Frida Rubiner

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Frida Abramowna Rubiner , b. Ichak (also Ichok) (born April 28, 1879 in Mariampol , Russian Empire ; † January 22, 1952 in Kleinmachnow near Berlin ) was a communist as well as a writer and translator of works by Russian communists such as Lenin , Trotsky , Zinoviev and Bukharin . Some publications appeared under the pseudonyms Georg Rehberg and Frida Lang .

In 1918 she was one of the founders of the KPD . From 1911 to 1920 she was the wife of Ludwig Rubiner , a well-known expressionist. After working in various functions in the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1946, she taught until 1950 as dean of the faculty of basic questions of Marxism-Leninism at the Karl Marx party college in Liebenwalde and Kleinmachnow.

Life

Teaching and studying

Born in 1879 into the Jewish family of an employee, Frida Ichak first learned the trade of a seamstress after attending a girls' high school in Kowno / Kaunas . In 1899 she enrolled at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Zurich from the summer semester , taking courses in literature, philosophy and history. The study was interrupted by a semester (winter semester 1900) physics at the University of Berlin . In addition, she continued to work as a seamstress. In 1903 she received her doctorate as Dr. phil with the dissertation on the exceptional position of heat among the forms of energy . However, some sources also speak of studying mathematics. There are also some arguments in favor of further autodidactic acquisition of physics knowledge, as some publications show.

Politics and marriage

In 1906 Frida Ichak moved to Berlin, where she joined the SPD . In 1908 she moved to Frankfurt am Main. Here she worked actively in the SPD. In the same year she met the expressionist Ludwig Rubiner, who she married in 1911. Through her husband she came into contact with the anarchist art scene and got to know Lenin, who was in exile in Switzerland at the time. Frida Rubiner was soon helping her husband translate Russian novels, for example by Gogol . Based on the biography of her husband, it can be assumed that the couple did not always live together all the time. While Frida Rubiner returned to Switzerland in 1913, her husband did not come to Switzerland until 1915. Frida Rubiner became more involved in the social democratic association "Eintracht" Zurich. During the war, Frida and her husband translated works by Tolstoy, among others. The surveillance of the Rubiners by Swiss and German authorities is evidence of the intensity of political activity during the First World War . "The circle around Rubiner in Zurich can be regarded as the center of the international revolution," believed the German General Staff. And the Swiss federal prosecutor's office considered Frida Rubiner to be a “rabid Bolshevik” who liked to disguise herself as a “poet's wife”.

Communist, writer and journalist

The Rubiners left Switzerland at the end of 1918. This was before a possible expulsion. (Some sources also see the departure in connection with the deportation of the Soviet Russian embassy from Bern.) Living in Berlin for a short time, Frida Rubiner took part in the founding party congress of the KPD and was immediately elected to the party's central committee. In this function she traveled illegally to Moscow in 1919 to take part in the first congress of the Communist International as a member of the KPD delegation led by Hugo Eberlein . After that she worked in a previously unknown function in the Munich Soviet Republic . For this she was sentenced to one year and nine months imprisonment for “high treason”, from which she was released early from the penal prison in Stadelheim in 1920 with the help of bail from the Central Committee of the KPD. Her husband died that same year. Frida Rubiner lived in Vienna from 1920 to 1922 and worked as editor of the Vienna edition of the “ Red Flag ”. From 1922 to 1924 she was a correspondent for the newspaper " Inprekorr " in Moscow and at the same time a member of the KPR (B) party cell at the Executive Committee of the Communist International (EKKI). During this phase she was voted out of the KPD Central Committee in 1923 at the 8th party congress of the KPD in Leipzig.

In 1924 she returned to Germany on behalf of the party to work as editor of the “Rote Fahne”. In addition, Frida Rubiner did propaganda work for the KPD headquarters, from which she was counted to the ultra-left wing. In 1925 Rubiner was a founding member of the Association of Communist Writers . In 1928 Frida Rubiner took over the leadership of the Reichsparteischule of the KPD in Dresden for a short time before she returned to the Soviet Union in the summer of 1929 at her own request. She had already translated works by Trotsky , Bukharin and Radek into German in the early 1920s .

Years in the Soviet Union

Before Rubiner was employed in the scientific department of the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow from November 1929 to November 1930 , she went on a ship trip along the Volga and other river systems in the summer of 1929. The result of this trip was her book “ The Great Current. An unromantic trip to the Volga ”, which she published in 1930. Then she became an instructor in the mass agitation department of the CPSU Central Committee (B). She acted as the leader of political work among German workers. From 1932 to 1935 Frida Rubiner worked in the press department of the EKKI, and then from 1936 to 1939 as head of the press department of the Soviet literary agency. From 1939 to 1941 she worked again as an editor, this time at the publishing house for foreign language literature in Moscow. From 1941 to 1945 Frida Rubiner worked in the political headquarters of the Red Army, 7th main department, as head of the retraining program for German prisoners of war. After the end of the war in 1945 she worked again at the publishing house for foreign-language literature in Moscow before she returned to Germany in 1946, probably at the request of leading German communists.

The last few years at the party college

tomb

From July 1946 she was appointed dean of the Faculty of Basic Issues of Marxism-Leninism at the party college at the Central Committee of the SED in Berlin / Liebenwalde (later Kleinmachnow). In the spring of 1948 she fell ill and returned to Moscow for treatment for some time. In 1950, Frida Rubiner went to Moscow for treatment after falling down a staircase that caused serious injuries. However, she returned to Kleinmachnow, where she died in January 1952. Frida Rubiner's urn was buried in the memorial of the socialists in the central cemetery Friedrichsfelde in Berlin-Lichtenberg .

Fonts

  • “The great river. An unromantic trip to the Volga " (1930)
  • Nikolai Bukharin : The Economics of the Transformation Period . Translation Dr. Frida Rubiner. Publishing house of the Communist International, 1922. (first in Russian 1920). New edition Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-320-01567-2 .
  • as Georg Rehberg: Hitler's words and Hitler's deeds. Foreign Language Publishing House, Moscow 1944.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The matriculation edition of the University of Zurich 1833–1924.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Matriculation numbers 12548 and 13472.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.matrikel.uzh.ch  
  2. ↑ The following works are meant:
    Frida Ichak: From the household of nature: (the theory of energy). Hillgers illustrated folk books, Vol. 86, Berlin / Leipzig 1907.
    Frida Ichak: Optics. Hillgers illustrated folk books, Bd. 100, Berlin / Leipzig 1908.
    Frida Ichak: Das Perpetuum mobile. From nature and the spiritual world, Bdch. 462, Leipzig / Berlin 1914.
    Georg Rehberg: Investigations on the deflection behavior of two-layer dental plaster samples as a function of the linear setting expansion. Science in dissertations; Vol. 51, Marburg 1995.
  3. ↑ Tagesanzeiger-online (Zurich) of June 9, 2004
  4. ^ Gottfried Hamacher with the assistance of André Lohmar, Herbert Mayer, Günter Wehner, Harald Wittstock: Against Hitler. Germans in the Resistance, in the armed forces of the anti-Hitler coalition and the "Free Germany" movement. Short biographies. ( Memento of the original from October 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Series: Manuskripte / Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung; Vol. 53) Dietz, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-320-02941-X . (PDF; 894 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rosalux.de
  5. ↑ Wolfgang Leonhard: The revolution releases its children. Ullstein Verlag, ISBN 3-548-02337-1 , p. 254.
  6. ↑ Hermann Weber At that time, when my name was Wunderlich. From party student to critical socialist. The SED party college. Construction Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-351-02535-1 , p. 89.
  7. ^ Memorial of the Socialists
personal data
SURNAME Rubiner, Frida
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Rubiner, Frida Abramovna; Ichak, Frida Abramovna; Ichok, Frida Abramovna; Rehberg, Georg; Lang, Frida
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Co-founder of the KPD, writer and translator
DATE OF BIRTH April 28, 1879
PLACE OF BIRTH Mariampol
DATE OF DEATH January 22, 1952
Place of death Kleinmachnow