Yellow-bellied Amazon

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Yellow-bellied Amazon
Alipiopsitta xanthops -in tree-3-4sq.jpg

Yellow-bellied Amazon ( Alipiopsitta xanthops )

Systematics
Order : Parrots (Psittaciformes)
Family : True parrots (Psittacidae)
Tribe : New World Parrots (Arini)
Genre : Alipiopsitta
Type : Yellow-bellied Amazon
Scientific name of the  genus
Alipiopsitta
Caparroz & Pacheco , 2006
Scientific name of the  species
Alipiopsitta xanthops
( Spix , 1824)

The yellow-bellied or gold-bellied amazon ( Alipiopsitta xanthops , syn .: Amazona xanthops , Salvatoria xanthops ) is a bird from the subfamily of the actual parrots, tribe New World parrots .

Initial description

Psittacus xanthops SPIX , 1824. Avium species novae, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis suscepto collegit et descripsi . Monachii, Typis Francisci Seraph. Hübschmanni, Monachii: Vol. I, pp. 1-90, 91 plates. Described: page 39, plate 26. Type specimen comes from the interior of Minas Gerais / Brazil .

Appearance

The short-tailed yellow-bellied amazon, which grows to around 27 cm, forms three color morphs. The predominantly green colored animals are predominant in the population .

The kind is predominantly colored green; yellow head; Breast, stomach and sides of the body also green, sometimes interspersed with scattered orange feathers; outer tail feathers on the inner tassels orange; naked eye ring white; Reins naked, flesh-colored; Bill light horn-colored with dark spots; Toes gray, sometimes flesh-colored. In the specimens of the yellow color morph , the belly and side plumage is yellow, interspersed with a few orange feathers. The proportion of specimens of the yellow color morph is around 30%. The individuals of the orange-yellow color morph have an intensely orange-colored belly and body side plumage. The proportion of specimens of this color variant is low in the population.

distribution

Interior of eastern and southern Brazil from S- Piauí and S- Maranhão south to W- Bahia , Minas Gerais and to W- São Paulo and regions of Goiás and Mato Grosso . Sporadically in central northern Bolivia and in the extreme north of Paraguay . In the Pantanal only sporadically outside the breeding season.

habitat

The habitat of the yellow-faced parrot is limited to with Mauritia palm -lined bush savannas and areas in dry forests and dry bushland. The center of the distribution are the arid and semi-arid regions of the Catinga and the Cerrado with the dry gallery forests along the seasonal rivers and streams. On foraging flights, the parrots sometimes invade agricultural cultivation areas. The habitat of the parrots is limited to regions below 300 m.

Endangerment and Status

Land grabbing, the removal and utilization of trees for charcoal production , extensive livestock farming , combined with the browsing of all growing trees and bushes, and the constant expansion of the cultivation areas for soy , peanuts and forest monocultures are increasingly narrowing the living space. The decimation of trees for food and breeding is a very threatening factor for the species. Hunting and removal for the pet trade have only a negligible influence on the population. The IUCN classifies the yellow-bellied amazon as "endangered" ("near-threatened"). The population includes around 10,000 individuals.

Way of life

Yellow-bellied amazons live nomadically outside the breeding season . In the hot and dry regions of their habitat, they are mainly active in the morning and early evening hours. Groups (family associations) of up to 30, previously up to 45, gather at feeding places. The year-round available fruits of the Mauritia palm ( Mauritia flexuosa ) form a substantial part of the food spectrum. Yellow-bellied amazons have also been observed eating the fruits and seeds of Anacardium spp, Salacia crassifolia and Astronium fraxinifolium . At the faziendas they eat mango , pomegranate and the unripe fruit of the guava . In the hot time of the day they rest in shady places in the trees. Presumably, a larger collection of parrots will come together at the overnight places, but nothing is known about this.

Reproduction

In the Cerrado , nests were found in tree hollows of Vochysia spp. and in hollows of termite mound nests and in holes and crevices in rock walls. Information on the reproductive behavior and breeding seasons in the field is not available. The following data were determined for offspring in human husbandry: The clutch consists of approx. 3-4 eggs, which are laid at intervals of 1½-2 days. The incubation period lasts approx. 26 days, but usually only after the last egg has been deposited. The female incubates the clutch alone, with the male staying near the brood cavity . The hatching weight ( embryonic development ) of the young is approx. 10-11 g. During breeding and also during the first two weeks of life of the young, the male provides the female with food. The female also feeds the nestlings during this time . From the third week of life of the cubs, the male takes part directly in feeding the cubs and the female, which the male has provided with food up to now, starts looking for food herself again. After a nestling period of approx. 56 days, the young fly out fully feathered. Their weight when flying out is approx. 220 g. Both parents continue to feed the young, who in the course of time eat more and more independently. Yellow-bellied amazons reach sexual maturity when they are three years old .

Systematics

The yellow-bellied amazon was previously assigned to the genus of the amazon parrots ( Amazona ). However, as early as 1920 Miranda-Ribeiro added the species to the new genus Salvatoria , although its new classification was discarded. The evaluation of mitochondrial DNA sequence data (Russello & Amato) in 2004 then confirmed that the species does not belong to the genus Amazona . Caparroz and Duarte (2006) proposed the new genus Alipiopsitta for the yellow-bellied amazon (the genus name Salvatoria , which Miranda-Ribeiro had introduced to science as early as 1920 , could not be used because the name was occupied by McIntosh in 1885). Species of the genera Graydidascalus ( short-tailed parrots ) and Pionus ( red-tipped parrots ) are close to Alipiopsitta . Alipiopsitta is a monotypic genus. In the German-speaking area, the new name "Ribeiropapagei" was proposed for the species.

swell

  • BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL, 2000: Threatened Birds of the World . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona.
  • Caparroz, R. & JF Pacheco, 2006: A homonymy in Psittacidae a new name for Salvatoria Miranda-Ribeiro . Ararajuba : Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. V. 14, n 2, pp. 91-93.
  • Caparroz, R., AV Stachissini and JMB Duarte, 1993: Análise cariotipica da espécie Amazona xanthops . In: XVII Congresso Brasileiro el Incontro internacional de Zoológicos do Brasil, 1993.
  • Collar, NJ, 1997: (in) Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 4 . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona.
  • Duarte, JMB & G. Caparroz, 1993: Análise citogenética do gênero Amazona e sugestão do gênero Xanthops . In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Ornitologia, 1993, Pelotas. Livro de Resumos, p. 5.
  • Duarte, JMB & G. Caparroz, 1995: Cytotaxonomic analysis of Brazilian species of the genus Amazona (Psittacidae, Aves) and confirmation of the genus Salvatoria (Ribeiro, 1920) . Brazilian Journal of Genetics , 18: pp. 623-628.
  • Forshaw, JM, 2006: Parrots of the World . Princeton University Press , Princeton.
  • Hoppe, D., 1993: The World of Amazon Parrots . TFH Publications , Neptune City.
  • Hoppe, D., 2007: Ribeiro parrot - a new name for the yellow-bellied amazon . Feathered World , Vol. 131. pp. 173-176 + 210-213.
  • Juniper, T. & M. Parr, 1998: Parrots . Pica Press , Sussex.
  • McIntosh, WC, 1885: Report on the Annelida Polychaeta collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873-76. Rep. Sci. Results Voyage HMS Challenger . Zool. 12: 1-554 (188-89). Type species: Salvatoria kerguelensis MCINTOSH, 1885 by original designation.
  • Miranda-Ribeiro, A., 1920: Revisão dos psitacídeos brasileiros . Revisão Museo Paulista 12: 1-82.
  • Russello, MA & Amato, G., 2004: A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: Implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 30: 421-437.
  • Sick, H., 1993: Birds in Brazil . Princeton University Press , Princeton.

Web links

Commons : Yellow-bellied Amazon Parrot ( Alipiopsitta xanthops )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files