Shrimp farming
The shrimp farming ( Engl. Shrimp farming ) is a special form of aquaculture in the shrimp ( shrimp are used) for human consumption. Since the 1970s, the production of farmed shrimp has increased steadily to meet the demand for such seafood, particularly from Europe , North America and East Asia . In 2003 more than 1.6 million tons of crustaceans produced in this way were brought onto the market worldwide . Their market value was just under $ 9 billion.
75 percent of the shrimp farmed are produced in Asia. The main production countries are China and Thailand . Thailand is the nation with the highest export share. The remaining 25 percent are mainly used in Latin America , with Brazil being the most important Latin American production country . Almost all shrimp farmed belong to the Penaeidae family .
Shrimp farms evolved from a traditional agricultural production method that had existed in Southeast Asia for several centuries. Technical progress has made this breeding method a global industry, as it allows the keeping of crustaceans in increasing density. Breeding material is now being shipped worldwide. Two types of crustaceans - Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon - now make up around 80 percent of all crustaceans raised on shrimp farms. These industrial monocultures are very susceptible to diseases which in the past have repeatedly led to a complete regional collapse of the crustacean populations used in aquacultures. The environmental problems associated with shrimp farming, repeated disease outbreaks, and increasing criticism from both environmental groups and importing countries have ushered in changes in this industry since the late 1990s. It partly goes hand in hand with stricter regulations in the producing countries. In 1999 a program was also developed with the aim of developing more sustainable breeding methods. Participants in this program are authorities from individual countries, representatives of producers and environmental groups.
historical development
Artificial rearing of crustaceans exists in Asia as part of traditional agricultural production methods. The use of brackish water -Teichen, called tambaks can be traced in Indonesia until the 15th century. In these shrimp were grown on a small scale. This happened either as a monoculture or together with other species such as the milk fish . Rice fields were also used when rice could not be grown in them during the dry season. Such traditional production methods were common both in coastal regions and along river beds. Mangrove areas were particularly popular for this production method because shrimp are naturally found here. Wild, not yet fully grown shrimp were released in these ponds to feed on the naturally occurring aquatic organisms. These shrimp were harvested as soon as they had reached the desired size.
The beginning of modern shrimp farms can be traced back to the 1930s , when turmeric shrimp ( Penaeus japonicus ) were first grown artificially in Japan. By the 1960s shrimp farms had already established themselves as a smaller industry in Japan. However, the breakthrough came in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when technical advances made it possible to intensify shrimp farming. This went hand in hand with growing market demand, so that shrimp farms began to establish themselves in all tropical and subtropical climates of the world. The establishment of shrimp farms was also helped by the fact that wild shrimp catches decreased in the 1980s, but there was a very broad demand.
region | country | Production in 1000 tons | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1985 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 1990 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 2000 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | |||||||
Asia | China | 40 | 83 | 153 | 199 | 186 | 185 | 220 | 207 | 88 | 64 | 78 | 89 | 103 | 143 | 170 | 218 | 304 | 384 | 789 | 935 | |||||
Thailand | 10 | 12 | 19th | 50 | 90 | 115 | 161 | 185 | 223 | 264 | 259 | 238 | 225 | 250 | 274 | 309 | 279 | 264 | 330 | 389 | ||||||
Vietnam | 8th | 13 | 19th | 27 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 37 | 39 | 45 | 55 | 46 | 45 | 52 | 55 | 90 | 150 | 181 | 232 | 276 | ||||||
Indonesia | 25th | 29 | 42 | 62 | 82 | 84 | 116 | 120 | 117 | 107 | 121 | 125 | 127 | 97 | 121 | 118 | 129 | 137 | 167 | 218 | ||||||
India | 13 | 14th | 15th | 20th | 28 | 35 | 40 | 47 | 62 | 83 | 70 | 70 | 67 | 83 | 79 | 97 | 103 | 115 | 113 | 133 | ||||||
Bangladesh | 11 | 15th | 15th | 17th | 18th | 19th | 20th | 21st | 28 | 29 | 32 | 42 | 48 | 56 | 58 | 59 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 58 | ||||||
Philippines | 29 | 30th | 35 | 44 | 47 | 48 | 47 | 77 | 86 | 91 | 89 | 77 | 41 | 38 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 37 | 37 | 37 | ||||||
Myanmar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6th | 7th | 19th | 30th | ||||||
Taiwan | 17th | 45 | 80 | 34 | 22nd | 15th | 22nd | 16 | 10 | 8th | 11 | 13 | 6th | 5 | 5 | 6th | 8th | 10 | 13 | 12 | ||||||
America | Brazil | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 7th | 16 | 25th | 40 | 60 | 90 | 76 | |||||
Ecuador | 30th | 44 | 69 | 74 | 70 | 76 | 105 | 113 | 83 | 89 | 106 | 108 | 133 | 144 | 120 | 50 | 45 | 47 | 56 | 56 | ||||||
Mexico | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 8th | 12 | 13 | 16 | 13 | 17th | 24 | 29 | 33 | 48 | 46 | 62 | 62 | ||||||
United States | <1 | <1 | 1 | 1 | <1 | <1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 5 | ||||||
middle East | Saudi Arabia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4th | 5 | 9 | 9 | |||||
Iran | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 2 | 4th | 8th | 6th | 7th | 9 | ||||||
Oceania | Australia | 0 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4th | 3 | 4th | |||||
Entries in italics indicate estimates in the FAO databases. Entries in bold are related to known disease outbreaks. |
Web links
- Eco shrimp from Europe?
- Information about shrimp farming and the downside of shrimp farms ( Memento from May 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- orf.at - The cruel business with the shrimp . Article dated June 11, 2014, accessed June 12, 2014.
- The Guardian - Revealed: Asian slave labor producing prawns for supermarkets in US, UK . Article dated June 10, 2014, accessed June 12, 2014