Stapling (book)
The stapling of books is the connection of the individual paper pages or the folded paper sheets to a booklet or book block . It is part of the binding of a book. In most cases a thread ( thread stitching ) or a wire ( wire stitching or clamp binding ) is used for this. A distinction is also made between machine or industrial stapling and manual stapling .
Stapling is generally carried out after the layers have been prepared and the attachments have been attached . After stapling, the book spine is glued.
When stapling, the thread size and the paper of the book block must always be observed. A thread that is too thick on paper that is too hard leads to a pitch in the book block that is too high . H. that the book block on the spine is much thicker than on the front cut.
history
The first staples were made without frets . The connecting link between the individual layers was the stitching thread . With the advent of the wooden lid , this connection was no longer stable enough; there were frets introduced that not only the book block stabilized, but also to a better connection between the book block and cover led. These early staples did not yet have a Fitzbund ; the task of the Fitzbund was initially taken over by the capital . They were wrapped around during stapling.
Early staples are also long stitch staples, in which the binding was stapled. The sewing thread visible on the outside was then decorated.
In other medieval types of binding, the frets lay on the spine and were therefore also visible through the binding material - the solid spine - and divided the spine into fields. It was not until the 16th to 17th centuries that attempts were made to obtain the smoothest possible back. One went to sink over the frets in the back; the back was sawed in. With the advent of ribbons and the hollow back , an equally smooth back could be achieved, so that today the frets are sunk in the back only in isolated cases.
In the course of industrialization, stapling was finally mechanized. The time-consuming process of stapling has been significantly shortened by stapling machines.
Today, most books are no longer stapled with thread or wire, but perfect-bound .
Hand stitching
In manual binding, the staple drawer is usually used to attach a lightly waxed thread to the frets . First, the bundle division is made, i. H. the position of both the stitching frets and the stitching frets are set. The frets are then fixed in the specific positions in the drawer. Continuous or alternating stapling is used for the subsequent stapling. You generally start with the last layer.
Machine stitching
In industrial bookbinding, stapling is generally carried out with the stapling machine with wire or thread . Machine saddle stitching often involves sewing on gauze . If several threads have been used, they are connected to one another on the spine of the book by knots or with the help of thread sealing ( Dutch ). If the stitching is done without gauze, it is called a brooch stitch.
Saddle stitching with wire staples on gauze is well known in books from the 19th to 20th centuries . Today we are particularly drawn to them by the rust stains in the middle of the layer.
Block stitching is more common in industrial bookbinding than in manual binding and can be done with wire or thread.
Differentiation by stapling location
Saddle stitching
The saddle stitch or saddle stitch is a lengthwise binding. With this type of stapling, the individual printed sheets or layers are pierced with wire or thread through the spine fold from the inside to the outside. It is common for multi-ply books and is used for both hand and machine stitching.
In the past, machine saddle stitching was carried out with wire clips on gauze; today, thread stitching is preferred. Only for single-layer products, such as B. Magazines are still stapled in the middle of the fold with wire clips.
Stitching tape
It is important that the stapling tapes are not pierced during stapling so that there is no tension when the spine is later rounded. Binding tapes can be made of parchment, leather or fabric, among other things.
Pad stapling
Block stitching or side stitching is a cross binding . It is mostly used in connection with wire stitching and mostly applied to brochures . It denotes a side stitch, i.e. H. that the entire book block is pierced as close as possible to the spine with two or more wire clips.
However, it is also hand-stitched with threads or ribbons, especially for historical books from Japan and China ( Japanese binding ).
This type of stapling generally makes the books more difficult to open; how heavy depends on the volume of the book block and the paper used.
Differentiation according to the type of staple
Stitching through
The stitching is the usual way of stitching with thread on frets. The thread is at Fitzbund out in the location center, the first collar being brought back to the outside above, around about the collar and is guided inward again and so on up to the second Fitzbund. The Fitzbund connects ( entangles ) the layers with each other.
Swap stitching
Also alternate stitching. While the stitching thread lies from head to toe in one stitching position in the stitching through, the alternate stitching covers two stitching layers with one thread; it changes to the adjacent layer with each fret. Then only half the thread length is placed on each stitching layer. The advantages of this stapling are the faster manual stapling, the lower material consumption and the lower spine slope. The main disadvantage is the shorter shelf life. Alternating stitching was also used for books with real, raised stitching boundaries.
Full stitching is preferable to alternate stitching whenever possible. Alternate stitching is rarely used today.
Differentiation according to the shape of the frets
Stapling on recessed frets
With this type of stitching, the frets are sunk in the back. Sawing in the spine of the book is deliberate damage to the paper. This is done with a saw such. B. sawed a foxtail in the position of the stitching cuffs of the book block clamped in a hand or log press . The resulting pit should be just big enough to hold the stapling cord. On Fitzbund a small pit for the stitching thread and the node only excavated.
The result is a smooth back. The stapling is made much easier because no more holes have to be pierced with the stapling needle.
They are used for cardboard , half and whole linen tapes and the half leather tape .
Stapling on raised cuffs
With this type of stitching, the frets on the back are visible as a raised portion. It can be used for the half or full french band . In these cases the sewing thread is passed around the cords and back through the same hole. The application of the cord makes opening the book block more difficult. A distinction is made between stitching on a single waistband and on a double waistband , depending on the use of one cord or two cords per bundle.
Stapling on tapes
This staple is used for sheet music, writing and business books. This type of stapling ensures that the books lie flat. In the case of heavy business books, stapling does not take place close to the ribbons on both sides, but alternately pierces through the ribbon.
Parchment ribbons can be stapled onto parchment strips that are later pulled through the fold.
Stapling on scraped frets
This type is a variant of the fastening on tapes. The cords are scraped open or frayed and then lie relatively flat on the back. It is often used for the half or full french band .
Special stapling techniques
File stitching
It is also called pass-stitch stitching , textbook stitching or thread-knot stitching . It is only used for single-layer products. A typical example are exercise books . In the case of file stitching on three stitches, the thread is led in the middle from the inside to the outside, through another hole in the head again inwards, then through a third hole in the foot again outwards. Finally it is brought back into the magazine through the middle hole, where it is knotted at the beginning. There is also a file stitching with five stitches.
Dutch
It is a type of stapling that is used in particular for brochures . Thread stitching is usually done by machine, the thread ends hang out on the back and are then connected to one another when the back is glued. It is not a stable staple.
Coptic stitching
With the Coptic stitching one dispenses with stitching frets. The connection between the individual layers is made by interweaving the stitching thread between the one to be stitched and the previous one and is roughly comparable to a Fitzbund . Coptic stitching takes its name from the prayer books of the Coptic monks, which are bound using this technique. A special feature of Coptic stitching is that the cover (book cover) is also connected to the layers by entwining the stitching thread. This allows the book to be opened completely flat. This combination of book block and cover is called Coptic Brochure.
Long stitch
It came up in the 14th century and is also known as filing . It is a kind of file stitching because it was not stapled on frets. Instead, strips of leather, parchment, wood or horn were attached to the outside of the cover. The sewing threads were sewn through the back at divided puncture holes with a curved needle and linked with the previous stitch. In doing so, decorative entanglements were often attached later between the individual stitching threads (Copert or Kopert ).
Needles
Needling is a preparation for binding to frets. Individual pages are combined using a special type of block stitching with a longitudinal stitch or an overcasting stitch. These pages are then stitched onto frets like individual layers. This technique is rarely used today.
Spiral stitching
The spiral binding, also known as ring binding , connects the individual pages with a spiral made of wire or plastic on the spine of the book. The book block is usually protected by stapled cardboard or plastic.
Comb stitching
.jpg)
In contrast to spiral binding, comb stitching has a plastic comb. This type of stapling can be automated better than spiral stapling.
Screw stitching
With this stapling, the cover and pages are connected with book screws .
Steppes
Small notebooks, pocket calendars, etc. The like can easily be stitched in the middle fold with a stitching machine .
