Flora (directory)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Under flora (plural: floras ; from Latin flora ) is meant not only the flora and the Florenreich a given area, but also a list of all occurring plant species there. The term Florenwerk is also often used for linguistic delimitation .

The idea of ​​listing all plant species in a certain area in a catalog was first realized in 1622 by Caspar Bauhin , professor of anatomy and botany at the University of Basel in his compilation Catalogus plantarum circa Basileam sponte nascentium . Previously, only plant catalogs had been written in which plant geography only played a subordinate role. The system was also not yet established at that time. For the first time under this term, Simon Pauli the Younger published Flora Danica in 1648 , it contained not only native plants but also garden plants.

Since then, many countries have promoted the complete survey and compilation of the plant diversity in their territory, but in addition to such national floras there are also floriculture plants for large areas, for example the Flora of Tropical East Africa , the Flora Malesiana ( Malesia ) or the Flora Neotropica ( Neotropis ).

Changes in the composition, hazards or immigration of neophytes can be determined by checking at intervals . By comparing different flora worldwide, the biodiversity of an area can be determined numerically. This is highest in the tropical rainforest belt, within 15 ° north and south latitude. It is mostly over 3000 species, in some areas up to 10,000 species per 10,000 square kilometers.

Special floral works

Excursion florets

An excursion flora is understood to be an identification book about the plants in a flora area, which is appropriate in its compactness for excursions . The features used in the identification key , which is usually dichotomous , are selected so that they can be determined on the way without major technical aids, at most a 10-fold magnifying glass is required.

Examples of excursion florets are:

  • Werner Rothmaler (Ed.): Excursion flora. A plant identification book for schools and universities. Berlin 1957.
  • Werner Rothmaler: Excursion flora from Germany. In four or five volumes.
  • Manfred Fischer: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol.
  • Thomas Götz: Online excursion flora of the Alps and neighboring areas online

Online floras

Examples are:

  • FloraWeb - data and information on wild plants and vegetation in Germany
  • Online flora of Austria
  • Info flora - The national data and information center for Swiss flora

While printed floral works, which consist of numerous volumes, are mostly only available in libraries of botanical institutes, online published floras are accessible from everywhere. The text portion of some of the larger flora works is available online, such as Flora of North America and Flora of China . A list of online floras can be found at eFloras .

Flores by country

This list contains geographically sorted examples of florets and excursion florets. In many cases, florets can also be used in other countries near the border.

Europe

Germany

  • Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen: Flora of Germany and the neighboring countries . (see also Schmeil-Fitschen )
  • Werner Rothmaler : Excursion flora from Germany . In four or five volumes: Lower Plants , Vascular Plants Basic Volume (the new edition also includes the Critical Volume), Vascular Plants Atlas Ribbon , Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas .

Denmark

France

  • Paul Fournier: Les quatre flores de France. Corse comprise. Générale, alpine, méditerranéenne et littorale. Paris: Dunod, 2001

Italy

  • Sandro Pignatti: Flora d'Italia

Austria

  • Manfred Fischer: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol.

Switzerland

  • Konrad Lauber and Gerhart Wagner: Flora Helvetica
  • August Binz and Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland, taking into account the border areas
  • Hans Ernst Hess u. a .: Identification key for the flora of Switzerland and neighboring areas

Africa

America

Asia

  • Karl Heinz Rechinger (Ed.): Flora Iranica. Flora of the Iranian highlands and the surrounding mountains. Academic printing and publishing company, Graz. 176 volumes, 1963-2005.
  • Zohary / Feinbrun / Danin: Flora Palaestina. five volumes (1966–2007). Includes Israel, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, the Israeli-occupied part of Mount Hermon, and Jordan
  • Flora of China

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Dominik Berrens: The Meaning of Flora . In: Humanistica Lovaniensia. Journal of Neo-Latin Studies . tape 68 , no. 1 , March 21, 2019, ISSN  2593-3019 , p. 237–249 , doi : 10.30986 / 2019.237 ( humanistica.be [accessed March 25, 2019]).
  2. ^ A b Rudolf Schubert, Horst Herbert Handke, Helmut Pankow (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 3rd, through Edition, unchanged reprint. Volume 1. Lower plants. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-8274-0655-2 .
  3. ↑ a b Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 .
  4. ↑ a b Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: satin ribbon. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 12th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 3827420504 .
  5. ↑ a b Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  6. ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  7. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) (Ed.): FloraWeb - Data and information on wild plants and vegetation in Germany , accessed on August 10, 2014.
  8. ↑ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Willner, Harald Niklfeld, Walter Gutermann (eds.): Online-Flora von Österreich , from 2007, under construction, accessed June 15, 2020.
  9. ↑ Info flora - the national data and information center for Swiss flora , accessed on August 10, 2014.
  10. ↑ a b Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America - online , accessed August 10, 2014.
  11. ↑ a b Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China - online , accessed on August 10, 2014.
  12. ^ EFloras.org Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, accessed August 10, 2014.
  13. ^ Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  14. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  15. ^ Sandro Pignatti (ed.): Flora d'Italia . Vol. Volume 1 , 2, 3rd Edagricole, Bologna 2003, ISBN 88-506-2449-2 (third unmodified reprint of the 1st edition from 1982).
  16. ↑ Konrad Lauber and Gerhart Wagner: Flora Helvetica : 3850 color photos of 3000 wild flowering and fern plants including important cultivated plants, species descriptions and identification keys. System according to APG III . Bern: Haupt Verlag, 2012 (5th edition). The 4th edition is currently available in French.
  17. ↑ August Binz and Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland, with consideration of the border areas: Identification book for the wild growing vascular plants. Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 1990.
  18. ↑ Hans Ernst Hess u. a .: Identification key for the flora of Switzerland and neighboring areas . Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1998.