Shrimp farming

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A shrimp breeding tank with a permanent fan
Increases in shrimp farms in Honduras from 1987 to 1999

The shrimp farming ( Engl. Shrimp farming ) is a special form of aquaculture in the shrimp ( shrimp are used) for human consumption. Since the 1970s, the production of farmed shrimp has increased steadily to meet the demand for such seafood, particularly from Europe , North America and East Asia . In 2003 more than 1.6 million tons of crustaceans produced in this way were brought onto the market worldwide . Their market value was just under $ 9 billion.

75 percent of the shrimp farmed are produced in Asia. The main production countries are China and Thailand . Thailand is the nation with the highest export share. The remaining 25 percent are mainly used in Latin America , with Brazil being the most important Latin American production country . Almost all shrimp farmed belong to the Penaeidae family .

Shrimp farms evolved from a traditional agricultural production method that had existed in Southeast Asia for several centuries. Technical progress has made this breeding method a global industry, as it allows the keeping of crustaceans in increasing density. Breeding material is now being shipped worldwide. Two types of crustaceans - Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon - now make up around 80 percent of all crustaceans raised on shrimp farms. These industrial monocultures are very susceptible to diseases which in the past have repeatedly led to a complete regional collapse of the crustacean populations used in aquacultures. The environmental problems associated with shrimp farming, repeated disease outbreaks, and increasing criticism from both environmental groups and importing countries have ushered in changes in this industry since the late 1990s. It partly goes hand in hand with stricter regulations in the producing countries. In 1999 a program was also developed with the aim of developing more sustainable breeding methods. Participants in this program are authorities from individual countries, representatives of producers and environmental groups.

Shrimp farm in South Korea

historical development

Artificial rearing of crustaceans exists in Asia as part of traditional agricultural production methods. The use of brackish water -Teichen, called tambaks can be traced in Indonesia until the 15th century. In these shrimp were grown on a small scale. This happened either as a monoculture or together with other species such as the milk fish . Rice fields were also used when rice could not be grown in them during the dry season. Such traditional production methods were common both in coastal regions and along river beds. Mangrove areas were particularly popular for this production method because shrimp are naturally found here. Wild, not yet fully grown shrimp were released in these ponds to feed on the naturally occurring aquatic organisms. These shrimp were harvested as soon as they had reached the desired size.

Shrimp

The beginning of modern shrimp farms can be traced back to the 1930s , when turmeric shrimp ( Penaeus japonicus ) were first grown artificially in Japan. By the 1960s shrimp farms had already established themselves as a smaller industry in Japan. However, the breakthrough came in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when technical advances made it possible to intensify shrimp farming. This went hand in hand with growing market demand, so that shrimp farms began to establish themselves in all tropical and subtropical climates of the world. The establishment of shrimp farms was also helped by the fact that wild shrimp catches decreased in the 1980s, but there was a very broad demand.

Production volumes of the most important producers of aquaculture shrimp
region country Production in 1000 tons
1985 86 87 88 89 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04
Asia China 40 83 153 199 186 185 220 207 88 64 78 89 103 143 170 218 304 384 789 935
Thailand 10 12 19th 50 90 115 161 185 223 264 259 238 225 250 274 309 279 264 330 389
Vietnam 8th 13 19th 27 28 32 36 37 39 45 55 46 45 52 55 90 150 181 232 276
Indonesia 25th 29 42 62 82 84 116 120 117 107 121 125 127 97 121 118 129 137 167 218
India 13 14th 15th 20th 28 35 40 47 62 83 70 70 67 83 79 97 103 115 113 133
Bangladesh 11 15th 15th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 28 29 32 42 48 56 58 59 55 56 56 58
Philippines 29 30th 35 44 47 48 47 77 86 91 89 77 41 38 39 41 42 37 37 37
Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 5 5 6th 7th 19th 30th
Taiwan 17th 45 80 34 22nd 15th 22nd 16 10 8th 11 13 6th 5 5 6th 8th 10 13 12
America Brazil <1 <1 <1 <1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4th 7th 16 25th 40 60 90 76
Ecuador 30th 44 69 74 70 76 105 113 83 89 106 108 133 144 120 50 45 47 56 56
Mexico <1 <1 <1 <1 3 4th 5 8th 12 13 16 13 17th 24 29 33 48 46 62 62
United States <1 <1 1 1 <1 <1 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4th 5 5
middle East Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 2 2 2 4th 5 9 9
Iran 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 2 4th 8th 6th 7th 9
Oceania Australia 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 4th 3 4th
Entries in italics indicate estimates in the FAO databases. Entries in bold are related to known disease outbreaks.

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