Princely Church of Saint Nicholas

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The Princely Church "Saint Nicholas"

The Princely Church "Saint Nicholas"
Start of building: 1491
Client: Ștefan cel Mare
Location: 47 ° 9 '31.8 "  N , 27 ° 35' 14.3"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 9 '31.8 "  N , 27 ° 35' 14.3"  E
Address: Anastasie Panu Str. 65
Iași
Romania
Purpose: Romanian Orthodox Church

The Princely Church " Saint Nicholas " in Iasi , Romania , is an Orthodox church , which of Stephen III of Moldavia was built in the period 1491-1492. The church was demolished by the French architect André Lecomte du Noüy between 1884 and 1904 and rebuilt in its original form on the same ground. The church is located in the city center at Anastasie Panu Str. 65, near the Princely Court, between the Palace of Culture and the Dosoftei House (also known as the house with arcades).

The church bears the suffix "Princely" because it is located next to the Princely Court, in which almost all of Moldova's rulers from Despot Voda to Grigore Alexandru Ghica were consecrated. This distinguishes it from the other churches in the city that have the same name, that of St. Nicholas. In the second half of the 17th century, the church fulfilled the role of a metropolitan cathedral for eight years.

The Princely Church of St. Nicholas was added to the list of historical monuments from the municipality of Iași in 2015 under the code IS-II-mB-03962.

history

Donated by Ștefan cel Mare

In the 15th century, the rulers of Moldova began building princely courts in the country's capitals. They lived there on their travels. The princely court in Iași was first mentioned in a document dated October 8, 1434.

The city of Iași experienced a strong development during the rule of Ștefan cel Mare (1457–1504), who had the princely court renovated and donated the princely church "Saint Nicholas".

There is a plaque on the wall to the right of the church entrance. It says in Church Slavonic that construction began in 1491 and was completed a year later.

In the Moldovan chronicles, however, there are diverging information about the years of construction of the church. Grigore Ureche writes in his chronicle that the church of Ștefan cel Mare was built after the battle of Cătlăbuga on November 16, 1485 against the Ottomans. Axinte Uricariul contradicted this claim by referring to the plaque in front of the church entrance.

After Iași rose to the capital of Moldova, almost all of Moldova's rulers were consecrated in the Byzantine style in the Princely Church of St. Nicholas. Dimitrie Cantemir describes this procession in his monograph Descriptio Moldaviae (1714–1716) .

The chronicles mention the following rulers who were consecrated in the church: Gheorghe Ștefan (1653, 1653–1658), Dimitrie Cantemir (1693, 1710–1711), Grigore al II-lea Ghica (1726–1733, 1735–1739, 1739–1741, 1747–1748) and Constantin Mavrocordat (1733–1735, 1741–1743, 1748–1749, 1769–1769). On October 2, 1849, the last ruler Grigore Alexandru Ghica (1849–1856) was consecrated here. Before the ordination of a ruler, the sacred liturgy took place, in which all members of the princely council took part.

In the 16th century, probably during the reign of Alexandru Lăpuşneanu (1552–1561, 1564–1568), the church got a porch with a stone bell. The Russian traveler Trifon Korobeinikov, who visited the city in 1593, mentions several stone and wooden churches, among which the Princely Church of St. Nicholas served as a cathedral. He also notes both the porch with the stone bell and the exterior painting of the church. Experts believe that the exterior painting described by Korobeinikov refers to the saints painted in the church niches.

In the course of time the princely church was destroyed and rebuilt several times by earthquakes and fires. Some researchers date the first reconstruction after the Turkish invasion in 1538, when the church suffered as a result. Miron Costin suspects that the church was probably set on fire by the Tatars in 1650 : “(...) they set the whole city on fire. Only here and there was a small shop spared. In no time the royal court, the houses of the boyars and the whole city were in ruins (...) ” .

From July 20 to 28, 1672, Sultan Mehmed IV stayed in Iasi before moving on to Camenița . During those days he had the church converted into a mosque . The church was closed for three years thereafter. Only after Antonie Ruset (1675–1678) ascended the throne , it was consecrated again, according to the chronicler Ion Neculce.

Restoration by Antonie Ruset and other repairs

Remaining part on the south side of the wall built by Antonie Ruset

In 1676 the church and the stone bell were almost completely destroyed. The new ruler Antonie Ruset began to rebuild the church in the spring of the same year.

He had the stone bell repaired, the interior walls painted, a wall built around the church and a crypt set up for himself. He also had a well dug in the wall in front of the great gate of the princely court. Experts are of the opinion that at that time the partition between the Naos and Pronaos (nave and vestibule) was torn down and replaced by two columns and three arcades. Ruset also donated two bronze candlesticks and several liturgical silver vessels to the church. After the murder of Ruset, Gheorghe Duca (1665–1666, 1668–1672, 1678–1683) took over the construction work. (idem p. 79) In the spring of 1679, the painting work on the interior walls was completed.

Ruset moved the seat of the Moldovan Metropolitan to a building near the church, according to a document of the ruler dated March 29, 1677. The authors Dan Bădărău and Ioan Caproșu justify the move of the metropolitan seat to the Princely Church of Saint Nicholas by the fact that at that time the White Church , the original metropolitan seat, was in poor condition and therefore unsuitable for liturgical services. Ruset's successors were dissatisfied with this solution and as a result - the authors continue to report - Anastasia, wife of Gheorghe Duca , had a new church built on the cemetery grounds of the White Church towards the end of the 17th century. The new church took over the role of the metropolitan seat again.

The Metropolitan Dosoftei Barilă (1671–1674, 1675–1686) set up a printing house in 1680 on the grounds of the Princely Church of Saint Nicholas. As a result, numerous books in Romanian were printed in the church .

Casa Dosoftei, statue of Metropolitan Dosoftei, Hotel Moldova and the Princely Church of Saint Nicholas

During his three-day stay in Iași, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great visited the Princely Church of St. Nicholas on June 26, 1711, as Nicolae Costin reports. Also Ion Neculce noted that the Russian Tsar was impressed by the visited monasteries.

In the 18th century a massive building was added to the church to the west. The building was around one and a half times larger than the original church and housed two altars. The north altar was dedicated to the ruler Ștefan cel Mare , the south to Saint Barbara . There was a vestibule between the two altars.

Some authors such as NA Bogdan believe that this added building dates from the time of Antonie Ruset, but there is no evidence of this. Both altars were first mentioned in a document from 1786. Therefore, other researchers such as Dan Bădărăru and Ioan Caproșu believe that this building must have been built in the second half of the 18th century and place it in the context of more intense relations with Russia . Other researchers, such as Constantin Cihodaru, suspect that the altars date from the time of Ioan Teodor Callimachi (1758–1761).

In front of each of the three altars of the church, the service was held in a different language. While the main altar was celebrated in Romanian, it was in front of the altar Ștefan cel Mare in Church Slavonian (later Russian) and in front of the altar of Saint Barbara in Greek.

Reconstruction of the church by Lecomte du Noüy

The Princely Church of Saint Nicholas seen from the west

In the second half of the 19th century the church was in extremely poor condition and urgently needed a thorough restoration . In the spring of 1884 an amount of 100,000 lei was approved by the government for the restoration work. The Minister for Church Affairs asked the French architect André Lecomte du Noüy , who was currently restoring the Sfinții Trei Ierarhi monastery in Iași, for a report on the condition of the church and the necessary restoration work as well as an anticipated program of services.

The architect found serious damage to both the original church and the building that was added later. As a result, he spoke out in his reports either for the complete demolition and reconstruction or only for the demolition of the extension.

In the summer of 1885, the building added in the 19th century was demolished without first attempting to preserve it. In June 1887 Lecomte du Noüy decided to tear down the main church as well.

Many intellectuals of the time, such as Metropolitan Iosif Naniescu and Mihail Kogalniceanu , had spoken out in favor of keeping the parts that had been added over the years. Du Noüy, on the other hand, wanted to rebuild a building of only 219.71 m² instead of the 568.40 m² church in 1884.

Kogălniceanu campaigned for the preservation of the multilingual character of the church, which is a special feature of the city of Iași.

In 1890, the Ministry of Culture only decided to rebuild the church donated by Ștefan cel Mare on the grounds that only this original version would be worthy of future generations. Lecomte du Noüy built the church largely in the style of the church donated by Ștefan cel Mare and after the image of Ruset.

However, there are the following differences:

  • The church walls were raised by a third row of niches, which makes the church look slimmer.
  • The struts in front of the arming table (prothesis) and the sacristy (diakonicon) have been removed.
  • The arches from the Ruset period were retained while the wall between the anteroom (narthex) and the nave (naos) was removed.

Archaeological research was also carried out around the church during the reconstruction. Old graves with valuable objects were discovered as well as the above-mentioned tablet by Ștefan cel Mare. Vasile Panopol recalls this in his book.

The work ended in 1904 and cost about 645,000 lei. The church was consecrated on October 2, 1904, in the presence of the royal family, several members of the government, and numerous dignitaries.

To the west of the church entrance, a bronze plate is attached to the wall, which reports on the entire reconstruction of the church. Another marble slab in the chancel documented donations from Romania's King Carol I .

Story after the reconstruction

Inscription from the time of Romania's King Carol I.

After the church was rebuilt, two crosses were erected instead of the previous side altars .

The inscription of Ștefan cel Mare, found during the excavations in 1905, was in poor condition. There were several discussions about the future location of the inscription. While the Iasi City Hall wanted these objects on site, the Commission of Historic Monuments requested that they be brought to the Museum of Antiquities in Bucharest. It was not until 1929 that the Commission of Historical Monuments arranged for the inscription to be embedded in the wall to the right of the church entrance.

Only a few parts of the wall built by Ruset have survived to this day. South of the church is a part of the wall that was reinforced in the 1970s. To the north of the church, traces of the wall around the Casa cu arcade can be seen.

The earthquake of March 4, 1977 damaged the church, including a. the church tower was moved and rotated.

In the period from 1989 to 1993, some repair work was carried out and the wall painting was cleaned. The church was finally rededicated on October 16, 1994 by the then Metropolitan of Moldavia and Bukovina , Daniel Ciobotea , currently Romanian Patriarch , and by Bartholomew I , the Patriarch of Constantinople .

Since the 1990s, the Princely Church of Saint Nicholas from Iași has been the metropolitan chapel and is administered by the Sfinții Trei Ierarhi Monastery from Iași.

The church as a hotbed of Romanian culture

Metropolitan printing house of Moldova and Bukovina

Dosoftei House (also called The House with Arcades) is the seat of the Department for Ancient Literature of the Literature Museum from Iași, founded in 1970

The Metropolitan Dosoftei Barilă (1671–1674, 1675–1686) of Moldova and Bukovina was one of the first to promote the printing of books in Romanian.

In a letter dated August 15, 1679, he asked Patriarch Ioachim Savelov of Moscow for a printing press, which he received in 1680. The printing press was set up in a building on the premises of the Princely Church of Saint Nicholas in Iași , and the metropolitan printing house of Moldavia and Bukovina was created here. Several books in Romanian were printed here, including:

  • Molitălvnic de-nțeles (1680) - contains after the preface a chronological poem in 136 verses about the rulers of Moldova
  • Viața și petrecerea sfinților (German: The life of the saints) in four volumes (1682–1686) - a work compiled by Dosoftei based on Byzantine and Slavic sources
  • Parimiile preste an (1683) - translation by Dosoftei
  • Dumnezeiasca Liturghie (2nd edition, 1683) - (German: Divine Liturgy)
  • Octoihul (1683)

After a pause in printing between 1687 and 1693, the Romanian translation of the book Tâlcuirea evangheliei (German: Interpretation of the Gospel ) by Ieremia Cacavella , teacher of the Moldovan ruler and humanist Dimitrie Cantemir , was published here in 1697 .

After another break, the Metropolitan Iacov Putneanul (1750-1760) established the metropolitan printing house in Iași again in 1753, but no longer in the property of the Princely Church of St. Nicholas, but in the property of the current metropolis.

Romanian school

Constantin Mavrocordat founded three Romanian primary schools on the grounds of three churches during his third reign on July 7, 1749 in Iași: Princely Church "Saint Nicholas", Good Friday Church (Sfânta Vineri) and Saint Sava . The schools had a religious character and were run by an Orthodox priest. Here city children and children could be taught by free farmers.

The school of the Princely Church “Saint Nicholas” became the most important educational institution in Moldova and existed until the first half of the 19th century.

In 1776 it became a state school. Various important figures of Romanian culture have taught here, including: Gheorghe Evloghie (who wrote a grammar treatise on the Dako-Romanian language in 1766 and translated numerous translations from Slavonian into Romanian) and Ion Alboteanu. Documents dating back to 1814 report that the school had three teachers teaching writing, reading, arithmetic, and elements of theology and church music.

The scholar Ghorghe Asachi reported in the first half of the 19th century that the school of the Princely Church "Saint Nicholas" was the only Romanian school in Iași and that it was financed by donations.

Church description

architecture

The Princely Church of St. Nicholas is one of the municipal churches built by Ștefan cel Mare , which are characterized by the extension or lengthening of the narthex . These have more space than the village churches. It was built of natural stone (piatra bruta) and corner stone (piatra de talie la colturi), with rows of facing bricks that frame the blind (hidden) arches and niches (firide / ocnite) and with enameled panels of different colors under the cornice.

A 1904 brochure shows a drawing by the architect André Lecomte du Noüy of the church before it was rebuilt. The restorer made the remark that the Princely Church of St. Nicholas impressed with the simplicity of the construction, in contrast to the Church of Sfinții Trei Ierarhi, which impressed more with the variety of external decorations.

The church was built in the "three-pass plan" (Roman. Plan treflat, French. Plan treflé, English. Triconch church) with a semicircular absis and an extended narthex. Above the nave was an octagonal church tower with a tapering roof that rests on an octagonal base. In front of the arming table (prothesis) and the sacristy (diakonicon), the wall is supported by high buttresses. There were blind arches on the side apse. The church facade was equipped with two rows of niches above the windows, the lower row were large niches, the upper ones smaller and more numerous.

The interior of the church is divided into an anteroom (narthex), nave (naos) and altar. The porch has a triangular shape and on top is on pendentives supported dome . The tower supported on large arches is located above the nave.

The church furniture ( iconostasis and pews) made of golden oak as well as the chandeliers, candle holders and bronze oil lamps were donated by King Carol I of Romania and date from the time the church was rebuilt.

Wall painting / iconography

The original painting of the church dates from the reign of Stefan cel Mare around 1491. It was renewed between 1677 and 1679 during the reigns of Antonie Ruset and Gheorghe Duca . After several fires that damaged the church painting, it was repainted on behalf of Ioan N. Mavrocordat (1743–1747).

The bishop Melchizedec Ștefănescu (1823-1892) described in 1885 that on the original painting on the left of the west wall of the church a votive picture of the founder, his wife Evdochia and his son Bogdan Voievod can be seen. Between Evdochia and Bogdan Voievod there was an inscription with Greek verses that was only partially legible.

The votive picture shows Ștefan cel Mare with the members of his family

On the right of the west wall of the church, the members of the Ruset family and the Duca family were depicted, during whose reign the interior painting was carried out. There was also an inscription in Greek that praised Duca.

The east wall of the later added building showed the Last Judgment and the torments of Hell. On the western wall there was an inscription in Greek for the two scenes depicted.

25 frescoes on the church walls were deposited in the Museum of Religious Art of the Church of Saint George in Iași before it was demolished and rebuilt. They are currently in the Gothic Hall in the inner courtyard of the Sfinții Trei Ierarhi monastery. Parts of the votive image of the two donors, Ruset and Duca, saints and battle scenes can be seen on the frescoes.

When the church was rebuilt between 1884 and 1904, the wall and vault were painted with frescoes on a blue background by the French painters Boris Bernard, Emile Picot and P. Mauretal. André Lecomte du Noüy explained that the new paintings kept the blue background of the old paintings. But this led to the interior appearing quite dark. The narrow windows also reinforce this impression. The grave harmony of these decorations would be obscured by the golden glow of the saints.

The family of linkstefan cel Mare is depicted on the west wall to the left of the church entrance. The fresco to the right of the church entrance shows the family of King Carol I. The royal children wear Romanian folk costumes.

Votive picture, depicts King Carol I with his wife, daughter and Crown Prince Ferdinand with his wife and the first two children

282 figures can be seen in the niches on the walls. In addition to saints and biblical figures, there are also philosophers and writers from pre-Christian times, such as For example: Sophocles , Thucydides , Plato , Aristotle , Philon , Apollonios etc. Lecomte du Noüy claimed that the painting technique used leads to a permanent preservation of the frescoes and that they are therefore almost unchangeable .

Cult objects

As a princely church, the building has been furnished with numerous valuable cult objects over the years. All books and cult objects donated by Ștefan cel Mare have been lost. Among the valuable items that have been in the possession of the Church are: a. the following mentioned:

  • a handwritten gospel on parchment with a silver finish, which is now owned by the Muzeul Național de Artă al României .
  • a box made of gilded silver and decorated with the coat of arms of Moldavia in the form of a small church with three towers. It was donated by Antonie Ruset in 1678 and contains an inscription in Romanian with Cyrillic letters .
  • a silver baptismal font donated by Ruset in 1678, which contains an inscription in Romanian with Cyrillic letters. Today it is owned by the Muzeul Național de Artă al României.
  • a wooden vessel with gold-plated silver wrapping, which was donated to the church by Ruset on April 8, 1678. The metallic impact bore an inscription in Church Slavonic with the name of the donor and the date of the donation.
  • a crown of St. Mary made of gold-plated silver with an inscription in Romanian
  • a marble vessel with two inscriptions in Cyrillic. One said that this vessel was donated by Ștefan cel Mare in 1476.
  • an icon of Saint Menas (in Romanian Sfântul Mina), which many residents of Iași regarded as miraculous.
  • two old bells from 1774, which are currently in the courtyard of the Sfinții Trei Ierarhi monastery.

Web links

Commons : Saint Nicholas ”in Iași  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lista monumentelor istorice 2010. (PDF) Retrieved on March 16, 2020 .
  2. ↑ Lista monumentelor istorice 2015. (PDF) In: http://patrimoniu.gov.ro/images/lmi-2015/LMI-IS.pdf . Retrieved March 16, 2020 (Romanian).
  3. ↑ Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei - Monuments istorice bisericeşti din Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei, . Ed. Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei, Iasi 1974, p. 77 .
  4. ↑ Grigore Ureche: Letopisețul țărâi Moldovei, de când s-au descălecat țara și de cursul anilor și de viiața domnilor carea scrie de la Dragoș vodă până la Aron vodăor în Elvira Sorohea cronicil - . Ed. Junimea, Iasi 1986, p. 169-170 .
  5. ↑ Grigore Ureche: Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, ediție îngrijită de PP Panaitescu, Ed. de stat pentru literatură și artă . Bucuresti 1956, p. 99 .
  6. ↑ Descriptio Moldaviae. Retrieved March 17, 2020 (Romanian).
  7. ^ NA Bogdan: Orașul Iași (monograph istorică și socială) (1913; reeditată la Ed.Tehnopress) . Iasi 2004, p. 192 .
  8. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu: Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed a II-a revăzută.) Casa Editorială demiurge . Iasi 2007, p. 46 .
  9. ^ NA Bogdan: Orașul Iași (monograph istorică și socială) (1913; reeditată la Ed.Tehnopress) . Tehnopress, Iasi 2004, p. 191 .
  10. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu: Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută) . Casa Editorială Demiurg, Iași 2007, p. 52 .
  11. ↑ Miron Costin: Letopiseţul Tarii Moldovei de la Aaron Vodă încoace, cap. 17, al. 30 .
  12. ↑ Ion Neculce: Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei . Ed. Minerva, București 1986, p. 47 .
  13. ^ NA Bogdan: Orașul Iași (monograph istorică și socială) (1913) . reeditată la Ed. Tehnopress, Iași 2004, p. 191 .
  14. ↑ Ion Neculce: Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei . Ed. Minerva, București 1986, p. 64-65 .
  15. ^ NA Bogdan: Orașul Iași (monograph istorică și socială) (1913; reeditată la Ed.Tehnopress) . Iași 2004, p. 191-192 .
  16. ↑ a b Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută) Publisher: Casa Editorială demiurge 2007 p 52
  17. ^ Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei: Monuments istorice bisericeşti din Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei . Ed. Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei, Iași 1974, p. 78 .
  18. ↑ a b Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută) Publisher: Casa Editorială demiurge 2007 p 47
  19. ↑ Constantin Cihodaru, Gh. Plato (red. Resp .): Istoria orașului Iași, vol. I . Ed. Junimea, Iași 1980, p. 282-283 .
  20. ↑ Nicolae Costin: Letopisețul Țării Moldovei (1709-1711), în Scrieri . vol. I. Hyperion, Chișinău 1990, p. 384 .
  21. ↑ Ion Neculce: Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei . Ed. Minerva, București 1986, p. 237 .
  22. ^ Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei: Monuments istorice bisericeşti din Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei . Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei, Iași 1974, p. 79 .
  23. ^ NA Bogdan: Orașul Iași (monograph istorică și socială) (1913; reeditată la Ed.Tehnopress) . Iași 2004, p. 191 .
  24. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu: Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută) . Casa Editorială Demiurg, Iași 2007, p. 49 .
  25. ↑ Constantin Cihodaru, Gh. Plato (red. Resp .): Istoria orașului Iași, vol. I . Junimea, Iași 1980, p. 78 .
  26. ↑ Ion Mitican: Ulita Mare din demult uitate vremuri . Tehnopress, Iași 2005, p. 158 .
  27. ↑ Sorin Iftimi: Contribuţii privitoare la istoria bisericilor ieşene . Trinitas, Iași 2008, p. 12 .
  28. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu: Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută) . Casa Editorială Demiurg, Iași 2007, p. 49 .
  29. ↑ Ion Mitican: Ulita Mare din demult uitate vremuri . Tehnopress, Iași 2005, p. 157-158 .
  30. ^ Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei: Monuments istorice bisericeşti din Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei . Mitropolia Moldovei și Sucevei, Iași 1974, p. 80 .
  31. ↑ Vasile Panopol: Pe uliţele Iasului . Allfa, București 2000, p. 22 .
  32. ↑ a b N.A. Bogdan Orașul Iași (monografie istorică și socială) (1913) Publisher: Tehnopress (2004) p. 196
  33. ↑ Ion Neculce: Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei . Ed. Minerva, București 1986, p. 194-195 .
  34. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu: Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută) . Casa Editorială Demiurg, Iași 2007, p. 49 .
  35. ↑ Sorin Iftimi: Contribuţii privitoare la istoria bisericilor ieşene . Trinitas, Iași 2008, p. 14-15 .
  36. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu - Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută, Casa Editorială demiurge, Iaşi, 2007), p. 47
  37. ^ Mitropolia Moldovei și Bucovinei: Pelerin în Iași . Ed. Trinitas, Iași 2000, p. 27 .
  38. ↑ Constantin Cihodaru, Gh. Plato (red. Resp .): Istoria orașului Iași, vol. I publisher = Junimea . Iași 1980, p. 282-283 .
  39. ↑ Constantin Cihodaru, Gh. Plato (red. Resp .): Istoria orașului Iași, vol. I . Junimea, Iași 1980, p. 284 .
  40. ^ Mitropolia Moldovei și Sucevei - Monuments istorice bisericești din Mitropolia Moldovei și Sucevei: Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei . Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei, Iași 1974, p. 83 .
  41. ^ Comisia de Heraldică, Genealogy şi Sigilografie a Academiei Române: Cărturari români din secolul XVIII: Evloghie dascălul şi neamul său . Iaşi October 22, 2002.
  42. ↑ Gh. Ghibănescu: Surete şi izvoade, vol. I . Iaşi 1906, p. 109-110 .
  43. ↑ Constantin Cihodaru, Gh. Plato (red. Resp .): Istoria orașului Iași, vol. I . Junimea, Iași 1980, p. 590 .
  44. ^ Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei: Monuments istorice bisericeşti din Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei . Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei, Iași 1974, p. 83 .
  45. ↑ Mitropolia Moldovei și Sucevei - Monumente istorice bisericești din Mitropolia Moldovei și Sucevei ( Ed.Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei, Iași, 1974), p. 77
  46. ↑ Mitropolia Moldovei și Bucovinei - Pelerin în Iași (Ed.Trinitas, Iași, 2000), p. 26
  47. ↑ Constantin Cihodaru, Gh. Plato (red. Resp.)
  48. ↑ a b c N.A. Bogdan Orașul Iași (monografie istorică și socială) (1913) Publisher: reeditată la Ed. (2004) p. 195
  49. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu - Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută, Casa Editorială demiurge, Iaşi, 2007), p. 50
  50. ↑ Constantin Cihodaru, Gh. Plato (red. Resp .): Istoria orașului Iași, vol. I . Junimea, Iași 1980, p. 79 .
  51. ↑ Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei: Monuments istorice bisericeşti din Mitropolia Moldovei şi Suceve . Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei, Iași 1974, p. 80 .
  52. ^ NA Bogdan: Orașul Iași (monograph istorică și socială) 1913 . reeditată la Ed. Tehnopress, Iași 2004, p. 193 .
  53. ↑ Constantin Cihodaru, Gh. Plato (red. Resp .): Istoria orașului Iași, vol. I . Junimea, Iași 1980, p. 79 .
  54. ^ NA Bogdan: Orașul Iași (monograph istorică și socială) (1913) . Ed. Tehnopress, Iași 2004, p. 194 .
  55. ↑ Sorin Iftimi: Contribuţii privitoare la istoria bisericilor ieşene . Trinitas, Iași 2008, p. 293 .
  56. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu: Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută) . Casa Editorială Demiurg, Iași 2007, p. 47 .
  57. ↑ Dan Bădărău, Ioan Caproşu: Iaşii vechilor zidiri (ed. A II-a revăzută) . Casa Editorială Demiurg, Iași 2007, p. 52 .
  58. ^ Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei: Monuments istorice bisericeşti din Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei . Mitropoliei Moldovei și Sucevei, Iași 1974, p. 80 .
  59. ↑ a b Mitropolia Moldovei și Sucevei Monumente istorice bisericești din Mitropolia Moldovei și Sucevei 1974 p. 82