Flora Danica

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From Flora Danica, fasc. 45, plate 2665
From the Flora Danica, fasc. 47, plate 2764
Title page of Simon Pauli's Flora Danica from 1648

Flora Danica ( lat. "Danish plant world ") is the name of one of Georg Christian Oeder started botanical panel plant . Based on this, the porcelain service of the same name from Royal Copenhagen was created by 1802 .

prehistory

A book of this name was published as early as 1648. The botanist and personal physician of Christian IV. Simon Pauli had described the medicinal herbs and medicinal plants that are native to Denmark in the form of a herbarium on the orders of his king .

Panel work

As a product of the Enlightenment 100 years later, an encyclopedic botanical atlas should now show the entire flora of the Danish state in the 18th century, i.e. the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway (including Iceland ), the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein and the counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst , on boards show in folio format.

History of origin

The project was started in 1753 by Georg Christian Oeder, the royal professor and director of the Botanical Garden in Copenhagen . The first booklet appeared in 1761, as did an advertising brochure in three versions (Danish, German and Latin) with a test print of Plate 1, which showed the cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) . The choice of this plant showed that the publisher and his royal financier were also interested in the economic and medicinal usefulness of the plants when they published the tables.

Up to Oeder's transfer to Oldenburg in 1771, ten booklets with a total of 600 plates were published, designed by the Nuremberg engraver Michael Rößler (1705–1777) and his son Martin (1727–1782) as draftsmen. For this purpose, both moved to Copenhagen for the rest of their lives in 1755, where Michael became the court engraver. Her illustrations are not only considered to be the best of Flora Danica, but also set standards in the history of botany. Later illustrators were Christian F. Mueller (1748–1814), the brother of the editor Otto Friedrich Müller , for issues 12–21, and Johann Theodor Bayer (1782–1873), who created around 1,500 copperplate engravings for issues 22–46.

Oeder wrote a two-volume introduction between 1764 and 1766: Elementa botanicae. In 1769 he published a name key (noun clator) which, in addition to the common names in French, English, German, Swedish and Danish, also offered a link with the Linnaeus system . The planned further commentary volumes were never finished.

After Oeder's departure, Otto Friedrich Müller was entrusted with the publication of the work. Martin Vahl and Jens Wilken Hornemann were among the later editors . There were a total of six publishers among five successive Danish kings.

The tables were only completed 122 years after the first booklet was published in 1883 . The complete edition includes 51 fascicles and three appendix booklets in 18 volumes. It contains a total of 366 pages of text and 3,240 copperplate engravings .

expenditure

Up to the 15th volume (1861) the work appeared in three parallel editions: Danish, German and Latin, volumes 16 and 17 only appeared in Danish and Latin. Each volume contains 3 fascicles with 60 panels each. The fascicles were delivered to the customer unbound; he could put them together according to his needs: systematically (each booklet contained lower to higher plants) or geographically. The work was available in two versions: a simple one with uncolored plates or one in which the copperplate engravings were hand-colored. There are several reprints of earlier issues.

  • Images of the plants that grow wild in the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, in the duchies of Schleßwig and Holstein, and in the counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst: to explain the under the title FLORA DANICA, on Königl. Order arranged work of these plants
  • Icones Plantarum Sponte Nascentium In Regnis Daniæ et Norvegiæ, In Ducatibus Slesvici Et Holsatiæ, Et In Oldenburgi Et Delmenhorstiæ: Ad illustrandum opus de iisdem Plantis, Regio jussu exarandum, Floræ Danicæ Nomine Inscriptum
  • Aftegninger paa de Planter, som voxe vildt i Kongerigerne Danmark og Norge, i Hertugdomen Slesvig og Holsteen, og i Grevskaberne Oldenborg and Delmenhorst til at oplyse det under title Flora Danica paa Kongelig Befaling foranstaltede Verk over disse Planter
    • Volume I, 1st – 3rd Booklet, plates 1–180. Edited by Georg Christian Oeder. 1761-1766
    • Volume II – III, 4th – 9th Booklet, plates 181-540. Edited by Georg Christian Oeder. 1766-70
    • Volume IV – V, 10-15. Booklet, plates 541–900. Edited by Otto Friedrich Müller . 1771-82
    • Volume VI – VII, 16. – 21. Booklet, plates 901–1260. Edited by Martin Vahl . - 1792-99
    • Volume VIII-XIII, 22.- 39. Booklet, plates 1261–2340. Edited by Jens Wilken Hornemann . 1810-40
    • Volume XIV, Issue 40–42, Plate 2341–2520. Edited by Frederik Michael Liebmann . 1845-1853
    • Volume XV, Issue 43–45, Plate 2521–2700. Ed. FM Liebmann and Johan Martin Christian Lange . 1861
    • Volume XVI – XVII, Issue 46–51, Plate 1701–3060. Ed. Joh. Lange. - 1871-83
    • Supplement volume: Issue 1–3, plate 1–180. Ed. FM Liebmann and Joh. Lange. 1874

With the territorial changes in the kingdom, the scientific collection area of ​​the newly published volumes also varies.

Associated:

  • Programma de opere Flora danica dicta. / News of the edition of a work called Flora Danica with a sample plate from the plant: Rubus Chamæmorus . Copenhagen: Philibert 1761
  • Elementa botanicae. / Introduction to herbal knowledge. 2 volumes in 1 volume. Copenhagen: Philibert 1764–66. With 14 copper plates
  • Nomenclator botanicus for use with the Flora Danica. Copenhagen: Heineck and Faber, 1769
  • Enumeratio plantarum florae danicae. / Directory belonging to the Flora Danica, in the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, in the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, and in the counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst wild herbs. Copenhagen 1770

New editions of the Nomenclator and Index appeared in 1827 (JW Hornemann) and 1887 (Joh. Lange).

porcelain

Flora Danica Service, Christiansborg Palace

In 1790 the Danish Crown Prince and later King Friedrich VI. a dinner service with the motifs of Flora Danica at the Royal Porcelain Manufactory Copenhagen . The service was supposed to be a present for the Russian Tsarina Catherine the Great . However, her death in 1796 prevented extradition. Friedrich received the service at the end of 1802; it was first used on January 29, 1803 for his birthday banquet. The production of the service became a life's work for artists working as porcelain painters such as the painter Johann Christoph Bayer (1738–1812) from Nuremberg and his son Johann Theodor (1782–1873). Of the original 1802 individual parts, around 1500 have survived, most of which are still used today at state banquets in Christiansborg Palace . Parts are on display in Rosenborg and Amalienborg castles . It is still produced and sold by Royal Copenhagen to this day .

When in 1863 Princess Alexandra , the daughter of Christian IX. , married to the Prince of Wales and later King Edward VII of England, she received a new edition of the service as a wedding gift from the Danish people. This service, which differed in some ways from the original, is now in the royal collection at Windsor Castle . This edition aroused particular interest, so the porcelain manufacturer decided to include the sample in their catalog.

Most recently, Princess Mary of Denmark received a complete service as a popular gift for her wedding to the Crown Prince and heir to the throne Frederik of Denmark in 2004, the design of which has also been modified based on a design by Queen Margrethe II .

Flora Danica is considered one of the most expensive and exclusive porcelain decorations today. The complete works Flora Danica were included in the culture canon of the Danish Ministry of Culture in 2006.

literature

To the Tafelwerk

  • Ursula Baumann: The Flora Danica. In: Ulf Andersen (Ed.): 250 years Christianeum 1738–1988. Volume II: Treasures of the library. Hamburg, 1988
  • Günther Buchheim: A bibliographical account of Icones plantarum sponte nascentium in regnis Daniae et Norvegiae better known as Flora Danica. In: Huntia 3 (1979), No. 3, pp. 161-178
  • Claus Nissen: The Botanical Book Illustration: Your History and Bibliography. Stuttgart: Hiersemann: 1951.

To the porcelain

  • The Flora Danica Service 1790–1802: the highlight of botanical porcelain painting. Exhibition catalog. Copenhagen: Kongelige Sølvkammer; Potsdam: Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg 1999, ISBN 87-983777-3-6

Web links

Commons : Flora Danica  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. In this context, Oeder translated proposals in 1756 according to which the transport of trees, plants, seeds, and various other natural objects by sea is the French Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau and Rolland-Michel Barrin , Marquis de La Galissonière.
  2. Michael Rößler made an engraving of King Friedrich V (Denmark and Norway)
  3. Nissen (1951), cited in Buchheim, p. 163.
  4. For a complete list of all participants and fascicles see Buchheim, pp. 165–167.
  5. ^ As a result of the lost German-Danish War .
  6. Baumann p. 107 f.
  7. For the history of printing, see Buchheim, p. 168.
  8. Royal Copenhagen website: Presentation by Flora Danica , accessed April 9, 2019