Spring hunger flowers

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Spring hunger flowers
Spring Hungerflower (Draba verna)

Spring Hungerflower ( Draba verna )

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Arabideae
Genre : Rock flowers ( Draba )
Type : Spring hunger flowers
Scientific name
Draba verna agg.
L.

The spring hunger flower ( Draba verna , syn .: Erophila verna ) is the most common plant species in Central Europe from a group of species belonging to the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae), which comprises three clans in Central Europe. It mainly blooms from March to May. It is one of the most inconspicuous and short-lived tiny creatures among the Central European flowering plants.

Stems with branched hair
Flowers - detailed view
Opened pods with seeds
in spring, the hungry flower covers poor meadows with a white down

description

The annual herbaceous plant reaches a height of 2 to 25 cm. The stem usually grows upright, is unbranched, hairy at the base and glabrous in the upper part. The leaves are all basal and rosette-like and obovate to lanceolate. They have branched or simple hair on the top and on the edge.

The flowers sit in a first dense, later looser, arm-flowered cluster . The sepals initially have few, simple hairs, later they increasingly bald. They are broadly egg-shaped, green, with narrow white skin margins and about 1.5 to 2.5 mm long. The petals are usually white, rarely a little reddish, about 2 to 5 mm long and two columns. The fruit stalks have a length of about 5 to 25 mm. The pods are broadly elliptical to almost circular, glabrous, 3 to 11 mm long and are usually upright. They usually contain 15 to 35 seeds about 0.5 mm long.

The number of chromosomes is 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 52, 54, 58, 60 or 64.

ecology

The spring hunger flower is a therophyte , a winter annual rosette plant and a shallow root. The flowers are inconspicuous "nectar-bearing disc trees". The insect visit is sparse; Wild bees occur as pollinators. Self-pollination , on the other hand, is common and is promoted by closing the flowers during the night and when it rains. The flowering time is mainly from March to May.

The wind spreads of the seeds due to the elastic fruit stalk, which is elongated after flowering, and the false partition of the pods that serves as a wind trap. The seeds, which weigh only 0.01 mg, spread as granular flyers, as well as rain sprouts and animal shakers.

Occurrence

General distribution

The species in the broader sense is common throughout Europe and Asia. The distribution of the small species has not yet been adequately clarified. It seems that Draba spathulata is also common in Eurasia, while Draba praecox occurs from the Mediterranean region to Inner Asia and in Central Europe.

Distribution in Austria

Traditionally, the three small species Draba were verna s for Austria . str., Draba spathulata and Draba praecox indicated. However, recent studies show that this species is very polymorphic and subspecies are difficult to distinguish from one another. The distinction or the specified characteristics originate from observations in northwestern Europe and do not apply in central Europe. Therefore, no subdivision is made. The Hungerblümchen ( Draba verna s. Lat.) Occurs in all federal states often to scattered on sandy and gravelly ruderal spots, gaps in dry grassland, fields and often on fire spots in the colline up to the subalpine altitude .

Distribution in Switzerland

In Switzerland, Draba verna s. st. stated as common and Draba praecox as “not often”.

Distribution in Germany

Only inaccurate information is known about the distribution of the individual small species. Draba praecox seems to be rare, while the other two small species are more or less common. The spring hunger flower is completely absent in large parts of eastern Germany and is also found rather scattered in southern Germany.

Location claims and socialization

The spring hunger flower loves light and grows in poor, dry locations. It prefers sandy, gravelly, open ground areas on roadsides, in gravel pits, quarries and also in fields. In Central Europe it occurs primarily in societies of the Sedo-Scleranthetea class, but also occurs in arable weed societies, for example in Papaveretum argemone or in Setario-Galinsogetum.

Systematics

The spring hunger flower was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum as Draba verna . François Fulgis Chevallier introduced it in 1828 as Erophila verna (L.) Chevall. into the genus Erophila DC. Molecular phylogenetic studies led to the inclusion of the genus Erophila in Draba .

The species group around the spring hunger flower is very rich in shape and is usually divided into small species or subspecies on a morphological basis, of which three occur in Central Europe. These have the following characteristics:

Spring hunger flowers ( Draba verna s. Str.)
  • Spring starvation flowers in the narrower sense, also known as narrow fruit starvation flowers ( Draba verna L. s. Str., Syn .: Erophila verna (L.) Chevall. Subsp. Verna ):

The leaves have fine fork and star hairs and mostly no simple hairs. The anthers of the longer stamens reach or protrude beyond the stigma. The pods are blunt or pointed, evenly rounded at the base and about 2.5 to 5 times as long as they are wide.

  • Rundfrüchtiges Whitlow or spatula Whitlow ( Draba spathulata (Láng) Sadler , Syn .: Draba verna subsp. Spathulata (Láng) Rouy & Foucaud , Erophila verna subsp. Spathulata (Láng) Walters , Draba verna var. Boerhaavii H.C.Hall , Draba boerhaavii HC Hall nom. Prov.):

The leaves are densely covered with short, fine fork hairs. Simple hairs are formed as eyelashes on the leaf base. The anthers of the longer stamens do not reach the stigma. The pods are about 1.5 times as long as they are wide and almost rounded.

  • Early starvation flower or egg-fruit starvation flower ( Draba praecox Steven , Syn .: Erophila verna subsp. Praecox (Steven) Walters ):
Eifruit Hungerblümchen ( Draba praecox )

The leaves have coarse, simple and few, fine fork hairs. The anthers of the longer stamens reach or protrude beyond the stigma. The pods are blunt or pointed, somewhat narrowed towards the base and about twice as long as they are wide.

This structure is not congruent with the considerable cytological diversity of the species complex. An alternative structure suggestion recognizes the collective species Draba verna L. s. l. (2n = 30-44) and Draba glabrescens Rouy & Foucaud s. l. (2n = 48–56) as well as Draba majuscula Rouy & Foucaud (2n = 14) and Draba praecox Steven .

Typical star hairs on the upper side of the leaves in the small species Draba verna s. st.

Common names

The other common German-language names exist or existed for the spring hunger flower : Darbe, Gänsblum, Gänsekraut ( Silesia ), our Lord's Spoon (Silesia), Hunger (Sommerfeld), Hungerblome ( Bremen ), Hüngerblümchen ( Saxony , Dithmarschen , Württemberg ) , Hungerblümlein (Mark, Silesia), Hungerkrud (Bremen), Kummer, Lynx (Dithmarschen), small Seckelkraut, Sorge, Teschelkraut, witte Wäsel ( Mecklenburg ) and witt Wäselken (Mecklenburg).

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  • Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Michael D. Windham, Reidar Elven: Draba. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 , pp. 345 (English, limited preview in Google Book search). , online.
  2. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 313 .
  3. ↑ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Supplements and updates to the 3rd edition (2008) of the excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol , in: Neilreichia 6 , 338f (2011) PDF file. ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / flora-austria.at
  4. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  458 .
  5. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 642, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D642%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  6. ^ François Fulgis Chevallier: Flore générale des environs de Paris. Ferra Jeune, Paris. Volume 2, Part 2, 1828, p. 898, preview in Google Book Search
  7. ↑ Marcus Koch, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Molecular data indicate complex intra- and intercontinental differentiation of American Draba (Brassicaceae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 89, No. 1, 2002, pp. 88-109, DOI: 10.2307 / 3298659 , digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F16376%23%2Fsummary~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
  8. ^ Karl Peter Buttler , Michael Thieme & employees: Florenliste von Deutschland - Vascular Plants, Version 5. Frankfurt am Main, July 2013, published on the Internet at http://www.kp-buttler.de .
  9. ↑ F. Wolfgang Bomble: Draba subgen. Erophila in Germany. Towards a more natural taxonomy. In: Online publications of the Bochum Botanical Association. Volume 3, No. 4, pp. 33-43, PDF file.
  10. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 137. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Spring Hunger Flowers ( Draba verna )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files