Tariq Ramadan

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Tariq Ramadan (2009)

Tariq Ramadan (born August 26, 1962 in Geneva ; Arabic طارق رمضان, DMG Ṭāriq Ramaḍān ) is a Swiss scholar of Islam and journalist of Egyptian origin. He is considered a pioneer of European Islam, but is also often criticized as a pioneer of Islamism . He has been Professor of Islamic Studies at Oxford University since 2009, but his work has been suspended due to allegations of sexual assault. On the basis of corresponding allegations - the justification of which he denies and considers part of a smear campaign - he was arrested by the French police in January 2018 when he entered the country.

His maternal grandfather is the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood , Hassan al-Banna , and his father, Said Ramadan , was a leading activist and representative of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Life

Origin, education and early political engagement

Tariq Ramadan was born in Geneva in 1962 as the youngest of six children. He is a grandson of Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood , who was shot by unknown assassins in 1949 after he carried out Islamist attacks on the authorities. Gamal al-Banna (1920–2013), a liberal scholar of Islam, was Ramadan's great uncle.

His father Said Ramadan, a representative of the Muslim Brotherhood, had to leave his home country in 1954 under political pressure from Egyptian head of state Gamal Abdel Nasser , went to Germany, did his doctorate in Cologne and later settled in Geneva. His brother Hani Ramadan is the director of the Islamic Center in Geneva .

Ramadan attended a Swiss school, then studied philosophy , French literature and social sciences in Geneva and completed his licentiate with a thesis on Friedrich Nietzsche . He then taught at a Geneva high school, the Collège des Coudriers. At that time he was involved in third world initiatives, traveled with his students to various developing countries as part of the Coup de Main initiative and worked there for aid organizations. At that time he also came into contact with the former SP National Councilor Jean Ziegler . According to his own statement, he owed his re-election to “supporters like Tariq”. In 1991 he went to Egypt to study Islamic theology, but decided against the lengthy training at al-Azhar University , but instead for an accelerated intensive course with a private teacher, Sheikh Aqwabi, a friend of his family.

After his return to Switzerland he worked as a teacher again, now at the Collège de Saussure near Geneva. In 1992 he was one of the keynote speakers at the annual meeting of the Union des Organizations Islamiques de France (UOIF), which is close to the Muslim Brotherhood. The following year he led a campaign against the performance of the play Mahomet the Prophet by Voltaire . In 1994 Ramadan initiated the establishment of the Musulmans et Musulmanes de Suisse organization , which, however, remained unsuccessful. A large part of the approximately 300 participants at the founding congress came from France and were close to the Algerian Islamic Salvation Front (FIS). The contributions were very radical and sparked a decidedly negative response in the Swiss press. He then moved his political engagement back to France. He got involved in the headscarf controversy there. In 1994, Ramadan approached the Union des Jeunes Musulmans (UJM) and appeared regularly at their events in the banlieues of Lyon . In the same year he published his first book: Les Musulmans dans laïcité. The fact that he wrote in this book that the content of school teaching in biology classes could conflict with Islamic teaching, and that he called on parents to indoctrinate their children with “ creationism ”, sparked a local conflict with other teachers at his school.

Ramadan's second book Islam - Le face-à-face des civilizations was published in 1995. In the same year, the French Ministry of the Interior banned him from entering the country because he represented a “threat to public order”. The French authorities were alerted at the time about a terrorist attack by the Algerian Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA) on a Paris metro station. They assumed that the Islamic Center Geneva, headed by Ramadan, served as a European shelter for FIS and GIA supporters. An appeal against this measure was signed by 17,500 people, in addition to the Geneva mosque and Islamists close to the Islam Center, representatives of the political left, the Catholic Church and the French League for Human Rights . Ramadan successfully portrayed himself as the victim of an unjust conspiracy. Jean Ziegler campaigned in the National Council for the "arbitrary" entry ban to be lifted. At times, Ramadan was also banned from giving lectures at Swiss schools, but the Vaudois Education Department finally acquitted him of “any suspicion of fundamentalism”. In May 1996 the Besançon Administrative Court lifted the entry ban, which Ramadan used for a “triumphant return” to France.

Until 1998 he did his doctorate at the University of Geneva with a dissertation on the Islamic awakening ( Nahda ) in the 19th century. The dissertation was rejected by the first examination committee under his doctoral supervisor Charles Genequand because Ramadan's grandfather Hassan al-Banna was ideologically glorified in it. After he had switched to Reinhard Schulze as the new supervisor on the mediation of Jean Ziegler (with Richard Friedli as a further reviewer), a second commission accepted the work and awarded the doctorate, albeit without the usual honor and congratulations. The jury expressly approved the publication of the work "without expressing opinion on the approaches contained". He then went to Leicester with his family for a year at the invitation of the Islamic Foundation there to deepen his knowledge of Islam. According to Gilles Kepel, the Leicester Islamic Foundation is "one of the largest centers for the dissemination of militant Sunni Islamist thought". There he also published his book Muslims in France - The Way Towards Coexistence .

Professional

After his return to Switzerland, Tariq Ramadan worked again as a teacher at the Collège de Saussure. At the same time, until the 2003/04 university year, he was a lecturer at the University of Freiburg (Üechtland) , giving courses on introductory Islam with one hour per week. As an expert, he belonged to several committees of the European Parliament and was a member of the 2003 by the European Commission under Romano Prodi convened High-Level Advisory Group on Dialogue between Peoples and Cultures in the Euro-Mediterranean area .

At the beginning of 2004 he should have taken up a professorship for religion, conflict and peace research at the Catholic University of Notre Dame in Indiana (USA). However, the United States Department of Homeland Security, created after September 11, 2001 , withdrew an entry visa that had already been issued at short notice because of the financing of terrorism. The US State Department based its decision on a donation of $ 900 made by Ramadan to Palestinian aid organizations that also support Hamas . In January 2010, US Secretary of State Clinton signed an exemption for Ramadan so that Ramadan could now return to the United States.

Tariq Ramadan since October 2006 as a research fellow at St Antony's College of Oxford University operates. Since 2009 he has also been an endowed professor for contemporary Islamic studies at the Orientalist Institute, financed by the Emirate of Qatar . He also teaches in the theological faculty of the same university. He is also director of the Research Center of Islamic Legislation and Ethics (CILE), founded in 2012 in the Qatari capital Doha .

Ramadan's work since 2007 as a guest lecturer at the Erasmus University Rotterdam on the subject of "Identity and Citizenship" and his work as an advisor to the city of Rotterdam on multicultural issues were terminated without notice by both institutions in August 2009 on the grounds that Ramadan was the moderator appeared in a broadcaster funded by the Iranian state.

In January 2015, he commented on the attack on Charlie Hebdo and, among other things, attested that the magazine had a “cowardly humor”.

With the country name "England" he is President of the European Muslim Network (EMN) based in Brussels.

He is one of the signatories of the Amman Message ( Amman Message ), also of the initiative A Common Word ( A Common Word ).

In early April 2019, based on a message from the Tracfin news service, the press announced that Tariq Ramadan had received monthly payments of € 35,000 from the Qatar Foundation as a consultant, although he always claimed to hold his conferences on a voluntary basis. On June 1, 2017, Tariq Ramadan returned 590,000 euros from his Qatari account to France, which enabled him to buy a maisonette on the Montmartre hill in Paris. According to an article in Le Point on April 4, 2019, his legal fees in rape cases are estimated at around 500,000 euros last year.

Private

Tariq Ramadan has been married since 1986 and has four children. His wife is from Brittany . She converted to Islam as a Catholic and took the name Iman . The couple live separately. A son is attending (as of when?) A boarding school run by Yusuf Islam . Ramadan has repeatedly distanced himself from the statements of his brother Hani Ramadan , who heads the Islamic Center Geneva ( Center Islamique de Genève ) and was described by critics as a hardliner because he - u. a. in an article in Le Monde 2002 - called for the stoning of adulteresses .

Positions

Tariq Ramadan appears as a representative of conservative and orthodox Sunni positions and describes himself as a “reform salafist ”. Ramadan is committed to the daʿwa , the Islamic mission in Europe. Its aim is for Europeans to embrace Islam voluntarily without having to give up their language or customs, as long as they are compatible with Sharia law . Ramadan stated that it did not want to Arabize or Turkicize the Europeans. He was also critical of the view that Europeans as Ḥarbīs have no rights.

The starting point of Ramadan's teaching is the thesis that neither Islam nor Sharia have been static values ​​in history, as Muslim fundamentalists claimed. The application of the term dar al-harb (“district of the war”) to Europe is therefore outdated today, especially since in Europe full religious freedom is guaranteed, so Muslims are not persecuted. Otherwise they would be forced to leave dar al-harb and flee to dar al-islam (“district of Islam”). It is important in non-Islamic countries to differentiate between the traditions of the Islamic world and the actual core , the goal of religion. As an independent achievement in the Islamic terminology is his concept of the Dar al-Shahada ("district of the creed"), which describes the geographical area outside of dar al-islam , in which the Muslims can express their creed and live without expecting reprisals have to.

Ramadan (published 2001) set the following conditions for a Muslim who would like to stay in Europe for a long time:

Such a stay is not allowed in three cases:

  1. There is no need or clear goal for it.
  2. The Muslim only does this out of selfish interest or the desire to adopt the Western way of life in disregard of religious commandments.
  3. The Muslim wants to ally with non-Muslims to fight Islam.

The stay is possible under the following conditions:

  1. He must be free to pronounce the Shahada and practice his religion.
  2. His work or his studies in the West must serve Islamic society.

Ramadan formulates five main principles for Muslims as a minority in Europe:

  1. The term dar al-harb for Europe should be replaced by its term dar al-Shahada .
  2. A Muslim who resides or even has citizenship in a European country must conform to the social contract there (in the sense of Jean-Jacques Rousseau ). The basis for this is the absolute contractual loyalty to which a Muslim is bound. It is one of the three basic principles of the Islamic umma formulated by Ramadan.
  3. In return, European legislators would have to give Muslims the opportunity to build representative mosques , for example, within the framework of guaranteed religious freedom .
  4. The Muslims would have to consider themselves fully as fellow citizens who participate in social life in all its various aspects without giving up their own - Islamic - values.
  5. Within the legal framework of the European states, Muslims are free to make decisions based on their personal beliefs.

Conflicts that may arise from legislation:

Conflicts arise, for example, when it comes to specific rules that belong to being Muslim. Examples of such problems in Europe are alcohol consumption, headscarves , interest rates, compulsory insurance, slaughter and many others. In such cases, solutions should be sought within the legal framework. It takes legal work to find ways for Muslims within the respective legal framework not to violate their rules of faith. Only in one case are Muslims exempt from their contractual obligations. This exception concerns the reservation of conscience in matters of war. A Muslim does not have to serve in a war that is unfair or out of economic interests. This also applies to wars that are waged against other Muslims.

Ramadan's concept turns against both the ghettoization of Muslims called for by fundamentalist preachers and against assimilation , which would amount to the abandonment of Islam. Under certain conditions, Ramadan (as of 2005) sees no contradiction between Islam and the West with regard to the possibility of forming a civil society .

In 2005, Ramadan called for the suspension of all corporal and death sentences in the Islamic world (with the aim of overcoming them).

In the course of the headscarf debate , he described the traditional clothing of Muslim women ( hijab ) as a “sign of their identity” and an “Islamic duty”, which, however, should not become a “compulsion”.

Public effect

Tariq Ramadan advocates a new European-Muslim identity. In his book Being Muslim in the West he calls for “participation in social life, cultural projects in harmony with European culture and Muslim ethics”. He describes himself as a "reform salafist ":

"The aim is to protect the Muslim identity and religious practice, to recognize the Western constitutional structure, to become involved as a citizen at the social level and to live with true loyalty to the country to which one belongs"

"The aim is to protect Muslim identity and religious practice, to recognize the western constitutional structure, to be involved on a social level as a citizen and to live in honest loyalty to the country to which one belongs."

In terms of economic policy, Ramadan advocates “ Islamic socialism ” and blames the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for the problems of the Third World :

"[...] faced with neoliberal economics, the message of Islam offers no way out but resistance"

"In relation to neoliberal economic policy, Islam only allows one answer, resistance."

His preferred philosophers are Muhammad Abduh and Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani , who in the 19th century wanted to reinterpret the holy scriptures "rationally" according to Ramadan's view, for which science, women's emancipation and democracy were by no means in contradiction to Islam, but the sharply criticized western materialism. Other philosophers and preachers to whom he refers are Abul Ala Maududi , Ibn Chaldūn , Ibn Taymiyya , Al-Māwardī , Ibn Al-Qayyim, and Hasan al-Bannā .

In 1993, Ramadan spoke out sharply against the planned Geneva performance of Voltaire's Mahomet .

On the question of the stoning of adulterers, Ramadan pleaded for a “moratorium” and a “broad intra-Islamic debate” in order to achieve a consensus that encompasses the entire Islamic world. In a debate on French television, he refused to condemn the stoning of women across the board.

Ramadan has publicly condemned all terrorist attacks several times.

As a “leading Islamic thinker” among Europe's second and third generation Muslims, but who also arouses great distrust, Time Magazine listed him in 2000 in the “Renewer of the Month” section.

Criticism of Ramadan

Ramadan's critics - above all Caroline Fourest , author of Frère Tariq ("Brother Tariq") - see him as an apparently enlightened voice of essentially anti-Western Islamism . Fourest considers him particularly dangerous precisely because his views appear perfectly reasonable at first glance. Critics also blame him for the conflict with the French journalists Bernard-Henri Lévy and Alain Finkielkraut as well as Bernard Kouchner , André Glucksmann and Pierre-André Taguieff , whom he rejected in 2003 in an article that was rejected by Liberation and Le Monde but reprinted by oumma.com Accused tendency towards “Jewish communitarianism ”. Another step he took was his demand that Jewish citizens should not “reflexively” defend Israel.

On the other hand, his calls on Muslims to distance themselves from regimes such as the Saudi and terrorism are approved. Gilles Kepel interprets Ramadan's recently changed demeanor to mean that his image has changed from a spokesman for Islamic youth to a universal intellectual in order to better meet his ambitions. In 2003 there was a heated argument on French television with the then Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy when Ramadan proposed a “moratorium” on stoning, but did not want to condemn the Sharia law in principle.

Fourest accuses Ramadan of seeking a shura of scholars, the majority of whom are followers of the stoning.

The Islamic scholar Olivier Roy does not believe that fundamentalists make up the majority of his supporters in France, nor do poor Muslims from the suburbs . Rather, Ramadan appeals to the second generation of immigrants, who are academics but do not feel integrated but would like to belong to the middle class. Terms such as “dignity” and “respect” fell on fertile ground with them.

In recent years, Ramadan has come under fire, especially in France, for its Islamist positions. At the beginning of 2016, Ramadan's appearances in Béziers , Argenteuil as well as the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris and the Institut du monde arabe were canceled.

Allegations of rape of women and sexual violence

In October 2017, Muslim feminist Henda Ayari filed a complaint against Ramadan with the Rouen prosecutor's office ; she accuses him of having sexually assaulted her in a Paris hotel in 2012 and of having raped her . Ayari had mentioned this incident in her autobiography J'ai choisi d'être libre ("I have chosen to be free"), published in 2016 , without mentioning the name of her tormentor. On October 20, 2017, Ayari made the name public on Facebook under the hashtag #BalanceTonPorc (“Verpfeif dein Schwein”): “  C'est une décision très difficile, mais j'ai décidé moi aussi qu'il est temps de dénoncer mon agresseur , c'est Tariq Ramadan  »(" It is a very difficult decision, but I have also decided that it is time to report my attacker; it is Tariq Ramadan ").

According to Le Parisien , Tariq Ramadan's lawyer, Yassine Bozrou, said his client would file a defamation lawsuit.

A few days after Ayari's confession, another woman filed a rape lawsuit against Ramadan. The disabled 45-year-old French woman who converted to Islam said she was lured into his hotel room by Ramadan in 2009, where he assaulted her and raped her. On the same day it became known that a third woman announced that Ramadan had sent her " pornographic " messages and later tried to blacken her and influence her reactions.

On November 5, 2017, the newspaper Tribune de Genève reported allegations that Ramadan had systematically seduced underage schoolgirls during his time as a teacher at the Collège de Saussure high school in Geneva in the early 1990s . The then director of the school confirmed to the newspaper that he had been informed of such statements, but investigations were not initiated at the time.

The Oxford University agreed with the accused in this context then that Ramadan would stop for the time being his teaching.

After Ramadan was arrested in Paris by the French police, the Paris public prosecutor opened an investigation in February 2018 on allegations of rape. In return, Ramadan filed charges of defamation.

At the judicial hearing on October 22, 2018 in Paris, Tariq Ramadan first admitted sexual relations with the plaintiff Henda Ayari and a plaintiff with the pseudonym "Christelle", who accused him of rape. But it was about " consensual " sex.

In February 2020, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court dismissed the Ramadan lawsuit against one of the Geneva plaintiffs, who had publicly reported about the rape she had suffered. Ramadan tried to court silence the woman and her lawyers.

Quotes

"I come from the tradition of reform ... I think that we not only have to adapt to the world, but also have to change it."

- Islam and the rule of law are compatible, interview taz 2007

"The western way of life rests on and sustains itself through the temptation to incite the most natural and primitive instincts of man: social success, will to power, urge for freedom, love of property, sexual need, etc."

- Islam and the West

“From this follows the need to present our religion in the light of our conviction of its universality, but in a way that is appropriate to our respective surroundings: this is, in our view, the approach that enables Muslims to make their presence in Europe in a positive way understand."

- Being Muslim in Europe

Fonts

German

French

English

  • Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. Oxford University Press, New York / Toronto 2004, ISBN 0-19-517111-X .
  • The Messenger: The Meanings of the Life of Muhammad. Allen Lane, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-7139-9960-0 .

literature

German

  • Ralph Ghadban : Tariq Ramadan and the Islamization of Europe . Schiler Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-89930-150-1 .
  • Florian Remien: Muslims in Europe: Western State and Islamic Identity. Investigation of the approaches of Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Tariq Ramadan and Charles Taylor (= Bonn Islamic Studies Booklet . Booklet 3). EB-Verlag, Schenefeld / Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-936912-61-6 .
  • Nina zu Fürstenberg: Who's Afraid of Tariq Ramadan? The man who wants to reform Islam and change the western world. Herder, Freiburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-451-29877-6 .
  • Florian Zemmin: From Social Commitment to Islam to Islamic Commitment to Society - Shifts In Tariq Ramadan's plea for a holistic modernity. In: Asian Studies. LXVI, 3 (2012), ISSN  0004-4717 , pp. 749-809.
  • Ertuğrul Şahin: European Islam. Discourse in the field of tension between universality, historicity, normativity and empiricality. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-18155-0 , pp. 236–288, 315–321, 340–359 and passim .
  • Hansjörg Schmid: Islam in the European home. Herder, Freiburg a. a. 2012, ISBN 978-3-451-32557-1 , pp. 226-236, 287-291, 304-308, 368-373 and passim.

French

  • Caroline Fourest : Brother Tariq. Discours, stratégie et méthode de Tariq Ramadan . B. Grasset, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-246-66791-7 .
  • Aziz Zemouri: Faut-il faire taire Tariq Ramadan? L'Archipel, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-84187-647-0 .
  • Paul Landau: Le sabre et le coran, Tariq Ramadan et les frères musulmans à la conquéte de l'Europe . Rocher, Monaco 2005, ISBN 2-268-05317-2 .
  • Lionel Favrot: Tariq Ramadan dévoilé . In: Lyon likes' . Without number. Vaulx-en-Velin, 2004, ISSN  1254-2717 , p. 297-300 .
  • Jack-Alain Léger: Tartuffe fait Ramadan . Denoël, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-207-25593-X .
  • Jack-Alain Léger: À contre Coran . Éditions Hors commerce, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-915286-18-3 .

English

Dutch

Web links

Commons : Tariq Ramadan  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ French judiciary arrests controversial Islam researcher. In: Welt.de. 3rd February 2018.
  2. ^ A b Ian Hamel: La vérité sur Tariq Ramadan. 2007, p. 155.
  3. ^ A b c Caroline Fourest: Brother Tariq. 2008, p. 62.
  4. ^ Ralph Ghadban: Tariq Ramadan and the Islamization of Europe. 2006, p. 66.
  5. ^ Ralph Ghadban: Tariq Ramadan and the Islamization of Europe. 2006, pp. 66-67.
  6. ^ Caroline Fourest: Brother Tariq. 2008, pp. 80-82.
  7. ^ Caroline Fourest: Brother Tariq. 2008, p. 87.
  8. ↑ a b Caroline Fourest: Brother Tariq. 2008, p. 90.
  9. ^ Caroline Fourest: Brother Tariq. 2008, p. 92.
  10. ^ Ralph Ghadban: Tariq Ramadan and the Islamization of Europe. 2006, pp. 68-69.
  11. ↑ Jörg Schlabach: Sharia in the West. Muslims under non-Islamic rule and the development of a Muslim minority right for Europe. LIT Verlag, Münster 2009, p. 79.
  12. ^ Ralph Ghadban: Tariq Ramadan and the Islamization of Europe. 2006, p. 66.
  13. ^ Dominique Avon: Islam and Muslims in a European context. Speeches by a media effective person (1993–2013): Tariq Ramadan. In: Sabine Schmitz, Tuba Isik: Muslim Identities in Europe. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2015, p. 267, on p. 270.
  14. ↑ Urs Altermatt: How Catholic is the University of Freiburg really? A historical approximation 1889–2007. In: The University of Freiburg in search of identity. Academic Press Friborg, 2009, pp. 13–71, on p. 64.
  15. ^ Caroline Fourest: Brother Tariq. 2008, p. 196.
  16. ↑ Zita Affentranger: Shimmering scholar under suspicion . In: Basler Zeitung . October 23, 2017, ISSN  1420-3006 ( bazonline.ch [accessed October 24, 2017]).
  17. ↑ Middle East Digest - January 20, 2010 ( January 1, 2017 memento on the Internet Archive ). In: state.gov, accessed May 31, 2020 (excerpt from the US State Department's daily press conference on January 20, 2010).
  18. ↑ Gero von Randow : #MeToo, Ramadan! A controversial Islamic scholar is accused of sexual violence. His followers in France believe in a conspiracy. In: The time . No. 46/2017 (November 8, 2017), p. 5.
  19. ^ Debate about Tariq Ramadan - dismissal because of unannounced sideline employment. In: FAZ . August 24, 2009, accessed May 31, 2020.
  20. ↑ Jürg Altwegg : Tariq Ramadan takes a stand. Hatred of "Charlie". In: faz.net . 20th January 2015.
  21. ↑ Team ( Memento from November 28, 2019 in the Internet Archive ). In: eumuslim.net .
  22. ↑ Bernadette Sauvaget, Willy Le Devin: Le Qatar verserait 35,000 euros chaque mois à Tariq Ramadan. In: Liberation . April 5, 2019, accessed June 12, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Tariq Ramadan aurait touché 35,000 euros par mois de la part du Qatar. In: Le Parisien . April 5, 2019, accessed May 31, 2020.
  24. ↑ See Tariq Ramadan touche 35,000 euros mensuels venant du Qatar. In: Valeurs actuelles. April 4, 2019, accessed May 31, 2020.
  25. ↑ Raphaëlle Bacqué: Tariq Ramadan mis en examen pour viol. In: Le Monde . 4th / 5th February 2018.
  26. ^ The canton of Geneva settles the labor dispute with the current head of the Geneva Islamic Center, Hani Ramadan. In: Tages-Anzeiger . January 16, 2008.
  27. ↑ Cf. Ramadan: Who are we? In: Being Muslim in Europe. Investigation of Islamic Sources in a European Context. 2001, p. 200.
  28. ↑ Cf. Ramadan: Who are we? In: Being Muslim in Europe. Investigation of Islamic Sources in a European Context. 2001, p. 211.
  29. ↑ Cf. Ramadan: Who are we? In: Being Muslim in Europe. Investigation of Islamic Sources in a European Context. 2001, p. 216.
  30. ↑ Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid : Islam - Rethought ( Memento of March 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). In: NZZ . April 29, 2005.
  31. ^ Ludwig Ammann: Tariq Ramadan - the conservative reform. In: Katajun Amirpur, Ludwig Ammann (ed.): Islam at the turning point. Liberal and conservative reformers of a world religion. Herder, Freiburg i. Br. 2006, pp. 23-33. -
    Tariq Ramadan - the conservative reform (PDF; 1.3 MB; 7 pages).
  32. ↑ Naser Khader : Ære og Skam . 3rd edition. 2006, p. 139 ff. (Danish).
  33. ^ Tariq Ramadan: An International call for Moratorium on corporal punishment, stoning and the death penalty in the Islamic World. In: tariqramadan.com, March 30, 2005, accessed May 31, 2020.
  34. ↑ Marc Lebuis, Étienne Harvey: Tariq Ramadan His Scholars and His Jihad. In: Campus Watch, Human Rights Service. May 3, 2010, accessed May 31, 2020.
  35. ^ Ian Buruma : Tariq Ramadan has an identity issue ( Memento of February 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). In: International Herald Tribune . February 4, 2007, accessed May 31, 2020.
  36. ↑ Zita Affentranger: Shimmering scholar under suspicion . In: Basler Zeitung . October 23, 2017, ISSN  1420-3006 ( bazonline.ch [accessed October 24, 2017]).
  37. ↑ Terrorism, Salafi Jihadism and the West ( Memento from April 28, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ). In: tariqramadan.com, accessed May 31, 2020.
  38. ↑ Nicholas Le Quesne: Trying to Bridge A Great Divide ( Memento of July 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). In: Time Magazine . 2000 (English).
  39. ^ Brother Tariq. Extraits exclusifs, Un livre de Caroline Fourest ( Memento of November 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). In: L'Express . October 18, 2004.
  40. ^ Ariane Bonzon: Tariq Ramadan, une histoire très française. In: slate.fr, accessed on May 31, 2020.
  41. ^ Alain Gresh: Pourquoi il faut dialoguer avec Tariq Ramadan. In: contre-attaques.org, April 4, 2016, accessed May 31, 2020.
  42. ↑ Prominent Muslim scholar Tariq Ramadan accused of rape, sexual assault in France. In: France 24 . October 21, 2017, accessed on October 21, 2017 (FRANCE 24 with AFP).
  43. ^ Cécile Deffontaines: Henda Ayari, ex-Salafiste franco-tunisienne, porte plainte contre Tariq Ramadan pour viol. In: L'Obs . October 20, 2017, accessed October 23, 2017 (French).
  44. ^ Carlotta Gall: 'I Could Not Forget What Happened to Me That Night With Him'. In: The New York Times . November 3, 2017, accessed November 14, 2017 .
  45. ↑ Angelique Chrisafis: Feminist campaigner accuses Oxford professor Tariq Ramadan. In: The Guardian . October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017 .
  46. ↑ Raphaelle Bacqué, Besma Lahouri: Une deuxième plainte pour viol déposée contre Tariq Ramadan. In: Le Monde . October 28, 2017, accessed May 31, 2020.
  47. ↑ Jean-Michel Décugis: Une victime présumée de Tariq Ramadan: “Il a abusé de mes faiblesses”. Deux jeunes femmes ont déjà déposé plainte contre Tariq Ramadan. Une troisième, Yasmina *, nous confie avoir été harcelée et menacée par l'islamologue. In: Le Parisien . October 28, 2017, accessed May 31, 2020.
  48. ^ Sophie Roselli: La direction du Collège avait été alertée. In: Tribune de Genève . November 7, 2017, accessed May 31, 2020.
  49. ↑ Statement: Professor Tariq Ramadan | University of Oxford. In: ox.ac.uk. November 7, 2017, accessed November 7, 2017 .
  50. ↑ Rape allegations. Investigations against Islam researcher Ramadan ( Memento from February 3, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). In: tagesschau.de . February 2, 2018, accessed February 3, 2018.
  51. ↑ (sda / afp): Ramadan admits sex with plaintiffs. In: bote.ch . October 22, 2018, accessed December 3, 2018 .
  52. ↑ Jürg Altwegg: A visit to Henda Ayari. The woman who said no. After the assassination attempt in the "Bataclan", the Salafist Henda Ayari took off her veil and wrote the bestseller "I chose freedom". Now she has accused the intellectual Tariq Ramadan of rape. A visit to Rouen, where she lives under police protection. In: faz.net, updated December 6, 2017, accessed May 31, 2020.
  53. ↑ Tariq Ramadan ne pourra pas le silence imposer à la plaignante genevoise. In: RTS info . February 5, 2020, accessed May 31, 2020.
  54. ↑ Ramadan publicist: "Islam and the rule of law are compatible". Interview. In: taz . September 13, 2007.
  55. ↑ Tariq Ramadan: Islam and the West. MSV , Marburg 2000, ISBN 3-932399-22-6 , p. 319.
personal data
SURNAME Ramadan, Tariq
ALTERNATIVE NAMES طارق رمضان (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Egyptian-Swiss scholar of Islam and journalist
DATE OF BIRTH August 26, 1962
PLACE OF BIRTH Geneva