark
Leaves and flower buds
E. camaldulensis in a flooded river

Appearance and leaf

The red eucalyptus grows as a tree that reaches heights of up to 30 meters, sometimes even more. The tree grows straight in well-watered locations, but can develop crooked branches in drier locations. The bark is soft and white, gray to red-brown and peels off in short ribbons or patches. The tree leads a red cinema known as "Red Gum".

In the case of red eucalyptus, heterophyllia is present. The leaves on young specimens are broadly lanceolate to ovate and dull gray-green. The monochrome, dull green or gray-green leaves on adult specimens are narrow-lanceolate to lanceolate, 8 to 30 centimeters long and 1 to 2.5 centimeters wide. They have a few or many oil glands in the areas between the nerves.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

On a stem of round cross section, 7 to 25 millimeters long inflorescence stem are in total inflorescences about seven to elfblütige part inflorescences. The pedicel-round flower stalk is 5 to 12 millimeters long.

The flower bud is egg-shaped with a length of 6 to 11 millimeters and a diameter of 3 to 6 millimeters. The hermaphrodite flower is radially symmetrical with a double flower envelope . The calyptra is hemispherical and beak-shaped, longer than the flower cup (hypanthium) and as wide as this.

The fruit is spherical or egg-shaped with a length and a diameter of 5 to 7 millimeters. The disc is raised and the fruit fans protrude.

ecology

The connection of the red eucalyptus with water predestines it as a habitat for different animal species; It is often the only possible habitat for these animal species in dry areas. During floods, it serves as a breeding ground for fish and thus also supports the populations of waterfowl, which depend on the fish for food during their own breeding season. Wilson, who was researching the "care" of red eucalyptus in New South Wales , found that fallen branches of this type of tree provide shelter for fish in rivers and streams. The dead trees that fall into the water form an important part of the river ecosystem and an important habitat and breeding space for native fish such as the River Blackfish ( Gadopsis marmoratus ). Since the 1850s, however, most of the dead trees have been removed from the rivers in order to ensure that they can be used as shipping routes and to avoid flooding. In the meantime, the "Murray-Darling Basin Commission" has recognized the importance of dead trees as a habitat for aquatic fauna and recommended a moratorium on their removal from the Murray River .

Tree cavities are formed in trees that are 120 to 180 years old and offer many wild animals a habitat as a breeding or sleeping place, such as bat species , the carpet python or birds. The dense canopy of leaves of the red eucalyptus provides shade and protection from the sun, especially in the drier areas.

The black-tailed parakeet ( Polytelis swainsonii ), an endangered species of bird, nests in red eucalyptus.

The red eucalyptus also contributes to the food supply for the animal species that live there through falling leaves and insects. This is particularly important in areas that otherwise have little food. At its locations in floodplains and on watercourses, this tree species also reduces the removal of silt.

Central Australia's arid riverbeds provide enough groundwater current for the red eucalyptus.

Occurrence

The red eucalyptus is found along many of Australia's waterways. This makes it the most common type of eucalyptus. The natural range extends over almost all of Australia, with the exception of western South Australia , southern Western Australia and the regions on the east coast of Australia.

The red eucalyptus definitely depends on watercourses and there are only a few locations in Australia that are not on - permanent or seasonally dry - watercourses.

The red eucalyptus can be found on the banks of many watercourses and in their floodplains. These locations are regularly flooded. The red eucalyptus thrives best on clay soils . He is not only dependent on regular rainfall, but also on the recurring floods that soak the earth with water again.

Systematics

The first description of Eucalyptus camaldulensis was made in 1832 by the German Friedrich Dehnhardt , the senior gardener of the Orto Botanico di Napoli (Botanical Garden of Naples ) in Catalogus Plantarum Horti Camaldulensis , 2nd edition, 6, 20. The type material was from a specimen in a private Garden of the Camaldoli Monastery near Naples (L'Hortus Camaldulensis di Napoli). The specific epithet camaldulensis refers to this garden. 2009 there was a revision of Eucalyptus camaldulensis by MW McDonald, MIH Brooker and PA Butcher: A taxonomic revision of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) , In: Australian Systematic Botany , Volume 22, Issue 4, pp 264-268, Figure 5, were in it the subspecies redefined.

Of Eucalyptus camaldulensis there are a number of subspecies (as of 2009/2010):

  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. acuta Brooker & MWMcDonald
  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. arida Brooker & MWMcDonald
  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. subsp. camaldulensis (Syn .: Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis Dehnh. )
  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. minima Brooker & MWMcDonald
  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. obtusa (Blakely) Brooker & MWMcDonald (Syn .: Eucalyptus obtusa (Blakely) LASJohnson & KDHill , Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa Blakely , Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. obtusa P.A.Butcher , MWMcDonald & JCBell , Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. pendula Blakely & Jacobs )
  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. refulgens Brooker & MWMcDonald
  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. simulata Brooker & Kleinig

use

Polished table surface made of red eucalyptus wood

The red eucalyptus got its name because of its red wood, the color of which can vary from light pink to almost black, depending on age and weathering. It's a bit brittle, which makes it difficult to edit. It is traditionally used as construction wood, for railway sleepers, wooden floors, frames and fences, but also as plywood and veneer , for turning , as firewood or for the production of charcoal . The often deep red color makes it popular in furniture production. It is very hard, has a high specific weight (around 900 kg / m³) and reacts very strongly to moisture.

The red eucalyptus is also used for beekeeping ; its flowers are used to make honey . Its products are used as oil, fuel and, among the Aborigines, also as medicine.

Red eucalyptus is grown in many parts of the world. For the mid-1970s, the total area under cultivation is given as more than 5,000 km². Plantations can be operated successfully in both temperate climates and in the tropics . Usage areas can be found in the Mediterranean region ( Spain , Morocco , Egypt ), in Africa south of the Sahara ( Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Kenya , Nigeria , Senegal , Zimbabwe , South Africa , Sudan , Tanzania ), in Asia ( Pakistan , Sri Lanka ), South America ( Argentina , Brazil , Uruguay ) and the USA ( Arizona , California ).

In some countries, such as California, Spain or South Africa, the species is also considered a bioinvasor , which also reproduces and spreads away from plantings.

Trivia

The red eucalyptus is an icon in Australia. Its leaves have already been featured on Australian postage stamps. A picture of the Proclamation Tree can be found on a 1936 postage stamp celebrating the 100th anniversary of South Australia .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Water for a Healthy Country. Taxon Attribute Profiles: Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. - River Red Gum . CSIRO (2005). Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Entry in the New South Wales Flora Online . Retrieved January 17, 2013
  3. ^ B Mullins: Australian Eucalypts . AH & AW Reed, Sydney 1979. (were available to the user at en: WP, but the information was not checked)
  4. ↑ MIH Brooker, DA Kleinig: Field Guide to Eucalypts , Volume 1 South-eastern Australia. Inkata Press, Sydney 1990. (were available to the user at en: WP, but the information was not checked)
  5. ^ A b c d N. Wilson: The Flooded Gum Trees: Land Use and Management of River Red Gums in New South Wales . Nature Conservation Council of NSW, Sydney 1995 (were available to the user at en: WP, but the information was not checked)
  6. ^ CJ Gippel, I. O'Neill, BL Finlayson, I. Schnatz: Hydraulic guidelines for the re-introduction and management of large woody debris in lowland rivers . In: Regulated Rivers: research and management . 12, No. 2-3, 1996, pp. 223-236. doi : 10.1080 / 00049158.1986.10674459 . (were available to the user at en: WP, but the information was not checked)
  7. ^ BW Lawrence: Draft Fish Management Plan . Murray – Darling Basin Commission, Canberra 1991. (were available to the user at en: WP, but the information was not checked)
  8. ↑ Polytelis swainsonii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2012. Accessed January 17, 2013.
  9. ↑ Specimen search results: Eucalyptus camaldulensis at Australia's Virtual Herbarium. Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria . Retrieved January 17, 2013
  10. ^ BD Dexter, HJ Rose, N. Davies: River regulation and associated forest management problems in the River Murray red gum forests . In: Australian Forestry . 49, No. 1, August, pp. 16-27. (were available to the user at en: WP, but the information was not checked)
  11. ↑ a b c Enter Eucalyptus camaldulensis in APNI = Australian Plant Name Index . Center for Plant Biodiversity Research. Australian Government. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  12. ^ A b c Andrew Slee, MIH Brooker, SM Duffy, JG West: River Red Gum . In: Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. Obtusa . Center for Plant Biodiversity Research. 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  13. ↑ Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. Camaldulensis and also Eucalyptus camaldulensis at EUCLID. Retrieved January 17, 3013.
  14. ↑ a b c JC Doran & W. Wongkaew: Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. In: D. Louppe, AA Oteng-Amoako & M. Brink (eds.): Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA) 7 (1): Timbers 1 , PROTA Foundation / Backhuys Publishers / CTA, Wageningen / Leiden, 2008, ISBN 978-90-5782-209-4 , pp 254-261, ( Extract ).
  15. ^ A b N. El Bassam: Energy Plant Species: Their Use and Impact on Environment and Development. James & James, London, 1998, ISBN 1-873936-75-3 , pp. 140-146, ( reading sample ).
  16. ↑ M. Elhariri, D. Hamza, R. Elhelw & M. Refai: Eucalyptus Tree: A Potential Source of Cryptococcus neoformans in Egyptian Environment. In: International Journal of Microbiology , Volume 2016, 2016, Article ID 4080725, doi : 10.1155 / 2016/4080725 .
  17. ↑ a b c Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations (22 authors): Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production. Volume 1, National Academy of Science, Washington, 1980, pp. 126-127, ( excerpt ).
  18. ↑ a b M. Rejmánek & DM Richardson: Eucalypts. In: D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions , University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles / London, 2011, ISBN 978-0-520-26421-2 , pp. 203-209, ( Reading sample ).
  19. ↑ JE Munasinghe: status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Sri Lanka. In: T. Luoma-aho, LT Hong, V. Ramanatho Rao & HC Sim (Eds.): Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Program (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, July 15-18, 2003 , IPGRI-APO, Serdang, 2004, ISBN 92-9043-624-7 , pp. 116-133, ( reading sample ).
  20. ↑ HM Bandaratillake: Eucalyptus Plantations in Sri Lanka: Environmental, Social, Economic and Policy Issues. In: M. Kashio & K. White (Eds.): Reports Submitted to the Regional Expert Consultation on Eucalyptus , Volume 2, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP), Bangkok, 1996, pp. 193–212, ( online ).
  21. ↑ GS e Schühli, S. Ch Penteado, LR Barbosa, WR Filho & ET Every. A review of the Introduced forest pests in Brazil. In: Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , Volume 51, Number 5, 2016, pp. 397-406, doi : 10.1590 / S0100-204X2016000500001 .
  22. ↑ DA Musa, FO Ch. Nwodo & E. Ojogbane: Phytochemical, antibacterial and toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of Euclayptus camaldulensis Dehnh. In: Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research , Volume 1, Number 3, 2011, pp. 1–10, ( digitized ).
  23. ↑ GM Chippendale, RD Johnston: S. Kelly (Ed.): Eucalypts , 1st. Edition, Nelson, Melbourne 1969, ISBN 0-17-006221-X . (were available to the user at en: WP, but the information was not checked)
  24. ^ Proclamation Tree, SA, Eucalyptus camaldulensis . In: Australian Plants on Postage Stamps . Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved January 17, 2013.

literature

  • Norman Mackay & David Eastburn (Eds.): The Murray . Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra 1990. ISBN 1-875209-05-0

Web links

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