Transport of prisoners
Prisoner transport is the transport of prisoners and detainees on land, on water and in the air for the purpose of transfer ( displacement , relinquishment ) to another prison or presentation to a court.
Applied security measures to avoid an escape include restraint (at least with handcuffs ) and guarding.
reasons
It is quite common that a prisoner has to be transported. This shifting is also called thrust . This must not be a validly convicted offenders, but it can also be a suspect in custody action.
The most important reasons for a transport are:
- Transfer to another prison (e.g. from remand prison to prison)
- Presentation to a court
- Extradition to another state (e.g. after arrest with an international arrest warrant)
- Expulsion and deportation
Situation in Germany
Executives are law enforcement officers or police officers .
The prisoner transport regulation (GTV) has been in force nationwide since 2002 . It is an agreement between the state justice administrations and the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior .
Means of transport used
Road traffic
history
From 1866, special horse-drawn carriages were used in Prussia to transport prisoners. These were secured against the outbreak and painted green, which is why they also popularly known Black Maria (Minna is a diminutive of Wilhelmine ) were called. Regionally, the terms Grüner August ( e.g. in Swabia or Hamburg) and Grüner Heinrich (e.g. in Austria) were used. It is debatable whether in fact the color of the prisoner transports was meant by "green" or whether the name is a derivation of the Rotwelschen is "Greaner" (Rogue).
Road transport in Germany
Special escape-proof vehicles are used for transport in Germany, and there are different sizes, from minibuses to coaches. Minibuses are equipped with a cage that can accommodate a maximum of six prisoners. The larger so-called push busses , also known as prisoner transport buses or prison buses for short, have several lockable transport cells, some for one, two or four prisoners. The minimum crew of law enforcement officers there is two, usually three. There is a network of push-bus connections that regularly commute between the correctional facilities. Around 2,000 buses are in use throughout Germany, transporting around 6,000 prisoners every day. Since these buses run on fixed routes between detention centers, it is common for the detainee to move from northeast to southwest to travel for several weeks.
railroad
Switzerland
The Jail Train (prison train) is a special train that runs in Switzerland according to the timetable on the Geneva – Lausanne – Bern – Basel – Zurich route and thus connects the most important cities. For this purpose, two control cars with luggage compartments were converted to meet the requirements. This is coupled with a Re 4/4 II (until 2014 also an RBe 540 ) and runs as a shuttle train . The trains are used by the cantonal judiciary to move non-dangerous prisoners. The car itself is guarded by Securitas AG . Dangerous and endangered people are moved with road vehicles (with and without escort vehicles).
This train was introduced because the European Court of Human Rights criticized the fact that the previously common transport in the prison cell of the baggage car took place unaccompanied, the transfer at the stations was questionable for reasons of personal rights and the entire transport was inhumane . The trains now stop in the stations at platforms, to which the police have direct access. The Swiss Federal Railways also wanted a change, because prison cells were no longer to be built into the IC2000 and ICN on the main axis.
Finland
In Finland separate "Nom" type prisoner transport wagons are used, which are coupled to normal passenger trains.
United States
The United States also had prisoner transport trains until the mid-20th century. Today, the air route is preferred for long-distance displacement.
GDR
In the GDR there was the Deutsche Reichsbahn's prisoner collection transport , colloquially known as the Grotewohl Express . The ulterior motive was the psychological attrition of the prisoners, who as a result could not build lasting social bonds with other prisoners anywhere.
Italy
In Italy the transport took place with prisoner transport wagons of the Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane
Russia
In Russia, the transport took place with Stolypin wagons
plane
In Central Europe, the standard method of deportation is by plane (expulsion), otherwise this means of transport is only used in very large countries. In the United States, the federally owned airline Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (Con Air) has existed since 1995 for transporting prisoners .
Watercraft
This possibility of transporting prisoners is only used in a few regions, such as Venice .
See also
Web links
Single receipt
- ↑ GTV at the Lower Saxony regulations information system LEXonline (lexonline.info)
- ^ Information from the Berlin police ( memento from November 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Version of the WDR contribution on the term "Green Minna" ( Memento from March 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ SRF TV report on the Jail Train
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Grotewohl-Express ( Memento from August 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive )