Fatawa-i-Alamgiri

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Fatawa-i-Alamgiri ("Alamgir's legal opinion") or Fatawa al-Hindiyya ("Indian legal opinion") is a Hanafi collection of Islamic law ( Sharia ) of Sunni Islam that was completed in Delhi in 1674 . The important fatwa collection was put together at the request of the Mughal ruler and Muslim scholar Aurangzeb (1618–1707; ruled 1658–1707; also known as Alamgir ) by a group of scholars led by Shaykh Nizam Burhanpuri (d. 1681). It replaced the Fatawa-i-Firoz Shahi or Fiqh-i-Firoz Shahi from the time of Firuz Shah Tughluq (1309-1388; 1351-1388 Sultan of Delhi ).

Mughal ruler Aurangzeb performs the prayer .

The work is considered extremely influential in South Asia to this day . It is a collection of Hanafi legal opinions in Arabic . Most of it comes from a group of Hanafi scholars from India . The collection is considered to be one of the most valuable sources for knowledge of Islamic institutions in the later Mughal period. It comprises several volumes and was one of the most extensive in Islamic law of its time. It served as the basis of law and doctrine which Aurangzeb imposed on his entire empire. The work is important for today's Hanafi students, it was created before the split in Deobandi and Barelwi among the Hanafis of the Indian subcontinent . The Chinese Islamic scholar Wu Yungui notes that some Indian Muslim scholars found the compilation to be too much in line with the Mughal emperor's objectives and that it could not fully reveal the full spectrum of the Hanafi school of law ( madhhab ). The Muslim scholar Aisha Bewley classifies the work as follows:

"The sections dealing with worship are classical in pattern, while those dealing with criminal and civil law are more pragmatic. A source for Muslim law in India. "

“While the sections devoted to worship have a classic pattern, those dealing with criminal and civil law are more pragmatic. A source for Muslim law in India. "

The Shiites were declared apostate heretics .

The Hindus did not accept the Fatawa-i-Alamgiri. In the colonial British legal system of belief came to " precedents " ( legal precedent ) in conflict with the disregard of "precedents" in the Anglo-muhammadischen legal system, which colonial officials brought to the Maulavis to distrust (d. E. The Muslim religious scholars). British colonial officials responded by creating a bureaucracy that created separate laws for Muslim sects and for non-Muslims like the Hindus in South Asia. This bureaucracy, based on the Fatawa-i-Alamgiri, enacted a number of separate religious laws for Muslims and general laws for non-Muslims ( Hindus , Buddhists , Jainas , Sikhs ), most of which were adopted in independent India after 1947.

Editions and translations

The first English translations were based on a Persian translation. Parts were translated into English by Charles Hamilton and William Jones . A partial translation by Neil Baillie appeared in 1865 under the title A Digest of Mohummudan Law . In 1873 Shama Churun ​​Sircar published a partial translation under the title The Muhammadan Law: Being a Digest of the Law Applicable Especially to the Sunnís of India . An Urdu translation of the work comes from Shaykh Syed Ameer Ali.

A modern six-volume Arabic edition ( Al-fatāwā al-hindīya ) appeared in Beirut .

See also

References and footnotes

  1. ↑ Mouez Khalfaoui (2008): achevée en 1674 à Delhi.
  2. ↑ cf. “Nizam Burhanpuri, Mulla”, in: Nabi Hadi: Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature. 1995, p.463 f.
  3. ↑ cf. Muhammad Basheer Ahmad, p. 40 ff. (Regulations issued by the King)
  4. ↑ oxfordislamicstudies.com: Fatawa al-Alamgiriyya - accessed July 5, 2018
  5. ↑ "one of the most valuable sources for our knowledge of Islamic institutions in later Moghul times" ( Annemarie Schimmel : Islamic Literatures of India. 1973 ( A History of Indian Literature ), p. 44 )
  6. ↑ Fatawa Al-Hindiyyah Al-Ma'arufah (kitaabun.com) - accessed July 5, 2018
  7. ↑ Wu Yungui: Alamuji'er jiaofa huibian - norislam.com (accessed July 5, 2018)
  8. ^ Aisha Bewley: Glossary of Islamic Terms . London: Ta-Ha Publishers 1998 ( online ), p. 169
  9. ↑ cf. dailytimes.com.pk: Conundrum of religious violence - II —Sameera Rashid : “Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, which had apostatised the Shias as heretics”.
  10. ^ David Arnold and Peter Robb: Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader. Psychology Press (1993/2005), pp. 171–176 ( partial online view )
  11. ↑ cf. J. Duncan Derrett: Religion, Law and State in India. 1999 Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195647938
  12. ^ Charles Hamilton, The Hedaya , Or Guide: A Commentary on the Mussulman Laws , Allen & Co, London 1870 Partial online view
  13. ↑ digitized version
  14. ↑ see archive.org ; see. Bookstore link
  15. ↑ Malībārī, Zain-ad-Dīn Ibn-Ġazzāl Ibn-Zain-ad-Dīn, al-: Al-fatāwā al-hindīya fī maḏhab al-imām al-ʿaẓam Abī Ḥanīfa an-Nuʿmān / taẓẓāʾlīf amāǧa-Naẓẓāʾlīf amāaḫ min ʿulamāʾ al-Hind al-aʿlām wa-bi-hāmišihī fatāwā Qādīḫān wa-'l-Fatāwā al-bazzāzīya. Bairūt: Dār at-turāṯ al-ʿarabī, 1980. 6 volumes ( SUB GÖ )

literature

  • Jamal Malik: "Islam in South Asia: A Short History." (Themes in Islamic Studies) 2008 ( partial online view )
  • Alan M. Guenther: Hanafi Fiqh in Mughal India: The Fatāwá-i 'Ālamgīrī In: India's Islamic Traditions, 711–1750, ed. Richard Eaton. Oxford in India Readings. Themes in Indian History , 207-230. New Delhi: Oxford University Press of India, 2003.
  • Moez Kalfaoui: "Text and context: the norms of coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims based on the Fatawa Alamgiri." - In: Mathing and Warning (2006), pp. 116–130
  • Stephan Conermann: The Mughal Empire. History and Culture of Muslim India. (= Beck series 2403 CH Beck Wissen ). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-53603-4 .
  • Mouez Khalfaoui: L'islam india. Pluralité ou pluralisme. Le cas d'al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya (= Publications universitaires européennes. Sér. 27: Etudes asiatiques et africaines 103). Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-631-57530-7 (also: Erfurt, Univ., Diss., 2007). Online partial view
  • Muhammad Basheer Ahmad: The Administration of Justice in Medieval India. The Aligarh University. 1941 digitized

Web links
Fatawa-i-Alamgiri (alternative names of the lemma)
al-Fatāwā al-ʿĀlamgīriyya; Fatawa-e-alamgiri; Fatawa-i-Hindiya; Fatawa-i Hindiyya; Fatawa-e-alamgiri; Fatawa-i-Alamgiri; Al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya al-'Ālamğīriyya; Fatawa-i'Alamqiri; Fatawa Alamgiri; Al-fatāwa-l-hindīya-l-ʿĀlamġīrīya; Fatawa al-Hindiyya; Al-Fatawa al-'Alamgiriyya; Al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya al-'Ālamğīriyya; fatāwā al-hindīyya; Al-Fatawa Al-Hindiyyah; Fatawa Alamgiri; Fatawa Aalamgeeri; Fatawa-i-Hindiya; Fatāwá-i 'Ālamgīrī; fatawa-i alamgiri; Fataawa al Hindiyya; Fatawa Hindiyya / Fatawa-yi 'alamgiri, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya [Fatwas of India]