Penaeus monodon
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Penaeus monodon |
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| Fabricius , 1798 |
Penaeus monodon ( English Giant Tiger Prawn ) is a decapod from the Penaeidae family. This shrimp, which comes from the western Indo-Pacific,is one of the most important farmed shrimp and is sold worldwide. It is marketed under the name Black Tiger Prawn .
features
Penaeus monodon can reach a maximum body length of up to 33 cm and is therefore the longest species of the Penaeidae. Females are usually larger than males. The weight ranges up to 130 g.
The color of the body varies from green, brown, red, gray to blue, depending on the nature of the populated seabed, the diet and the cloudiness of the water. The transverse colored bands on the carapace and abdomen alternate between blue or black and yellow. The antennae are uniformly brownish-pink in color. Striding legs and pleopods have cream-colored dots, usually the same color as the body or a little darker. The uropods are brown, greenish-gray or bluish, with a light yellow, transverse band. In contrast to adults, juveniles have a more uniform coloration and only have the typical transverse colored bands on the first, third and last abdominal segment.
The rostrum is well developed and has seven to eight teeth on the back and three to four, rarely only two, teeth on the abdomen. The ridge running backwards from the rostrum and the depressions do not extend beyond the center of the carapace. The carapace is smooth and has no longitudinal or transverse seams. Behind the eyes, on the flanks of the carapace, there are always typical ridges and depressions as well as two spines. The fifth pair of striding legs always has no exopodite . The petasma of the males is symmetrical and has a thin, centrally located lobe. Females have the closed type of Thelycum .
ecology
distribution and habitat
Penaeus monodon has its natural range on the coasts of the western Indo-Pacific . It ranges from South Africa through Pakistan and India , through Japan to Northern Australia . There the shrimp lives as a benthont at depths of 0 to 150 m on muddy or sandy ground. Juveniles live predominantly in estuaries or in brackish water, adults generally marine. Penaeus monodon is bred outside of its range. Individuals of those aquacultures found their way into the open sea in the USA and probably also in West Africa . While the shrimp is unlikely to establish itself in West Africa, Penaeus monodon is regularly caught in North American waters. As a neozoon , it now has a distribution on the coasts of North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico and around Hawaii .
Penaeus monodon is nocturnal and hides in the sea bed during the day. At night they leave their hiding place to look for food or to hunt. Unlike many other shrimp, they are more predators than omnivorous scavengers .
Reproduction and Larvae
Males become sexually mature at a weight of about 35 g, the females at 70 g. Mating takes place at night shortly after the female has molted. The spermatophores are transferred to the thelycum of the females and stored there. Adult females of Penaeus monodon can produce relatively high amounts of eggs, with roe ranging from 500,000 to 750,000 eggs. Spawning also takes place at night, fertilization external, while the spawn is released into the water. About twelve to 15 hours after fertilization, the larvae hatch as free-swimming nauplii . At this stage they are not eating and moult a total of six times. The larvae then pass through the planktonic stages of protozoea , mysis and post larva through six further moults , during which they are driven to the bank zone with the current. The latter is the transition to a benthic way of life.
Systematics and taxonomy
Penaeus monodon was first described by Johann Christian Fabricius in 1798 . The holotype was probably bought by Dagobert Carl de Daldorff at a fish market in Tharangambadi . He is now considered lost, which is why Lipke Holthuis identified a male from Jakarta as a neotype . Synonyms are u. a. Penaeus bubulus Kubo, 1949 , Penaeus coeruleus Stebbing, 1905 , Penaeus carinatus Dana, 1852 and Penaeus monodon monodon Burkenroad, 1959 . The Penaeus monodon manillensis Villaluz & Arriola, 1938 , previously described as a subspecies , is now considered a separate species, Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 . Penaeus monodon is a type species of the genus Penaeus .
Use and breeding
Penaeus monodon is a globally marketed shrimp in both aquaculture bred , as is also caught in the wild. The largest aquaculture producers of Penaeus monodon are Thailand , Vietnam , Indonesia , India , the Philippines , Malaysia and Myanmar . During the 1980s the amount produced in this way rose from 21,000 t to 200,000 t in 1988. Since 2000, the amount has been over 500,000 t. In 2011, 662,453 t with a value of US $ 3,468,674,000 were bred. It is assumed that the number of breeding shrimp will stagnate or decrease, since in many places Penaeus monodon is being replaced by Litopenaeus vannamei as the breeding shrimp. In Thailand, for example, the amount of Penaeus monodon produced fell from 280,000 t to under 50,000 t between 2001 and 2006, while Litopenaeus vannamei was only introduced in Thailand in 2002 and almost 400,000 t was bred in 2006. The main reason for the change is the significantly lower susceptibility of Litopenaeus vannamei to pathogens, which is why a greater profit is possible.
Penaeus monodon is mainly fished in India and Indonesia by smaller trawlers using bottom trawls . The catch in 2011 was 221,674 tons.
In trade reaches Penaeus monodon mostly frozen, usually shelled with or without head. The main customers are the USA , the EU and Japan . In addition, the prawns are already pre-cooked, breaded, skewered or otherwise prepared. Shrimp not intended for export make up less than 10% of total shrimp caught and farmed. Live penaeus monodon , which are mainly in demand from Chinese restaurants , account for less than 2%.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Prawns on the Metro website ; accessed on July 31, 2017
- ↑ a b c d W. Fischer, G. Bianchi: FAO Species identification sheets for fishery purposes . Wester Indian Ocean Fishing Area 51. Ed .: Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome 1984 ( fao.org [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on March 28, 2013]).
- ↑ a b c d e f g Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798). In: Cultured Aquatic Species Information Program. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], accessed March 28, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Lipke B. Holthuis : Shrimps and prawns of the world. An annotated catalog of species of interest to fisheries . Ed .: Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO] (= FAO Species Catalog . Volume 1 ). Rome 1980, ISBN 92-5100896-5 , pp. 50 ( fao.org [PDF; 368 kB ; accessed on March 28, 2013]).
- ↑ a b Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798). In: Species Fact Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], accessed March 28, 2013 .
- ^ DM Knott, PL Fuller, AJ Benson, ME Neilson: Penaeus monodon. In: USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Retrieved March 29, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Lipke B. Holthuis : The identity of Penaeus monodon Fabr . In: Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akadademie van Wetenschappen . tape 52 , no. 9 , 1949, pp. 1051-1057 ( decapoda.nhm.org [PDF; 1,4 MB ; accessed on March 29, 2013]).
- ^ C. Fransen, S. De Grave: Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798. In: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). 2012, accessed March 28, 2013 .
- ↑ Jim Wyban: Thailand's White Shrimp Revolution . In: Global Aquaculture Advocate . 2007, p. 56–58 ( gaalliance.org [PDF; 219 kB ; accessed on April 6, 2013]). gaalliance.org ( Memento of the original from June 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
