French grammar
“ French grammar ” (French: grammaire française, grammaire de la langue française, grammaire du français ) refers to 1. the grammar of the French language and 2. a work in which this grammar is described.
One differentiates:
- 1. The descriptive grammar of the French language, which describes the respective language level of French at a certain point in time (synchronous language consideration).
- 2. The historical grammar of the French language, which describes the historical development of the grammatical forms and structures of French (diachronic consideration of the language).
- 3. The text grammar of the French language, which on the basis of text linguistics not only gives a descriptive description of the French language, but also, according to Harald Weinrich , instead of using the single word or the single sentence as the starting point of the investigation, is based on more comprehensive units of meaning as they occur in texts (in the meaning that text linguistics gives the word text).
This article essentially gives a descriptive presentation of the grammar of the modern French language.
syntax
Word order in the statement and question sentence
The basic word order in the sentence is subject-verb-object (SVO), similar to the other Romance languages and English. The basic word order can be retained in the question and the question can be identified by intonation :
- Vous êtes gentils. - [ ↘ vuˌzɛtʒɑ̃ˈti ] - You are kind.
- Vous êtes gentils? - [ ↗ vuˌzɛtʒɑ̃ˈti ] - Are you friendly?
The second method of questioning is to put an est-ce que in front of the statement . It is the most neutral type of question and can be used in any language register, whether colloquial or slightly raised. If a question word introduces the sentence, it comes before est-ce que .
- Il est six heures. - [ ↘ ilɛsiˈzœʁ ] - It is six o'clock.
- Est-ce qu'il est six heures? - [ ↗ ɛskilɛsiˈzœʁ ] - Is it six o'clock?
- Quoi? - [ ↗ kwa ] - What? / How?
- Qu'est-ce que c'est? - [ ↗ kɛskəˈsɛ ] - What is it?
- Qu'est-ce que le tiers état? - [ ↗ kɛskəˈ ... ] - What is the third estate?
The third possibility of asking the question is inversion , i.e. the reversal of the sentence position of personal pronouns and the corresponding verb:
- Qu'est-ce que vous faites? - [ ↗ kɛskəvuˈfɛt ] - What are you doing? / What are you doing?
becomes
- Que faites-vous? - [ ↗ kəfɛtˈvu ] - What are you doing? / What are you doing?
- Est-ce qu'il est six heures? - [ ↗ ɛskiˌlɛsiˈzœʁ ] - Is it six o'clock?
becomes
- Est-il six heures? - [ ↗ ɛˌtilsiˈzœʁ ] - Is it six o'clock?
negation
The negative is formed with "ne" and another filler word.
- no ... pas - not
- ne ... rien - nothing
- ne ... jamais - never , never
- ne ... personne - nobody
- ne ... plus - no more
- ne ... pas you tout - not at all, not at all
- ne ... pas encore - not yet
- ne ... pas non plus - not either
- ne ... ni ... ni - neither ... nor
- ne ... aucun (e) - no (e) at all
- ne ... nulle part - nowhere
- ne ... que - only , first
"Ne" comes before the verb, "pas" etc. behind it. In the compound tenses (e.g. passé composé) the auxiliary verb is negated. Examples:
- Il ne vient pas “He's not coming”.
- Il n ' est pas venu “He did not come”.
- Tu n ' as rien fait "You haven't done anything".
Before vowels and h muet (silent h) ne is apostrophized:
- Je n'ai jamais fumé. - [ ʒənɛˌʒamɛfyˈme ] - I never smoked.
- Je n'habite pas ici. - [ ʒənabitˈpa (z) isi ] - I don't live here.
“Ne” is often left out in everyday language. Example: Il fume pas “He doesn't smoke”.
noun
Genera
There are two grammatical genera (genders), the masculine and the feminine; the most striking difference is the article corresponding to the gender. Unlike other Romance languages, it is difficult to find out the gender of the noun from the word endings if one does not know the etymology of a word. The words garçon 'boy', poisson 'fish' and hérisson 'hedgehog' are masculine , the words chanson 'song', leçon 'lesson' and boisson 'drink' are feminine ( féminin ).
Unlike in German (e.g. the girl ), nouns with natural gender in French always have the corresponding grammatical gender ( la fille ).
The gender of a French word often does not match the gender of the corresponding word in other languages, especially in languages that are not closely related, such as German.
Since there is no neuter in French, words that have the neuter gender in German can only be male or female in French. Noun adjectives are masculine, i.e. le beau 'the beautiful'.
The noun amour is masculine in the singular, but mostly feminine in the plural. Examples: “Je n'arrive pas à oublier mon premier amour” “I can't forget my first love.” And “On revient toujours à ses premières amours”, literally: “You always return to your old loved ones”, “Old ones Love doesn't rust. "
items
There are three articles in French:
- the definite article ( l'article défini ): le (masculine = m), la (feminine = f), l ' (for masculine and feminine nouns that begin with a vowel or a silent h . The plural means les for both genders .
Examples: le livre "the book", la maison "the house", l' e nfant (m) "the child", l ' é chelle (f) "the ladder", l' h ôtel (m) "the hotel"
- the indefinite article ( l'article indéfini ): un (masculine), une (feminine).
Examples: un livre “a book”, une maison “a house”, un enfant “a child”, une échelle “a ladder”.
- the article of division ( l'article partitif ): du (masculine), de la (feminine), de l ' (masculine and feminine for nouns that start with a vowel), des (plural for both genders).
Examples: du pain “bread” (an indefinite amount), de la viande “meat”, de l'eau “water”, des maisons (f) “houses”, des jardins (m) “gardens”.
Plural formation
As in English and Spanish, in most cases an s is added to the end of the word in the plural , which is generally silent during pronunciation. There is a connection between article and noun (liaison).
Nouns that end in -eau in the singular form the plural with x . Words ending in -al end in -aux in the plural. Examples: le journ al "the newspaper", les journ aux "the newspapers". Exceptions: le festival, les festivals. Nouns that end in s , z or x in the singular form are identical with the plural form.
The words œil 'eye' and œuf [œf] 'egg' have an irregular plural : les yeux 'the eyes', les œufs [lezø] 'the eggs'.
In the end, only the article in pronunciation usually marks the difference between singular and plural.
- le livre rouge - [ ləlivʁəˈʁuʒ ] - the red book
- les livres rouges - [ lelivʁəˈʁuʒ ] - the red books
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
person | Personal pronouns | être ' to be' |
---|---|---|
1. Sg. | ever | suis |
2nd Sg. | do | it |
3rd Sg. | il 'he', elle 'she', on 'man' | est |
1st pl. | nous | sommes |
2nd pl. | vous' you; She' | êtes |
3rd pl. | ils, elles | sont |
Object pronouns
person | direct object pronoun | indirect object pronoun |
---|---|---|
1. Sg. | me 'me' | me 'me' |
2nd Sg. | te 'you' | te 'you' |
3rd Sg. | le 'him', la 'she' | lui 'him, her' |
1st pl. | nous 'us' | |
2nd pl. | vous' you; She' | vous' you; Them' |
3rd pl. | read 'she' | leur 'them' |
- ↑ The French pronoun on does not correspond to the German es , but it can be translated both with 'man' and with 'we'. However, replacing nous with on is considered colloquial.
- ↑ a b c vous corresponds not only to the German you , but also to the polite you . In French it is written in lower case.
- ↑ There is a difference between French and German with regard to the 3rd person plural that elles must be chosen if the objects in question consist only of feminine nouns. However, if the objects are only masculine or feminine and masculine nouns, ils are used .
Verbs with direct and indirect object:
direct: aider, attendre, craindre, croire (quelqu'un), raconter, rappeler, rencontrer, suivre. The pronouns are: me, te, le / la, nous, vous, les.
indirect: s'attendre, croire (à quelque chose), demander, s'intéresser, parler, penser, réfléchir, renoncer, répondre. The pronouns are: me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur.
Verbs with être: rester, partir, sortir, retourner, revenir, passer, tomber, descendre, monter, rentrer, entrer, arriver, aller, venir. All reflexive verbs are also formed with être. The participle is always adapted to the subject, never to the object.
Verbs with avoir: appeller, avoir, battre, boire, connaître, courir, croire, devoir, dormir, écrire, tenir. The participle is adapted to the object pronoun, never to the subject (only for direct object pronouns).
Object pronouns come before the verb in the infinitive. If there are several verbs in the infitive, the object pronoun comes after the conjugated verb. The object pronoun only comes before the conjugated verb if there is no infinitive.
Adverbial pronouns
Adverbial pronouns are y and en .
y denotes places that are not introduced with de. y denotes indirect objects that are introduced by à, chez, dans, and things, never people.
en denotes location information that is introduced with de. en denotes indirect objects only for things, never for people.
Order of object and adverbial pronouns
Here is the usual representation of the order of all object and adverbial pronouns in the sentence.
person | Object pronouns | Adverbial pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sg. | me | le, la, les | lui, leur | y | en |
2nd Sg. | te | ||||
3rd Sg./Pl. | se | ||||
1st pl. | nous | ||||
2nd pl. | vous |
Emphasis on personal pronouns
person | Indirect object pronoun | Pronouns used for emphasis |
---|---|---|
1. Sg. | me | moi |
2nd Sg. | te | toi |
3rd Sg. | lui | lui, elle, il 1) |
1st pl. | nous | nous 2) |
2nd pl. | vous | vous |
3rd pl. | leur | eux, elles 1) |
1) The emphasis on the pronouns elle / elles by converting them to "elle elle" / "elles elles" occurs only in the spoken language.
2) When emphasizing, always put the personal pronoun "on" after the emphasizing "nous". As follows: Nous, on a joué au football. = " We played soccer."
Since the pronouns are the only ones to be declined in the French language, inflections also exist like the indirect objects. Example: Tu me donnes un cadeau. = "You are giving me a present."
In French, as in Spanish , the pronouns are sometimes emphasized within the sentence if they are to be emphasized (including unrelated, independent personal pronouns , as opposed to the unstressed, connected personal pronouns) or if a contradiction between the actions of different subjects is made clear should. You do this by putting the emphasis in front of the personal pronoun. The example shows the sentence “Je suis allé (e) à l'école” (= I went to school).
Sentence without emphasis | Sentence with emphasis | Translation of the emphasis |
---|---|---|
Je suis allé (e) à l'école. | Moi, je suis allé (e) à l'école. | I went to school (unlike someone else). |
Demonstrative companion
The demonstrative companions are ce (mask.) And cette (fem.). Male nouns that start with an unspoken sound such as h or a vowel are given the pronoun cet . This rule only applies to masculine nouns; cette is always used for feminine nouns . The demonstrative companion of the majority is basically ces .
number | for masculine | for feminine |
---|---|---|
Singular | ce, cet | cette |
Plural | ces | ces |
Demonstrative companions have an accompanying function: J'aime bien cet ordinateur . - "I like this computer." You can add -ci (here) or -là (there) after the noun . These specify the statement.
Example: "Ce livre-là." (= That book) is not equal to "Ce livre-ci" (= this book)
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are not only used as articles, they replace the noun. Unlike in the rest of the world, a distinction is made between three genders.
number | Masculine | Feminine | Indefinite |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | celui | cell | ce |
Plural | ceux | celles | ce |
In order to define these demonstrative pronouns more precisely, you can add a
-ci or a -là (or a ci or a la if it is the indefinite demonstrative pronoun) to the respective pronoun. Ci describes nearby objects, while là describes objects further away.
The resulting cela is often replaced by ça in everyday language .
Examples: "Quel livre préfères-tu?" - "Je préfère celui-ci ." - "I prefer this one (here)."
"Quelles chansons aimes-tu le mieux?" - "J'aime bien celles-là ." - "I like those (there) with pleasure."
"Que ont-ils dit?" - "Ils ont dit ceci ." - "You said this (here)."
Possessive companion
The possessive companions always come before the word they are referring to. A counterpart is not assigned to each individual personal pronoun. The companion is based on two things: the personal pronoun to which it belongs and the gender and number of the reference word. Possessive companions in the French language are:
person | for mask. Sg. | for Fem. Sg. | for pl. (m / f) |
---|---|---|---|
ever | mon | ma | mes |
do | volume | ta | tes |
il / elle / on | son 1) | sa | ses |
nous | notre | notre | nos |
vous | votre | votre | vos |
ils / elles | leur 1) | leur | leurs |
1) These possessive companions apply to "il" and "elle" as well as to "ils" and "elles".
Due to an exception, nouns that begin with a vowel or h must be preceded by the possessive companion for masculine nouns, even if they are feminine. Example: mon amie = my girlfriend.
possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns, like demonstrative pronouns, replace a noun and are not placed in front of it. These possessive pronouns are to be declined according to person and number.
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
person | Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine |
1. Sg. | le mien | la mienne | les miens | les miennes |
2nd Sg. | le tien | la tienne | les tiens | les tiennes |
3rd Sg. | le sien | la sienne | les siens | les siennes |
1st pl. | le notre | la nôtre | les nôtres | |
2nd pl. | le vôtre | la vôtre | les vôtres | |
3rd pl. | le leur | la leur | les leurs |
Example: "Est-ce que c'est ton livre?" - "Oui, c'est le mien"
The adjective
Most adjectives come after the noun they are referring to:
C'est un livre interesting . | It's an interesting book. |
However, some adjectives come before the respective noun. These include, for example, bon, grand, petit, joli, autre, mauvais, gros, beau, nouveau, vieux.
Elle a un grand livre. | She has a great book. |
Elle a de grands livres. (In the case of presented adjectives, "des" becomes "de") | She has great books. |
Depending on the gender of the noun, the adjective is changed:
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
male | Female | male | Female |
grand (large) | grand e | grand s | grand it |
joli (pretty) | joli e | joli s | joli it |
blanc (white) | blanch e | blanc s | blanch it |
visible (visible) 1) | visible | visible s | visible s |
intelligent | intelligent e | intelligent s | intelligent it |
1) Adjectives that already have the ending -e in the masculine form in the singular do not have an additional -e appended in the feminine form and adjectives that already have the ending -s or -x in the singular do not have an additional -s in the plural attached.
In the formation of the feminine forms, irregularities caused by linguistic developments (especially in Old French ) can occur, such as bon bonne (good) (n becomes nn so that it can be pronounced); fou folle (crazy) (the final l became u, cf. Kastell ↔ Château); blanc blanche (white) (c before Latin a became ch, cf. Latin caro ↔ chair meat ); bref brève (short) (the Old French was hardening to the end ); faux fausse (x became ss to emphasize).
Some color adjectives are completely unchangeable, especially those that are formed from two other color adjectives (example: bleu-vert [blue-green]) or from one color adjective and a clarifying addition (example: rouge sang [blood red]) and most of them from one Noun are derived (examples: marron (marron, from the noun marron, chestnut), orange (orange, from the noun orange, orange)). Equally unchangeable is super (super).
In addition, it should be noted with beau, nouveau and vieux that they have a third form, if they are in front of a masculine noun that begins with a vowel or h, it says: beau, bel, belle - nouveau, nouvel, nouvelle - vieux, vieil, vieille.
increase
Unlike in German, the French adjective is not increased by endings , but by adding the word “plus” (= more) in front of it. Example: profond → plus profond; deep → deeper. The German word “als”, which is used to describe a comparison, is “que” in French. Example: Je suis plus grand que mon frère . = “I'm bigger than my brother.” Exceptions include bon → meilleur (= good → better) or mauvais → pire (= bad → worse).
The superlative corresponds to the comparative, supplemented by the definite article before “plus” . Example: C'est la plus grande personne du monde. = "That is the tallest person in the world."
In French, you also have the option of giving expressions such as “very good”, “very large” or “very rich” their own form. To do this, you sometimes add -issime to the adjective, i.e. riche (rich) → richissime (steinreich). This form has developed from the Latin superlative, which, however, already has this meaning, i.e. H. as an absolute superlative.
verb
person
Like all Indo-European languages, French distinguishes three people . The first person is the speaking, the second is the person spoken to, and the third is the person being discussed. On does not only mean 'one', but also colloquially 'we'. In the 3rd person in the plural, ils is used for pure groups of male persons and for groups with male and female persons, elles is used for pure groups of female persons. The 2nd person plural vous is used as a polite form.
Infinitive
Officially, the French verbs are divided into three regular groups according to their ending. The 1st group contains the verbs ending in -er (90% of all verbs, or about 4320) except "aller", the second those which end in -ir and have the ending "-issons" in the 1st person plural, ( about 300, with or without stem extension) and the third the verbs ending in -re (about 180) and all other possible endings (e.g. -oir , -eindre , -endre etc.)
auxiliary verbs
The most important auxiliary verbs (French [verbes] auxiliaires ) are être , to be 'and avoir , to have'. In contrast to Spanish, avoir is also used in French in the sense of 'possess'. With the help of these two auxiliary verbs, tenses such as the perfect tense can be formed; the use of avoir or être depends on the individual verb, but transitive verbs are always used with avoir and reflexive verbs always with être .
Participles
French knows three participles (French participes ), i.e. H. the present participle ( participe présent ), the past participle (participe passé) and the compound participle (participle I + participle II). The present participle is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding -ant instead . For verbs like placer [plase] 'place', the cedilla ç is used to preserve the sound : pla ç ant [plasɑ̃], otherwise the letter sequence <ca> would have to be pronounced as [ka].
The perfect participle corresponds to that of German, i.e. placer → placé 'placed'. The third is made by writing the present participle of the verb avoir (→ ayant ) and the perfect participle one after the other; Example: placer → ayant placé . This compound participle is used as a prematurity form relative to the verb in the main clause.
gerund
The gerund (French gérondif ) is formed with the preposition en 'in' and the so-called ant form: en plaçant . It has the same form as the present participle (participe présent) because the Latin gerund has coincided with the present participle in historical development. It does not express time itself, but is always on the same temporal level as the corresponding main clause. It expresses a simultaneity (temporal use), an intention (instrumental use) or a possibility (conditional use). The sentence Elle sort de la chambre en claquant la porte has the translation in German "She leaves door slamming d the room" (temporal). The sentence En claquant la porte elle énervait les voisins corresponds to the German sentence "By (always) slamming the door, she annoyed the neighbors" (instrumental). “If you slam the door, you break it” can be translated as En claquant la porte tu l'abîmeras in French . The conditional sentence Si tu claques la porte, tu l'abîmeras serves the same purpose .
Modes
In French there are the indicative , subjunctive , conditional and imperative modes .
- The indicative (French indicative ) describes the actions that take place in reality and rationality. It can occur at any time.
- The subjunctive or subjunctive (French subjonctif ) occurs most often in subordinate clauses . It is compulsory after certain subjunctions as well as after verbs of preference, aversion, expression of will, doubt or necessity. In the main clause, the subjunctive expresses a wish or an assumption assumed for the following, sometimes also the uncertainty of a statement and thus distinguishes itself from the indicative. In the subjunctive mode, only the present, perfect, imperfect and past perfect tense exist. To form the subjunctive of a verb, take the 3rd person plural of the present indicative and use it to form the forms of the present subjunctive. The 3rd person plural is the same in both modes. As an example, the following table shows the formation of the subjunctive of the irregular verb venir ' to come':
person | indicative | person | conjunctive |
---|---|---|---|
ever | viens | que je | vienne |
do | viens | que do | viennes |
il, elle, on | vient | qu ' il | vienne |
nous | venons | que nous | venions |
vous | venez | que vous | veniez |
ils, elles | viennent | qu ' ils | viennent |
- ↑ In French conjugation books such as Bescherelle , que / qu ' , that' is always placed in front of the pronoun in the subjunctive mode . This indicates that the pronoun and the verb in the subjonctif must always be behind this conjunction.
- ↑ This technique cannot be used on the 1st and 2nd person plural. Instead, you take the indicative form and add an i between the word stem and the ending.
- The conditional (French conditionnel ) contains actions that only occur under certain conditions. The conditional only exists as a conditional present (conditional I) and conditional perfect (conditional II). In English there are the if- sentences as a counterpart ; the principle of formation of the si clauses and the if clauses is similar.
- The tenses of the conditional clauses below are made up of the verbs venir ' to come' and être ravi ' to be happy'.
- 1. Realis of the present (present tense + future tense I): Si tu viens, je serai ravi .
- → If you come, I'll be happy.
- 2. Unrealis of the present (
- → If you came, I would be happy.
- 3. Unrealis of the past (past perfect + conditional II): Si tu étais venu (e), j ' aurais été ravi .
- → If you had come, I would have been happy.
- The imperative (French impératif ) is the form of command . It also exists in both the present and the perfect tense, with three imperative forms in both tenses; they correspond to the personal pronouns tu , nous and vous . To create the tu form, the s is removed in some places , which is typical for the 2nd person singular in the present indicative. However, it stays the same for other verbs. For nous and vous , the imperatives are always identical to the forms of the indicative present, except of course for verbs like “sein” or “haben”. The forms of the imperative perfect are formed with the present subjunctive of the verb avoir / être and the perfect participle. The avoir imperatives are aie, ayons, and ayez .
Times
Overall, in the French language, the times present, there are perfect , imperfect , pluperfect , past tense , Präteritumperfekt , passé récent , Present , Future Perfect and Futur proche .
- The French present tense (frz. Présent ) corresponds to the German present tense to denote the present, the forms are often irregular. It is used both orally and in writing. Example: je regarde = I look (→ regarder ); je finis = I finish (→ finir ); je vends = I sell (→ vendre ).
- The perfect tense (French: passé composé ) corresponds formally to the German perfect and is generally used to express completed actions. It is used both orally and in writing. It is formed by putting a present tense of either être or avoir after the pronoun and then using the past participle. Example: j'ai regardé = I have looked; j'ai fini = I have finished; j'ai vendu = I have sold; je suis allé (→ aller ).
- The past tense (fr. Imparfait ) like the Latin imperfectum and has a similar function as the past tense (past tense) in English. It describes an unfinished (repetitive or ongoing) action in the past. It is used both orally and in writing. The endings of this period are the same for all verb groups, although not as uniform as in English, as there are still differences between the individual pronouns. Example: je regard ais = I looked; je finiss ais = I finished; je vend ais = I sold.
- The past perfect (French: plus-que-parfait ) is the normal previous past and corresponds to the German past perfect . It is used both in writing and orally. It is formed by putting a past tense of être or avoir and the perfect participle after the pronoun. Example: j'avais regardé = I had looked; j'avais fini = I had finished; j'avais vendu = I had sold.
- The past tense (French: passé simple ) is the main narrative time in written language and is mainly limited to history, fiction and fairy tales. It is considered the most difficult of all French tenses, which is due to the massive changes in the verb stems. However, it also happens that some people are identical to those in the present tense. This time refers to actions that have no repetition in the past, have no effect on later actions and break into a long-lasting action. The passé simple is only used in writing. Like the past tense, it is also translated with the German past tense . Example: je regardai = I looked; je finis = I finished; je vendis = I sold.
- The past perfect tense (French: passé antérieur ) has the same prematurity relationship to the past tense as the past perfect tense to the past tense and is also only used in writing. It is formed by putting être or avoir in the past tense and adding the past participle. To translate it one uses the German past perfect. Example: j'eus regardé = I had looked; j'eus fini = I had finished; j'eus vendu = I had sold.
- The passé récent embodies actions that occurred shortly before the moment when the speaker started speaking. It is formed by a present tense of the verb venir ' to come', supplemented by the preposition de and concluded with the infinitive. je viens de regarder = I just looked; je viens de finir = I have just finished; je viens de vendre = I have just sold. If the following infinitive begins with a vowel, the de becomes a d ' , hence je viens d'a rriver = I have just arrived.
- The future tense I (French: futur ) as future time corresponds to the German future tense I , so it is part of the future tense. It is used both in writing and orally. It is formed by adding a small suffix to the infinitive of a verb. Example: je regarderai → I will look; je finirai = I will finish; je vendrai = I will sell.
- The future perfect (future II; French futur antérieur ) as an anticipated future corresponds to the German future II . It is formed by putting être or avoir in the future tense I and adding the perfect participle. Example: j'aurai regardé → I will have looked; j'aurai fini = I will have finished; j'aurai vendu = I will have sold.
- The conditional can also have temporal (future) meaning when used in indirect speech, e.g. B. il dit qu'il partira → 'he says that he will go away'; il a dit qu'il partirait → 'he said that he would go away'
- In terms of form, the future tense proche (also called the modal future tense) resembles the German future tense I even more than the French future tense I. In conjugation books, like the passé récent, it is not mentioned in the verb tables because it is not a separate form and of no composed tense such as B. the perfect is accompanied. In contrast to the future tense I, the future tense proche is mostly only mentioned in everyday language. It is formed by taking a present tense form of the extremely irregular verb all 'go' and putting the infinitive behind it. Example: je vais regarder → 'I will see'; je vais finir → 'I will finish'; je vais vendre → 'I will sell'. In the cases of the Passé récent and Future proche, the verbs venir and aller are referred to as semi- auxiliary verbs (French semi-auxiliaires ).
Forming
Simple times in the active
Verbs on - he
regarder 'consider' | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past tense | preterite | Future tense I. | Conditional I. | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | |
ever | regarde | regardais | regardai | regarderai | regarderais | regarde | regardasse |
do | regardes | regardais | regardas | regarderas | regarderais | regardes | regardasses |
il | regarde | regardait | regarda | regardera | regarderait | regarde | regardât |
nous | regardons | regardions | regardâmes | regarderons | regarderions | regardions | regardassions |
vous | regardez | regardiez | regardâtes | regarderez | regarderiez | regardiez | regardassiez |
ils | regardent | regardaient | regardèrent | regarderont | regarderaient | regardent | regardassent |
Likewise: all regular verbs ending in -er | |||||||
acheter 'buy' | |||||||
j ' | oh è te | achetais | achetai | oh è terai | oh è terais | oh è te | Acheter cup |
nous | achetons | achetions | achetâmes | oh è terons | oh è terions | achetions | achetassions |
ils | oh è tent | achetaient | achetèrent | oh è teront | oh è teraient | oh è tent | achetassent |
Likewise, some of the verbs in e -Konsonant- he (the other part is as appeler conjugated), z. B. enlever 'take away', se lever 'stand up', relever 'straighten up', se promener 'go for a walk', ramener (someone) 'bring back', peser 'weigh' | |||||||
préférer 'prefer' | |||||||
ever | préf è re | préférais | préférai | préf é rerai | préf é rerais | préf è re | préférasse |
nous | préférons | préférions | préférâmes | préf é rerons | préf é rerions | préférions | préférassions |
ils | préf è rent | préféraient | préférèrent | préf é reront | préf é reraient | préf è rent | préférassent |
Likewise, all the verbs in é -Konsonant- it such. B. compléter 'complete', desécher 'dry out', espérer 'hope', exagérer 'exaggerate', s'inquiéter ' worry ', (se) protéger 'protect (oneself)', répéter 'repeat' | |||||||
appeler 'call' | |||||||
j ' | appe ll e | appelais | appelai | appe ll erai | appe ll erais | appe ll e | appelasse |
nous | appelons | appelions | appelâmes | appe ll erons | appe ll erions | appelions | appelassions |
ils | appe ll ent | appelaient | appelèrent | appe ll eront | appe ll eraient | appe ll ent | appelassent |
Likewise, the other part of verbs ending in e -Konsonant- it such. B. épeler 'spell', jeter 'throw' | |||||||
employer 'use' | |||||||
j ' | emplo i e | employais | employai | emplo i erai | emplo i erais | emplo i e | employasse |
nous | employons | employions | employâmes | emplo i erons | emplo i erions | employions | employassions |
ils | emplo i ent | employaient | employèrent | emplo i eront | emplo i eraient | emplo i ent | employassent |
Likewise, all verbs ending in - yer , z. B. essayer 'try', payer 'pay', tutoyer 'duzen', envoyer 'send' | |||||||
manger 'eat' | |||||||
ever | lack | mang e ais | mang e ai | mangerai | mangerais | lack | mangeasse |
nous | mang e ons | mangions | mang e âmes | mangerons | mangerions | mangions | mang e assions |
ils | lacking | mang e aient | mangèrent | mangeront | mangeraient | lacking | mang e assent |
Likewise, all verbs to - ger , z. B. arranger , put in order ', changer , change', corriger , correct ', déménager , move', déranger , Disturb, interroger , surveys ' mélanger , upset', ranger , clean it up ', rodents , swimming', songer ,think' | |||||||
commencer 'start' | |||||||
ever | commence | commen ç ais | commen ç ai | commencerai | commencerais | commence | commen ç asse |
nous | commen ç ons | commencions | commen ç âmes | commencerons | commencerions | commencions | commen ç assions |
ils | commencent | commen ç aient | commencèrent | commenceront | commenceraient | commencent | commen ç assent |
Likewise, all verbs ending in - cer , e.g. B. relancer ' pressurize ', lacer 'lace' |
Verbs ending in - ir
dormir 'sleep' | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past tense | preterite | Future tense I. | Conditional I. | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | |
ever | dors | dormais | dormis | dormirai | dormirais | dorme | dormisse |
do | dors | dormais | dormis | dormiras | dormirais | dormes | dormisses |
il | there | dormait | dormit | dormira | dormirait | dorme | dormit |
nous | dormons | dormions | dormîmes | dormirons | dormirions | dormions | dormissions |
vous | dormez | dormiez | dormîtes | dormirez | dormiriez | dormiez | dormissiez |
ils | dorment | dormaient | dormirent | dormiront | dormiraient | dorment | dormissent |
Likewise, all verbs ending in - ir without stem extension: mentir 'lie', partir 'go away', sentir 'feel, smell', servir 'serve', sortir 'go out' | |||||||
finir 'end' | |||||||
ever | finis | finissais | finis | finirai | finirais | finisse | finisse |
do | finis | finissais | finis | finiras | finirais | finisses | finisses |
il | finite | finissait | finite | finira | finirait | finisse | finît |
nous | finissons | finissions | finîmes | finirons | finirions | finissions | finissions |
vous | finissez | finissiez | finîtes | finirez | finiriez | finissiez | finissiez |
ils | finissent | finissaient | finirent | finiront | finiraient | finissent | finissent |
Likewise, all verbs ending in - ir with a stem extension: choisir 'choose', nourrir 'feed', punir 'punish', réagir 'react', réfléchir 'think', réussir 'succeed', saisir 'seize' |
Verbs - re
répondre 'answer' | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past tense | preterite | Future tense I. | Conditional I. | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | |
ever | réponds | repondais | répondis | répondrai | répondrais | réponde | répondisse |
do | réponds | repondais | répondis | repondras | répondrais | répondes | répondisses |
il | répond | repondait | répondit | répondra | répondrait | réponde | répondît |
nous | répondons | répondions | répondîmes | répondrons | répondrions | répondions | répondissions |
vous | répondez | répondiez | répondîtes | répondrez | répondriez | répondiez | répondissiez |
ils | répondent | repondaient | repondirent | répondront | répondraient | répondent | répondissent |
Likewise: attendre ‚wait ', correspondre ‚ correspond', descendre ‚get off, descend ', perdre ‚ lose', rendre ‚give back ' |
Irregular verbs
all 'go' | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past tense | preterite | Future tense I. | Conditional I. | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | |
je / j ' | vais | allais | allai | irai | irais | a i lle | allasse |
do | vas | allais | all | iras | irais | a i lles | everything |
il / elle | va | allait | alla | ira | irait | a i lle | allât |
nous | allons | allions | allâmes | irons | irions | allions | allassions |
vous | all | alliez | allâtes | irez | iriez | alliez | allassiez |
ils / elles | vont | allaient | allèrent | iront | iraient | a i llent | allassent |
s'ass e oir 'sit down' | |||||||
ever | m'assois / m'ass ied s | m'asso y ais m'ass ey ais |
m'assis | m'assoirai m'ass ié rai |
m'assoirais m'ass ié rais |
m'assoie / m'ass ey e | m'assisse |
do | t'assois / t'ass ied s | t'asso y ais / t'ass ey ais | t'assis | t'assoiras / t'ass ié ras | t'assoirais / t'ass ié rais | t'assoies / t'ass ey it | t'assisses |
il / elle | s'assoit / s'ass ied | s'asse y ait / s'asso y ait | s'assit | s'assoira / s'ass ié ra | s'assoirait s'ass ié rait |
s'assoie / s'ass ey e | s'assît |
nous | nous asso y ons / nous ass ey ons | nous asso y ions / nous ass ey ions | nous assîmes | nous assoirons / nous ass ié rons | nous assoirions / nous ass ié rions | nous asso y ions / nous ass ey ions | nous assissions |
vous | vous asso y ez / vous ass ey ez | vous asso y iez / vous ass ey iez | vous assîtes | vous assoirez / vous ass ié rez | vous assoiriez / vous ass ié riez | vous asso y iez / vous ass ey iez | vous assissiez |
ils / elles | s'assoient / s'ass ey ent | s'asso y aient s'ass ey aient |
s'assirent | s'assoiront s'ass ié ront |
s'assoiraient s'ass ié raient |
s'assoient / s'ass ey ent | s'assissent |
avoir 'have' | |||||||
j ' | ai | avais | eus | aurai | aurais | aie | eusses |
do | as | avais | eus | auras | aurais | aies | eusses |
il / elle | a | avait | eut | aura | aurait | ait | eût |
nous | avons | avions | eûmes | aurons | aurions | ayons | eussions |
vous | avez | aviez | eûtes | aurez | auriez | ayez | eussiez |
ils / elles | ont | avaient | yours | auront | auraient | aient | eussent |
boire 'drink' | |||||||
ever | bois | b uv ais | bus | boirai | boirais | boi v e | buses |
do | bois | b uv ais | bus | boiras | boirais | boi v es | busses |
il / elle | boit | b uv ait | but | boira | boirait | boi v e | bût |
nous | b uv ons | b uv ions | bûmes | boirons | boirions | b uv ions | bussions |
vous | b uv ez | b uv iez | bûtes | boirez | boiriez | b uv iez | bussiez |
ils / elles | boi v ent | b uv aient | burent | boiront | boiraient | boi v ent | bussent |
être ' to be' | |||||||
je / j ' | suis | étais | fus | serai | serais | sois | feet |
do | it | étais | fus | seras | serais | sois | feet |
il / elle | est | était | fut | sera | serait | soit | fût |
nous | sommes | étions | fûmes | serons | serions | soyons | fussions |
vous | êtes | étiez | fûtes | serez | seriez | soyez | fussiez |
ils / elles | sont | étaient | furent | seront | seraient | soient | fussent |
Irregular are z. B. still:
- apercevoir 'notice': aperçois, aperçois, aperçoit, apercevons, apercevez, aperçoivent
- battre 'beat': bats, bats, bat, battons, battez, battent
- commencer 'begin, begin': commence, commences, commence, commençons, commencez, commencent
- conduire 'drive, direct': conduis, conduis, conduit, conduisons, conduisez, conduisent
- connaître ' to know': connais, connais, connaît, connaissons, connaissez, connaissent
- conquérir ' to conquer': conquiers, conquiers, conquiert, conquérons, conquérez, conquièrent
- coudre 'sew': couds, couds, coud, cousons, cousez, cousent
- courir ' to run': cours, cours, court, courons, courez, courent
- craindre 'fear': crains, crains, craint, craignons, craignez, craignent
- croire 'believe': crois, crois, croit, croyons, croyez, croient
- dire 'say': dis, dis, dit, disons, dites, disent
- écrire ' to write': écris, écris, écrit, écrivons, écrivez, écrivent
- essayer 'try': essaie / essaye, essaies / essayes, essaie / essaye, essayons, essayez, essaient / essayent
- faire 'make': fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font
- falloir 'must': il faut
- for ' to flee': fuis, fuis, fuit, fuyons, fuyez, fuient
- interrompre ' to interrupt': interromps, interromps, interrompt, interrompons, interrompez, interrompent
- lire 'read': lis, lis, lit, lisons, lisez, lisent
- mettre 'put, put, lay': mets, mets, met, mettons, mettez, mettent
- mourir ' to die': meurs, meurs, meurt, mourons, mourez, meurent
- offrir ' to offer': offre, offres, offre, offrons, offrez, offrent (also couvrir, ouvrir, souffrir)
- ouvrir 'open': ouvre, ouvres, ouvre, ouvrons, ouvrez, ouvrent
- plaire 'fallen': plais, plais, plaît, plaisons, plaisez, plaisent
- pleuvoir ' to rain': il pleut
- pouvoir 'can': peux, peux, peut, pouvons, pouvez, peuvent
- prendre 'take': prends, prends, prend, prenons, prenez, prennent
- rire 'laugh': ris, ris, rit, rions, riez, rient
- savoir ' to know': sais, sais, sait, savons, savez, savent
- suffire 'suffice': suffis, suffis, suffit, suffisons, suffisez, suffisent
- suivre 'follow': suis, suis, suit, suivons, suivez, suivent
- se taire ' to be silent': tais, tais, tait, taisons, taisez, taisent
- tenir 'hold': tiens, tiens, tient, tenons, tenez, tiennent
- vaincre 'defeat': vaincs, vaincs, vainc, vainquons, vainquez, vainquent
- venir 'come': viens, viens, vient, venons, venez, viennent
- vivre ' to live': vis, vis, vit, vivons, vivez, vivent
- voir 'see': vois, vois, voit, voyons, voyez, voient
- vouloir 'want': veux, veux, veut, voulons, voulez, veulent
Compound times in the active
For every simple tense in every mode there is a tense composed of the simple tense of the auxiliary verbs être or avoir and the past participle of the verb, which expresses prematurity as opposed to the simple tense.
Also called the English acronym DR and MRS VAN DERTRAMP .
- D evenir - to become - (être) devenu (e) (s)
- R evenir - to come back - (être) revenu (e) (s)
- A ller - to go - (être) allé (e) (s)
- N aître - to be born - (être) né (e) (s)
- D escendre - to descend - (être) descendu (e) (s)
- M onter - to go up - (être) monté (e) (s)
- R ester - to stay - (être) resté (e) (s)
- S ortir - to exit - (être) sorti (e) (s)
- V enir - to come - (être) venu (e) (s)
- E ntrer - to enter - (être) entré (e) (s)
- R etourner - to return - (être) retourné (e) (s)
- T omber - to fall - (être) tombé (e) (s)
- R entrer - to re-enter - (être) rentré (e) (s)
- A rriver - to arrive - (être) arrivé (e) (s)
- M ourir - to die - (être) mort (e) (s)
- P artir - to leave - (être) parti (e) (s)
Easy time | Compound time | Compound time formation | Examples | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Perfect | Present of être / avoir + participle II | il regarde | il a regardé |
Past tense | past continuous | Past tense of être / avoir + past participle II | il regardait | il avait regardé |
preterite | Past perfect | Past tense of être / avoir + past participle II | il regarda | il eut regardé |
Future tense I. | Future tense II | Future I of être / avoir + participle II | il regardera | il aura regardé |
Conditional I. | Conditional II | Conditional I of être / avoir + participle II | il regarderait | il aurait regardé |
Present subjunctive | Subjunctive perfect | Present subjunctive of être / avoir + participle II | qu'il regarde | qu'il ait regardé |
Imperfect subjunctive | Subjunctive past perfect | Imperfect subjunctive of être / avoir + participle II | qu'il regardât | qu'il eût regardé |
passive
The French passive voice is formed with a form of the verb être ' to be' and the past participle. As in German, the passive voice can only be formed from transitive verbs, i.e. with verbs that have a direct object after them. Example: Les hommes te voient “The men see you” (voir qn). Do it vu (e) par les hommes “You are seen by men”. Verbs that form the passé composé with être are intransitive and have no passive.
active | passive | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Les | hommes | te | voient . | Do | it | vu (e) 1) | par | les | hommes . |
The | Men | you | see. | You | will | seen | from | the | Men. |
1) It is only necessary to add the e if “tu” refers to a female person.
All tenses of the active can also be found in the passive:
- Present tense: il est regardé
- Past tense: il était regardé
- Perfect: il a été regardé
- Past perfect: il avait été regardé
- near future tense: il va être regardé
- Future tense I: il sera regardé
- Future tense II: il aura été regardé
- Simple past: il fut regardé
- Past perfect: il eut été regardé
- Conditional I: il serait regardé
- Conditional II: il aurait été regardé
- Present subjunctive: qu'il soit regardé
- Subjunctive perfect: qu'il ait été regardé
The past participle is always aligned with the subject if it is feminine or feminine plural or masculine plural. Example:
- La pure est aimé e par tous ses sujets .
- The cambrioleurs onté arrêté s par la police .
The number system
The standard French number system is partly a vigesimal system in which twenty serves as the base number for the numbers 80 to 99. For example, the number 80 is referred to as quatre-vingts (four-twenty). In addition, there are separate expressions for the numbers from zero to 16 ( seize; in German only up to "twelve"), the other numbers are then essentially formed as in German ( dix-sept, seventeen).
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 |
zero | U.N | deux | trois | quatre | cinq | six | sept | huit | neuf |
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14th | 15th | 16 | 17th | 18th | 19th |
dix | our | douze | treize | quatorze | quinze | seize | dix-sept | dix-huit | dix-neuf |
20th | 21st | 22nd | 23 | ... | |||||
vingt | vingt-et-un | vingt-deux | vingt-trois | ... |
As with 20, it continues up to 69 with trente (30), quarante (40), cinquante (50) and soixante (60).
From 60, steps of twenty follow: the numbers 70, 80 and 90 are called soixante-dix (60 + 10), quatre-vingts (4 * 20) and quatre-vingt-dix (4 * 20 + 10).
60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | ... | 69 |
soixante | soixante-et-un | soixante-deux | soixante-trois | ... | soixante-neuf |
70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | ... | 79 |
soixante-dix | soixante-et-onze | soixante-douze | soixante-treize | ... | soixante-dix-neuf |
80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | ... | 89 |
quatre-vingts | quatre-vingt-un | quatre-vingt-deux | quatre-vingt-trois | ... | quatre-vingt-neuf |
90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | ... | 99 |
quatre-vingt-dix | quatre-vingt-onze | quatre-vingt-douze | quatre-vingt-treize | ... | quatre-vingt-dix-neuf |
National and regional differences
In contrast to this, in Belgium , Switzerland , parts of France and in Jèrriais, which is spoken in Jersey , the numbers 70 and 90 are referred to as septante and nonante . In these areas, apart from Belgium, 80 is also referred to as huitante or octante . In Belgium the name quatre-vingt (s) is kept for 80 . To avoid confusion, are in French-speaking countries in Criée trading and floor trading , the number name septante and nonante instead of soixante-dix and quatre-vingt-dix used.
Numbers from 100
In principle, larger numbers are formed as in German.
100 | 101 | 102 | ... | 200 | 201 | 202 | ... | 300 | 400 | ... |
cent | cent-un | cent-deux | ... | deux cents | deux-cent-un | deux-cent-deux | ... | trois-cents | quatre-cents | ... |
1,000 | 1,001 | ... | 2,000 | 3,000 | ... | 100,000 | ... | 1,000,000 | ... | 1,000,000,000 |
mille | mille-un | ... | deux-mille | trois-mille | ... | cent-mille | ... | un-million | ... | un-billion |
Quantities
According to the quantities, the French “de” is. J'ai acheté and kilo of fries . Il reste encore trois bouteilles d' eau.
Division article
The article partitif is used to denote an indefinite amount. It is formed with de + certain articles. De + le become "you" and de + les become "des". De + l 'is retained.
Examples:
- Je voudrais du fromage (originated from de + le fromage) "I would like cheese".
- Je voudrais de la bière “I would like to have beer”.
- Je voudrais de l ' eau minérale “I would like mineral water”.
- Je voudrais des pommes (originated from de + les pommes).
numbers
There is neither de nor the division article after numbers:
- J'ai deux voitures. Trois mille habitants (mille "thousand" never receives a plural s).
After the noun “million” there is de.
- Dans ce pays il ya dix millions de voitures.
Details on grammar and pronunciation
Zéro, cent, million and milliard are nouns and usually have a plural s, except for hundreds if followed by another number (deux-cent-un). The same applies to quatre-vingts ( quatre-vingt-un etc.). Mille is not changed, but dates can be shortened to mil ( mil-neuf-cent-cinquante, 1950).
In contrast to German, the following nouns on zéro do not receive a plural s: zéro point, zero points.
In compounds with tens, une is used in front of feminine nouns : vingt-et-une pages .
The usual ellipsis is not used for basic numbers that begin with a vowel or a silent h: le un, le huit .
The final consonants of the basic numbers are pronounced ( six / sis /), unless it is followed by a noun that begins with a consonant ( six pages / si paʒ /).
In addition, no binding is allowed in front of huit and onze ( les huit pages / le ɥi paʒ /).
Spoken language grammar
If you were to describe French grammar solely on the basis of the spoken language, regardless of the orthography, the presentation of large parts of the grammar would be considerably different from what you are used to and often much simpler. For this reason, when learning the language, it can be useful to look at grammar from this point of view. Only two sub-areas are to be demonstrated here as examples.
Plural: Nouns usually do not have a special plural form when pronounced. However, nouns that start with a vowel take a prefix / z- /, e.g. For example: / ɔm / “man”, / zɔm / “men” (for example in / lez‿ɔm / “the men”, / dø zɔm / “two people”, / le bɔ̃z‿ɔm / “the good men” etc .). In the traditional description, this / z / is rated as the normally unspoken part of the preceding attribute, which is due to a "liaison" rule before the noun. Both of these contradictory approaches to description are possible because in French practically every noun has to be preceded by an attribute (article etc.), and almost all attributes that occur before the plural end in a written - s . Only in very few cases do discrepancies arise, for example with the numerical word / katrə / “four”, which does not end in - s in script . “Four people” therefore means / katʁ‿ɔm / in correct French, but in colloquial language one hears / katzɔm / according to the rule given here.
As a consequence of the rule presented here, it should also be said that adjectives do not normally form a plural form at all; the concept of the “liaison” can largely be dispensed with in this approach.
Irregular verbs in the indicative present tense: If the description was consistently based on the pronunciation, the verbs traditionally regarded as irregular could be described as regular to a large extent. For the verbs of the conjugations to -oir / -war / and -re / -rə /, the rule can essentially be formulated that if the stem ends in a consonant, this consonant in the singular of the present indicative is omitted. So it is called from battre / batrə / "to beat", stem / bat /, in the plural / bat-õ / (1st pl.), / Bat-e / (2nd pl.), / Bat / (3rd pl.) .), in the singular (1st, 2nd, 3rd person) but only / ba / with the omission of / t /.
The verb vouloir / vul-war / “to want” can be well described by adding a stem / vøl /. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd sg. / vø / (with the omission of -l) and the 3rd pl. / vœl / (œ as an automatic variant of ø in a closed syllable). For the forms with an ending (1. pl. / Vul-õ /, 2. pl. / Vul-e /, as well as the infinitive) you need the additional rule that / ø / is reduced to / u / in an unstressed position. Even with a particularly irregular verb such as avoir / av-war / "haben", the 2nd, 3rd sg. / a /, 1st pl. / av-õ / and the 2nd pl. / av-e /; really "irregular" are only the 1st sg. / e / (instead of the expected * / a /) and the 3rd pl. / õ / (instead of the expected * / av /).
literature
- The Bescherelle is a conjugation dictionary that first appeared in 1842 and is still used today in French classes.
- Jean-Paul Confais: Grammaire explicative. Hueber, Ismaning 1978, ISBN 3-19-003136-3 . (1980, ISBN 3-19-033136-7 )
- Hans-Wilhelm Klein, Hartmut Kleineidam: Grammar of today's French. Klett, Stuttgart et al. 1994, ISBN 3-12-521721-0 .
- Imme Kuchenbrandt: Sentence structures in a language comparison: A project outline. University of Bremen, pp. 1–22
- Renate Ricarda Timmermann: French grammar. Profund, Plankstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-932651-00-7 .
See also
- French language , languages in France
- Moving in French (feminine word endings)
- Gérondif (verb form of the French language that does not exist in German)
- Subjonctif (mode of the French language, similar to the Spanish subjuntivo )
Remarks
- ↑ In a comparison with some other Romance languages, the Spanish presente corresponds to the sp. Presente simple and the it. Presente indicativo . In English it corresponds approximately to the simple present .
- ↑ In a comparison with some other Romance languages, the Spanish. Pretérito perfecto or Pretérito perfecto compuesto corresponds to the sp. Pretérito perfecto and the it. Passato prossimo . In English , it roughly corresponds to the present perfect simple .
- ↑ In a comparison with some other Romance languages, the Spanish Pretérito imperfecto corresponds to the sp. Pretérito imperfecto it. Indicativo imperfetto and the rum. Perfect Simplu .
- ↑ In a comparison with some other Romance languages, the Spanish. Pretérito indefinido or Pretérito perfecto simple corresponds to the sp. Pretérito indefinido and the it. Passato remoto . In English , it roughly corresponds to the Simple Past or Past Tense.
- ↑ In a comparison with some other Romance languages, the Spanish Pretérito anterior corresponds to the French Passé antérieur and the It. Trapassato remoto .
Web links
- French grammar with exercises and example sentences (some with music)
- French grammar with examples and exercises
- Short grammar of French (PDF; 286 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Harald Weinrich: Text grammar of the German language . Third revised edition. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2005. Licensed edition for the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt, order number: 18662-1. Page 16.
- ↑ Pronunciation: [prəmjɛramur]
- ^ Organization et gestion des risques en salle des marchés financiers (PDF, p. 47; 2.3 MB).