Euro Islam

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Euro-Islam is a term that was introduced into the scientific discussion by Bassam Tibi in 1991 and describes a certain secularized form of Islam that is supposed to develop because Muslims living in Europe combine the duties and principles of Islam with values ​​of modern European culture . In the period that followed, the concept was widely discussed in Western countries. Bassam Tibi took up the concept again in 2002 and promoted “Euro-Islam” as an integration policy path. Later the term "Euro-Islam" was also used for the reform Salafist position of Tariq Ramadan .

In 2005, Faruk Şen and Dirk Halm came to the conclusion in a study that dealt with the religious attitudes and degree of religious organization of Muslims in Germany that the development of a Euro-Islam defined in this way could be proven empirically .

Regardless of its definition by Bassam Tibi, the term Euro-Islam is often used to denote any form of liberal Islam .

Bassam Tibi's "Euro-Islam"

Bassam Tibi understands Euro-Islam to be a European-Islamic synthesis within the framework of the Europeanization of Islam and beyond that also to say goodbye to Sharia and Jihad , which hinder the integration of Muslims in Europe. For him, Euro-Islam means that Muslims living in Europe accept the separation of religion and state . In contrast, he sees the conflict scenario as a ghettoization of Muslims with an immense potential for violence in the 21st century. In his opinion, Euro-Islam offers an alternative to ghetto-Islam in the global migration crisis, which aims to Islamize Europe in the long term from its enclave.

In order to ensure the success of the integration of Muslims in the sense of "Euro-Islam", according to Tibi, the participation of European politics is necessary. It must set clear guidelines for the integration process by not recognizing people like Tariq Ramadan and Nadeem Elyas as representatives of a European Islam, and, following the example of France, it must promote Euro-Islam and its representatives against forces among Muslims that are hostile to reform and integration .

The Old Testament scholar Meik Gerhards demanded that Muslim associations that want to participate in the development of a “Euro-Islam” first have to prove their cultural adequacy .

Used for the position of Tariq Ramadan

Johannes Twardella used the term “Euro-Islam” in 2006 for the position of the Islamic intellectual Tariq Ramadan , who also advocates a new European-Muslim cultural identity . In his book “Being Muslim in the West” , Ramadan called for participation in social life and cultural projects in harmony with European culture and Muslim ethics . In order to clarify his view of the position of Islam in Europe , he coined the neologism Dar al-Shahada (area of ​​the creed), which under the condition of religious freedom the traditional opposition between the Islamic world and the non-Islamic Dār al-Harb (area of War) should start. This should eliminate the need for jihad . However, unlike Bassam Tibi, Ramadan does not fundamentally reject Sharia law, but only advocates a moratorium on excessively harsh penalties. Ramadan's ideas are controversial among non-Muslims. While some praise his attempt to integrate Islam into modern European society without a loss of identity, others criticize it as ultimately “ fundamentalist ” or “ anti-Semitic ”. On the other hand, Ramadan himself asserts that he has made enemies through his criticism of the penalties of Sharia law against literal Muslims, including a ban on entry into Saudi Arabia.

Ramadan himself rejected the term “Euro-Islam” and did not use it for his own position. Tibi also protested against using the term “Euro-Islam” for the ideas of Tariq Ramadan, as daʿwa and the retention of Sharia law resulted in Islamization. He worked out the differences between himself and Ramadan in 2010 in a contribution to the collection of essays The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular edited by Zeyno Baran . The American writer Paul Berman also saw clear differences between the positions of Tibi and Ramadan.

Term coined by CH Becker?

The Middle East historian Wolfgang G. Schwanitz believes that the term “Euro-Islam” was coined in 1909 by the Islam scholar Carl Heinrich Becker . In his essay “From African Islam”, Becker discussed the question, “Is Islam a threat to our colonies?” He said: “Since Africa, if not all the signs are wrong, is now lost to Islam, it seems to me that the Europeanization of the To be Islam the way in which the development of inner Africa will take place in long centuries ... so ... Islam is not to be seen as a danger to European civilization. It will cause difficulties for a long time to come, but these are questions of practical policy. Basically, however, Islam is only an enemy of Christianity, but not of civilization. ”However, so far no evidence has been provided that Becker himself used the term“ Euro-Islam ”.

See also

literature

  • Ertugrul Sahin: European Islam - Discourse in the field of tension between universality, historicity, normativity and empiricism . Springer VS-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2017. ISBN 978-3-658-18155-0 , ISBN 978-3-658-18156-7 (eBook).
  • Nezar AlSayyad and Manuel Castells: Muslim Europe or Euro-Islam: Politics, Culture, and Citizenship in the Age of Globalization (Transnational Perspectives) . Lanham, Md: Lexington Books 2002.
  • Peter A. Kiss: Islamic Fundamentalism and Political Violence In Europe . In: European Police College (CEPOL) e-Library . , Bramshill February, 2010.
  • Seyyed Abbas Hosseini Ghaemmaghami: European Islam or Islam in Europe ?: Experiences and views of an Ayatollah in Europe . Hans Schiler, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-89930-282-0 .
  • Hüseyin Koçak: Project Euro-Islam. Requirement for a successful integration . August von Goethe Academy, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-8372-0904-4 .
  • Claus Leggewie : Islam in the West: Between Neo-Fundamentalism and Euro-Islam , in: Jörg Bergmann, Alois Hahn and Thomas Luckmann (eds.): Religion and Culture . Opladen 1993. pp. 271-291.
  • Tariq Ramadan: Western Muslims and the Future of Islam . Oxford University Press, USA, 2005, ISBN 0-19-518356-8
  • Florian Remien: Muslims in Europe: Western State and Islamic Identity. Study on the approaches of Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Tariq Ramadan and Charles Taylor , Schenefeld, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-936912-61-6
  • Faruk Şen , Martina Sauer, Dirk Halm: Euro-Islam. A religion is establishing itself in Europe . ZFT-Aktuell 102, Foundation Center for Turkish Studies, Essen 2004
  • Arno Tausch : Poverty and Radicality? Sociological perspectives on the integration of Muslims in Europe, based on the ' World Values ​​Survey ' and the 'European Social Survey'. European university publisher, Bremen 2010.
  • Bassam Tibi: The Crisis of Modern Islam. A pre-industrial culture in the scientific and technical age . Beck, Munich, ISBN 3-518-28489-4 .
  • Bassam Tibi: Muslim migrants in Europe: between Euro-Islam and ghettoization in AlSayyad / Castells 2002, 31–52.
  • Bassam Tibi: "Euro-Islam perspective in the conflict of civilizations - between Europeanization and Islamization." in Hans Zehetmair: Islam. In the area of ​​tension between conflict and dialogue . Wiesbaden 2005. pp. 353-371.
  • Bassam Tibi: Euro-Islam as a bridge between Islam and Europe. - Essay from March 20, 2007, published by perlentaucher.de
  • Bassam Tibi: Euro-Islam: the solution of a civilization conflict , Primus, Darmstadt, ISBN 978-3-89678-651-7 .
  • Bassam Tibi: Euro-Islam: An Alternative to Islamization and Ethnicity of Fear , in: Zeyno Baran (Ed.): The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. pp. 157-174.
  • Johannes Twardella: The Euro-Islam of the Islamic intellectual Tariq Ramadan , in Manuel Franzmann, Christel Gärtner, Nicole Köck (eds.): Religiosity in the secularized world: theoretical and empirical contributions to the secularization debate in the sociology of religion. Wiesbaden 2006. pp. 321-332.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Leggewie, 1993, p. 286.
  2. ^ Faruk Şen, Dirk Halm: Islam in migration. Challenges for integration policy. In: Hans Zehetmair: Islam. In the area of ​​tension between conflict and dialogue . Wiesbaden 2005, pp. 303-320, here p. 320.
  3. ↑ See e.g. B. Hartmut Behr, Mathias Hildebrandt: Politics and Religion in the European Union: Between National Traditions and Europeanization Springer-Verlag 2007, p. 105: They all advocate a liberal Euro-Islam of whatever kind ; or: Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach, Renate Laut: Islam in the Present CHBeck 2005, p. 572: “Euro-Islam” often stands for a modern and liberal variant of Islam that adapts to the basic norms of Western European society. On the other hand, the term can also be used analytically, ie as an expression for the forms of Islam that are determined by the interaction with Western European society.
  4. ^ Bassam Tibi: Euro-Islam. Primus, Darmstadt 2009; also Bassam Tibi: No self-abandonment through total adaptation to the West - Euro-Islam is only possible in harmony with cultural modernity. In: The Parliament , 32-33 2005
  5. ↑ See Tibi 2005, 361.
  6. ↑ See Tibi 2005, 361.
  7. ↑ Meik Gerhards: Golgotha ​​and Europe or: Why the Gospel is one of the lasting foundations of the West. Universitätsdrucke Göttingen, 2007, accessed on June 27, 2017 . P. 27.
  8. ↑ See Twardella 2006, 321-332.
  9. ↑ [1]
  10. ↑ See Twardella 2006, 321.
  11. ↑ Zenith: "The mainstream listens to me." Interview with Tariq Ramadan on February 16, 2011
  12. ↑ In his book “The Flight of the Intellectuals” (New York 2010) he wrote that Ramadan understands European Islam to be a “counter culture in the West”, “... he does not mean what someone like Bassam Tibi, the liberal , means by Euro-Islam. Ramadan means a Salafi reformism ... faithful to the Seventh Century ”(p. 150).
  13. ↑ Carl Heinrich Becker [1909]: Is Islam a threat to our colonies? In: Carl Heinrich Becker: Islam Studies. On the becoming and essence of the Islamic world. Hildesheim: Olms Verlag 1967, Vol. II, pp. 156-186.
  14. ↑ Ibid., Pp. 184-185.